• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.525-532
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• 2015

In order to determine the testicular cycle of the Asian toad, Bufo gargarizans, adult males of the species were captured around Jeongeup city (Jeollabuk-do, Korea) during March, 2012 to February, 2013 and the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and the changes of germ cells in their testes were investigated throughout the year. The study indicated that the spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubule of testes began in April and became most active in July. The recorded GSI was the highest and the cross area of seminiferous tubule was the widest in this period. The seminiferous tubules at the post spawning stage appeared in February, the largest amounts occurred in March and primary spermatogonia also appeared in this period. The GSI and the cross area of seminiferous tubules were found to be the lowest in March, indicating a testicular cycle with potentially continuous spermatogenic process. According to the findings above, it is confirmed that testicular spermatogenesis takes place actively between April to July in male Asian toad and that their breeding season is February to March.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to provide a database for the reduction of road-kills in the Odaesan National Park. To accomplish this task, investigations were conducted on the road-kills that occurred in the period from 2003 to 2007. The results of investigations are as follows: 427 road-kill cases were reported during the period, and the road-kill victims turned out to be mostly small mammals. Among mammals and reptiles the road-kill occurrence rate of squirrels and garters was higher than that of other species, and in the case of birds, the road-kill occurrence rate of yellow-throated bunting was the highest. The road-kill accidents of mammals and reptiles took place more frequently during the summer and autumn, while those of birds during the spring and summer. The increase of road-kill occurrence rate was found to be related to the activity and breeding period of wild animals, as well as to the increase of vehicles. The occurrence rate of road-kills was also found to be influenced by the type of land use on the roadside. Furthermore, the occurrence rate increased significantly when the roads passed through dry fields.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.18-22
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• 1967

The routine entomological investigations were carried out in the areas of Kaejeon-Myon, OkkuGun, Cholla Pukdo province in 1964 and Sinchang-Myon, Asan Gun, Chungchong Namdo province in 1965, for the better understanding of the behavior of the anpheline mosquitoes especially of the population density , resting , feedign, and breeding habits. The results are as follows : 1. During the investigation , three species of anopheline mosquitoes were recorded ; Anopheles sinensis Wiedmann 1825, A, sineroides Yamada 1935, and A. yatsushiroensis Miyazaki 1951. A . yatsushiroensis Myiyasaki 1951, so far only recorded in Japan, was recorded for the first time in Korea in 1964 ; the site was Kaejong Myon, Okku Gun, Cholla Pukdo province. 2. Anopheles mosquitoes begin to appear from the middle of April and disappear in October. The date of mosquitoes collected by resting place collection in cow shed are three weeks ahead to the night time cow biting collection. 3. Resting places of anopheline mosquitoes are mainly in cow shed and outdoors which provides high humidity and shadow. 4. The population density of a. sinensis sows a peak in late June and early July in cow shed and by cow biting collection respectively, and another small peak in late August and early September. 5, . the biting activity at night is throughout the night from dusk to dawn, sharply decreasing just before dawn. The peak period was different in each months, 2100-2200 hours in June, 2300-2400 in July , 0300-0400 in August , and 2300-2400 in September. 6. The minimum temperature required for the mosquito's biting activity is 15 $^{\circ}C$ and the optimum is between 24-$25^{\circ}C$ : over $25^{\circ}C$ the activity is decreased. 7.A , sinensis appeared to be zoophilic in Sinchang area but 13 times anthrophophilic in Kaejong area than the former. 8. the light attraction of a. sinensis is significantly low in middle June and early August. The parous rate of A. sinensis caught by cow biting collection appeared higher after midnight (2400-0300 hours) with no relation to the peak period of biting activity by month.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.361-366
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• 2020

The Korean movies, and are suitable for "B-movie" for spending low budget and utilizing subculture factors such as kitsch, parody. Using surrealistic space and arbitrary language is the most prior element in constituting 'B-affection'. In that sense, Behind the Dark Night, Super Margin have characteristics overcrossing the media from comics to film. Despite absurd story, Behind the Dark Night has a realistic and concrete sense of what is the making films. The hero in Super Margin was swindled, so he strikes a blow the breeding-place of crime himself. In conclusion, showing comics characteristic aspects has been increasing comedy effects. But, on the other hand, Behind the Dark Night, Super Margin have pointed out that there are many kind of social problems such like career, fraud etc. In addition, they introspect the meaning what is that to making films.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Environmental Edudation Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.50-56
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• 2003

＃1 The Education from our Environment, The urgent subject for survival and prosperity in the future. - Around Yamaguchi in japan. - ＃2 Days of tour : January, 15, 2003 - January, 28, 2003 ＊ Comprehensive classes involved in ecosystems; Ryojo Elementary school, Guina Elementary school, Dabusei Junior High School, Ube Technical High School, Yashiro Elementary School, Toyota Nishi Junior High School, Seii Elementary School, Yamaguchi Prefectural School for the Mentally Impaired, Yamaguchi Institute for Educational Research and In-service Training, Kirara Beach Nature Watching Park ＃3 Characteristics of Yamaguchi Prefectural Environmental Education - Constant effort by concerned authorities and dedicated teachers - Cooperation of schools with community - Application of the comprehensive classes - Student-centered education through experiences - Acquirement of basic knowledge on environment in their daily lives - The harmony with the ability to survive' ＃4 Characteristics of the environmental education in each school $\square$ Ryojo Elementary School \longrightarrow Breeding the fireflies' larvae and releasing them into nature $\square$ Kuina Elementary School \longrightarrow Keeping the rivers clean $\square$ Yashiro Elementary School \longrightarrow Learning through exploring ‘Akiyoshido Cave’ $\square$ Seii Elementary School \longrightarrow Tree-planting campaign continued for 30 years $\square$ Tabuse Junior High School \longrightarrow Making their village good to live in $\square$ Toyota-Nishi Junior High School \longrightarrow Learning through working on the farm and in the forests $\square$ Ube Technical High School \longrightarrow Purifying the pond by the ‘biotope’ ＃5 Focus on Yashiro Elementary School \longrightarrow Children Guide Activity (25 hours annually) * To love their native place and tourists' attraction, Akiyoshidal * To introduce a variety of local events; - To make a fire in the mountains - To explore the cave - To hold a festival for tourists - To have a family-jointed bike riding ＃6 $\square$ conclusion - Gradual extension of environmental education * individuals \longrightarrow school \longrightarrow community - Finding the environmental problems around themselves and relating them with features of their community < Tips for the environmental education in the future > - Need for encouragement of more lively discussion in class - Expansive application of comprehensive classes to various areas

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 2012

Vaccinium oldhami Miq. is a Korean native tree, which is deciduous and shrub tree with broad leaf. It grows 1~4m in height generally. Ecologically, this tree grows well in shady place even in barren soil. Also, the tree has resistance to cold and dry, which tend to form a little community. This research investigates quantitative morphological characteristics of leaf and fruit among the V. oldhami in South Korea and then considers its relationship on the basis of raw data among the 10 populations. This study will give us invaluable information about growing conditions, reasonable management and breeding by selection of V. oldhami in South Korea. The main results obtained from this study are summarized as follows; Leaf size of Mudeung population was larger than other populations. Naebyeon population was smaller in size of the leaf than other populations. Anmyeondo population was larger in fruit characteristics compared with other populations and Deogyu population was the smallest among populations. According to cluster analysis based on the leaf and fruit morphological characteristics, the natural V. oldhami populations were classified into four groups such as the first group of Kumo population, the second group of Mudeung population, the third group of Anmyundo, Daedun, Doolyun population and the fourth group of the other five populations.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.87-109
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• 2019

In the Iranian epic $K{\bar{u}}shn{\bar{a}}ma$, there is a rather interesting story that recounts how the inhabitants of $B.s{\bar{i}}l\bar{a}$ cross-breed their domesticated horses with a magical horse living in the sea in order to obtain fine-bred ones. What is even more interesting is that similar accounts are also seen in many of other classical Perso-Arabic works and Chinese sources. The regions that such events took place in mainly spread over Central Asia and western China while in $K{\bar{u}}shn{\bar{a}}ma$, the story happens in $B.s{\bar{i}}l\bar{a}$, a legendary kingdom with its historical prototype being Silla. By sorting out certain records of how ancient people sought fine horses by cross-breeding domesticated horses with wild horses that inhabited mountains and waters within Chinese sources and classical Muslim works, and comparing these accounts with similar plot lines as depicted in $K{\bar{u}}shn{\bar{a}}ma$, this paper attempts to elucidate that the story in $K{\bar{u}}shn{\bar{a}}ma$ is a result of flourishing land and maritime exchanges between East Asia and West Asia during ancient and medieval times, rather than a purely literary fiction. It was not only influenced by the horse culture that thrived over the Eurasian Steppe, but the story is also coincidentally in accordance with the fact that the nomadic zone which lies within the central Eurasian continent extends as far as the Korean Peninsula in northeast Asia.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.322-332
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• 2013

This study was conducted to understand the control mechanism of Sika deer (Cervus nippon taiouanus) populations which are adapted to the natural forest areas and the semi-natural forest areas of Korea. We monitored and analyzed the behaviour patterns and habitat characteristics of Sika deers. After we released 12 Sika deers (male 3, female 9) each at the two study areas in and around Seoul under the approval of Korean government, we monitored them through our survey researchers' naked eyes from May 2011 to January 2012. We discriminated their habitat patterns to 4 major places - eating food place, drinking water place, daytime rest place, and nighttime rest place. Our results showed that Sika deer preferred the open grassland habitats for feeding and resting in daytime but the closed bushland for their protection and sleep. We also found the recommended sex ratio of adult male to female in a herd was 1 : 4~9 for breeding and they had few cubs in a herd. The average amount of food for 1 adult deer was 391.62 kg of fresh grasses and 286.90 kg of hay per year. Our results suggest that the amount of drinking water required for a deer when grazed on grasses during spring and summer seasons is 256.8 L and when a deer feeds on dry food during autumn and winter seasons, 209.8 L of water is required. From these results, we observe that the amount of drinking water was affected substantially by the moisture content of their food. This observational study must be very valuable for land managers to judge the number of deers that should be released in natural areas without high risk and to ascertain the sex ratio of large mammals including Sika deer. Therefore, we conclude that this population control mechanism study consists of efficient basic data and their values must be very effective for various purposes.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-66
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• 1991

This paper deals with the reproductive ecology e.g., number of the pre-spawning moults, morphological characteristics of the pre-spawning moult the common moult, daily ration druing a molting cycle mating behavior, structures of spermatozoa and spermatophore, structure of vas deferens, mechanisms of the oviposition and brooding into the egg-chambers, a suitable time for the artificial mating and fertilization, time sequence of the oviposition and brooding into egg-chambers from the copulation, responses to temperature and chlorinity on the egg development and hatching, effect of temperatures on duration of egg development, physical mechanism of the egg hatching, to make an attempt for the artificial spawning and brooding to establish a suitable system of the artificial seedling-production for the aquaculture. 1. Females molted commonly $8{\~}10$ times at an interval of $17{\~}18$ days at $28^{\circ}C,\;3.26\~4.35\%_{\circ}$ while the prespawning moltings were $4{\~}5$ times at an interval of $13{\~}14$ days. The suitable state for artificial copulation was within 14 hours elapsed from the prespawning moltings (most suitable state was within 8 hours). Males discharged a gelatinous spermatophore and placed it on the females sternum during copulation. Oviposition was seen $6{\~}17$ hours after copulation. External fertilization was considered to take place at oviposition. Fertilized eggs held in egg-chambers forming between pleopods were about $5000{\~}6000$ in females those sizes about 6.5 cm in body length. 2. Eggs immediately after oviposition were elliptic shape, measuring $0.58{\times}0.48$ mm up to hatching. Their sizes increased with egg development and finally reached $0.85{\times}0.54$ mm up to hatching. The relationship between the long axis of the egg(Y in U) and days elapsed(X) was expressed as Y= 5.60194 + 0.007358X. The eggs performed superficial cleavage and their cleavage furrows became visible at the 4-daughter-nucleus stage. The eggs showed normal development up to hatching at water temperature range of $22{\~}30^{\circ}C$ (optimum temperature : $26{\~}28^{\circ}C$) and at chlorinity range of $0.00\~6.64\%_{\circ}$ (optimun chlorinity : $2.21{\%}_{\circ}$). The relationship between incubation period (Y in days) and water temperature(X in $^{\circ}C$) could be expressed as Y= 50.803-1.3555X. The eggs hatched $12{\~}13$ days after oviposition at $28.0{\~}28.6^{\circ}C$ 3. The pre-spawning moltings were appreciably different in the morphologic structure from those of common moltings. Breeding setae and dresses were formed on the thoracic regions, abdominal epimerae and the bases of the first to fourth pleopods in order to prepare and support oviposition, transfering and supporting eggs in egg-chambers up to hatching. These supplementary breeding organs were observed only at reproductive seasons.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 2013

'Okhan' (Avena sativa L.), an oat cultivar for winter use, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2011. It was derived from an original cross between 'Early80', exhibiting early heading, and 'Maine PI-590' (CI 7518), exhibiting large-size grain, in 1995. Subsequent generations as well as cross-bred cultivars were handled in bulk, and pedigree selection programs took place at Suwon and Yeoncheon, respectively. A promising line, 'SO95027-B-45-16-10-6-2-Y7-10', was selected in 2004, and was designated 'Gwiri74' after being selected from a yield trial for three years from 2005 to 2008. The breeding line 'Gwiri74' was subsequently evaluated for earliness of heading and forage yield in four different locations, Yesan, Iksan, Kimjae, and Jeju, from 2009 to 2011, and was finally named as 'Okhan'. Over 3 years, the heading date of 'Okhan' was about 6 days earlier than that of the check cultivar 'Samhan', and their average forage dry matter yield harvested at the milk-ripe stage was 15.0 ton $ha^{-1}$, compared with 14.1 ton $ha^{-1}$ of check cultivar. Cultivar 'Okhan' was lower than the check cultivar 'Samhan' in terms of the protein content (9.2% and 9.9%, respectively) and total digestible nutrients (58.5%, and 59.3%, respectively), while the TDN yield per ha was more than the check (8.70 and 8.36 kg, respectively). Fall sowing cropping of 'Okhan' is recommended only in areas where average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than $-7^{\circ}C$, and it should not be cultivated in mountain areas, where frost damage is likely to occur.