• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.13-26
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• 1999

126 male and 95 female Korean college students were examined for Scoliosis by using Moire type body observation apparatus. Scoliotic hump measuring instrument, and spinal cord side curvature condition measuring instrument. The prevalence rate of Scoliosis along with identifying its possible causal factors and characteristics were investigated. The results revealed that 5.56% of male and 8.42% of female students(male to female ratio 1:1.47) were suspected as having Scoliosis. There was a significant correlation between the students who have symptoms of Scoliosis and their physiological measurements(e.g., lower breathing capacity of the lungs). There were also close relationships between the suspected cases and their habits(e.g., poor sitting and sleeping posture). It is concluded that the Scoliosis in Korean college students should not be ignored.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.215-222
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• 2002

It has been well acknowledged that intake system plays great role in the performance of reciprocating engine. Well-designed intake system is expected to not only increase engine efficiency but also decrease engine emission, which is one of the most urgent issues in the automotive society. Thorough understanding of the flow in intake system helps great to design adequate intake system. Even though both experimental and numerical methods are used to study intake flow, numerical analysis is more widely used due to its merits in time and economy. Intake system of In-line 6-Cylinder CNG engine was chosen for the analysis ICEM CFD HEXA was used to create 3-D structured grid and FIRE code was used for the flow analysis in the intake system. Due to the complexity of the geometry standard ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model was applied. Numerical analysis was performed for various inlet and outlet boundary conditions under both steady and transient flow. Inlet mass flow rate and outlet pressure variation were changing parameters with respect to engine speed. Flow parameters, such as velocity, pressure and flow distribution, were evaluated to provide adequate data of this intake system.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.308-322
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the Cardiopulmonary function and Blood component to aerobic exercise. This were measured performance for 15 minutes. This study included 14 healthy individuals, 7 males and 7 females who were aged from 19 to 25 years. 1. After exercise heart rate was increased by on average of 93.7 beat/min as compared with rest. 2. Before exercise breath rate increased compared with rest and normal recovery need more 10 minutes. 3. Breathing capacity increased compare before with after perfoming exercise and male was less increase than was female. 4. Blood component(WBC, RBC, HB, HCT) showed aslight increased of difference compare before with after perfoming exercise.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.11-16
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• 1976

In hold that the pulmonary functions which is important situation that the national physical power, at firstly, from age 10 to age 29 young men and women 1,540 person for the progress of grew up, and them to by each aged viewing transition for pulmonary functions physical examination record is as following; and to measure normal Person with comparison by each others pulmonary functions was gained as the results of follows. 1) Frequency of Breathing: It was same the male and female age at 10 per minute over or less of 20 times, but, at age 16 to 17 was $15{\sim}16$ times, and had to precensed compare constant value. 2) Vital Capacity: At the grew up Pregress term as the body stature, age 10 to 17 or 18, had to showing rapidly increasing, but the after Probably constant. The comparison value in man and women in progress of growth up was about $200{\sim}300ml$, and after growth of progress are about 1,500ml, add in men was presence more highly value. 3) Tidal Volume: At a9e 10 was 365m1, but, it was continuing increasing, an4 at age 20 is about 500m1, and the different in men and women about $20{\sim}30$ times and had precense highly value at men. 4) Breathing holding time: It was presence same at male and femele 10 to 13, from 35 second to $37{\sim}38$ seconds, and had to Presence a slight increasing, but, may has to final of the growth progrees age at 14, it should be presence rapidly increasing and the after probably presence as same value but, than female at male is high record average value of $7{\sim}8$ seconds.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.103-110
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• 2011

Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease patients' speech is hypokinetic dysarthria and their speech is possibly the consequence of impaired respiratory support. The purpose of this study was focused on the respiratory characteristics of speech breathing in de novo IPD who were not given prior vocal or anti-Parkinson treatment. A total of 40 subjects participated in the study: 20 de novo IPD patients between the ages of 50 and 80, and 20 normal subjects with similar age, height, and weight matches. Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and $FEV_1$ as a percentage of FVC (FEV1/FVC) was measured with a PC-based spirometer (Cosmed). In addition, Maximum Phonation Time (MPT), Mean Airflow Rate (MFR), Subglottal Pressure (Psub) and the number of syllables produced per breath were measured with a Phonatory Aerodynamic System (Kay PENTAX). All subjects were asked to read a standardized Korean paragraph and the following measurements were obtained from the task. Results indicated no statistically significant differences in respiratory function (FEV1/FVC%) and aerodynamic function between the two groups, but the number of syllables per breath was significantly lower in the IPD patient group than in the normal group and it could be predicted by FVC and MFR. Therefore, the study shows that the MFR from the lungs during speech in de novo IPD patients is used inefficiently.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.101-110
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to analyze the effects of virtual reality inspiratory muscle training and conventional inspiratory muscle training on diaphragm movement and pulmonary function in patients with thoracic restriction. METHODS: This study measured diaphragm movement, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and thoracic mobility (upper, middle, and lower trunk) under two different conditions. Forty young women between 19 and 24 years of age who had no history of orthopedic symptoms for the last 6 months were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed virtual reality inspiratory muscle training and diaphragm breathing, and the control group performed conventional inspiratory muscle training and diaphragm breathing. RESULTS: The control group showed a significant increase in all dependent variables except for lower trunk mobility and PEF. The experimental group showed a significant increase in all dependent variables except for lower trunk mobility. Particularly, the experimental group showed significant increases in diaphragm movement (p<.05), FVC (p<.05), FEV1 (p<.05), and PEF (p<.05) relative to the control group. CONCLUSION: We recommend inspiratory muscle training with a virtual reality program over conventional training to improve diaphragm movement and pulmonary function in patients with thoracic restriction.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.149-155
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• 2022

Purpose : This study investigated the effects of wearing a mask and different mask filters on the respiratory function of stroke patients. Methods : A total of 15 stroke patients were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The respiratory functions were compared between participants with and without masks and among respiratory functions with three different mask filters. The order of using masks was non-wearing masks, Dental masks, KF80 masks, and KF94 masks; the difference in respiratory volumes among these conditions were measured. For accuracy of the measurement, sufficient education on the respiratory measurement method was provided to the researcher, and the heart rate of the participants was estimated to confirm their stability before the measurements. To ensure accuracy, the subjects were educated on the researchers' respiratory measurement methods. Each measurement was followed by 10 min breathing stability before replacing the next mask. Results : The results of this study showed that the difference in respiratory functions, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV₁), and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), in stroke patients was statistically significant among different masks (p<.05). Afterwards, the values of FVC, FEV₁, and MVV in stroke patients wearing masks were significantly lower than those of the non-masked control group (p<.05). The difference in respiratory functions with different mask filters showed no statistical significance (p<.05). Conclusion : This study showed that participants wearing any of the masks presented a lower respiratory function than that of those without using masks; additionally, no difference in respiratory functions was observed with differences in mask filters. Therefore, wearing a mask for a prolonged period is confirmed to affect breathing in stroke patients with weak respiratory function.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.558-570
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• 1996

Background : The detection of Collapsible airways has important therapeutic implications in chronic airway disease and bronchial asthma. The distinction of a purely collapsible airways disease from that of asthma is important because the treatment of the dormer may include the use of pursed lip breathing or nasal positive pressure ventilation whereas in the latter, pharmacologic approaches are used. One form of irreversible airflow limitation is collapsible airways, which has been shown to be a Component of asthma or to emphysema, it can be assessed by the volume difference between what exits the lung as determined by a spirometer and the volume compressed as measured by the plethysmography. Method : To investigate whether volume difference between slow and forced vital Capacity(SVC-FVC) by spirometry may be used as a surrogate index of airway collapse, we examined pulmonary function parameters before and after bronchodilator agent inhalation by spirometry and body plethysmography in 20 cases of patients with evidence of airflow limitation(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 12 cases, stable bronchial asthma 7 cases, combined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with asthma 1 case) and 20 cases of normal subjects without evidence of airflow limitation referred to the Pusan National University Hospital pulmonary function laboratory from January 1995 to July 1995 prospectively. Results : 1) Average and standard deviation of age, height, weight of patients with airflow limitation was $58.3{\pm}7.24$(yr), $166{\pm}8.0$(cm), $59.0{\pm}9.9$(kg) and those of normal subjects was $56.3{\pm}12.47$(yr), $165.9{\pm}6.9$(cm), $64.4{\pm}10.4$(kg), respectively. The differences of physical characteristics of both group were not significant statistically and male to female ratio was 14:6 in both groups. 2) The difference between slow vital capacity and forced vital capacity was $395{\pm}317ml$ in patients group and $154{\pm}176ml$ in normal group and there was statistically significance between two groups(p<0.05). Sensitivity and specificity were most higher when the cut-off value was 208ml. 3) After bronchodilator inhalation, reversible airway obstructions were shown in 16 cases of patients group, 7 cases of control group(p<0.05) by spirometry or body plethysmography d the differences of slow vital capacity and forced vital capacity in bronchodilator response group and nonresponse group were $300.4{\pm}306ml$, $144.7{\pm}180ml$ and this difference was statistically significant. 4) The difference between slow vital capacity and forced vital capacity before bronchodilator inhalation was correlated with airway resistance before bronchodilator(r=0.307 p=0.05), and the difference between slow vital capacity and forced vital capacity after bronchodilator was correlated with difference between slow vital capacity and forced vital capacity(r=0.559 p=0.0002), thoracic gas volume(r=0.488 p=0.002) before bronchodilator and airway resistance(r=0.583 p=0.0001), thoracic gas volume(r=0.375 p=0.0170) after bronchodilator, respectively. 5) The difference between slow vital capacity and forced vital capacity in smokers and nonsmokers was $257.5{\pm}303ml$, $277.5{\pm}276ml$, respectively and this difference did not reach statistical significance(p>0.05). Conclusion : The difference between slow vital capacity and forced vital capacity by spirometry may be useful for the detection of collapsible airway and may help decision making of therapeutic plans.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 1967

The normal lung volumes were determined and subdivided under sitting position in 48 middle school girls, 49 high school girls and 44 house wives. All subjects were free of pulmonary and vascular diseases. The vital capacity was measured by Mckessons spirometer and the residual volume was determined by Rahn's three breathing method. 1. The lung volumes (BTPS) of middle school girls determined were: $RV\;0.59{\pm}0.11l\;FRC\;1.45{\pm}2.22l\;VC\;2.68{\pm}0.29l$ 2. The lung volumes (BTPS) of high school girls determined were: $RV\;0.83{\pm}0.19l\;FRC\;1.9{\pm}0.25l\;VC\;3.15{\pm}0.24l$ 3. The lung volumes (BTPS) of house wives determind were: $RV\;0.95{\pm}0.61{\ell}\;FRC\;2.1{\pm}0.25{\ell}\;VC\;3.06{\pm}0.29l$ 4. The calculated residual ratio $(RV/TLC{\times}100)$ were: $17.7{\pm}2.57%$ in middle school girls and $20.6{\pm}3.65%$ in high school girls and $24.0{\pm}2.31%$ in house wives 5. The functional residual ratio $(FRC/TLC{\times}100)$ were: $43.7{\pm}5.98%$ in middle school girls and $48.8{\pm}4.41%4 in high school girls and $52.6{\pm}5.38%$ in house wives. 6. The correlation coefficients between vital capacity and total lung capacity were r=0.96 in middle school girls and r=0.986 in high school girls and r=0.856 in house wives. 7. The regression equations were obtained follows: $TLC(l) =1.105{\times}VC+0.304$ (in middle school girls) $TLC(l) =1.551{\times}VC-0.902$ (in high school girls) $TLC(l) =0.999{\times}VC+0.954$ (in house wives)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.55-64
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of air stacking exercise on lung capacity, activities of daily living, and walking ability in elderly adults. METHODS: A total of 27 subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG=13) or a control group (CG=14). Subjects in the experimental group participated in an active pulmonary rehabilitation program. 5 days a week for 4 weeks. The active pulmonary rehabilitation program was composed of an air stacking exercise with an oral nasal mask and manually assisted coughing. Conventional pulmonary rehabilitation exercises, such as, cough exercise, deep breathing, and abdominal muscle strengthening exercises were performed by both groups. Pulmonary function parameters, peak cough flow (PCF), and oxygen saturation were measured and the 6-minute walk test and Korean version of the modified Barthel index (K-MBI) scores were applied. RESULTS: Significant intergroup differences were observed for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) results after intervention (p<.05), and for 6 minute walk test and PCF results after intervention and at 2-week follow-up visits (p<.05). Post hoc test results showed significant differences in K-MBI, 6-minute walk test, and FEV1 in the experimental group after intervention (p<.05). FVC values were significantly higher after intervention and at 2-week follow-up visits versus pre-intervention (p<.05). PCF values were also significantly higher after intervention and remained significantly higher at 2-week follow-up visits (p<.05). CONCLUSION: Air stacking exercise in elderly adults improves lung capacity and exercise tolerance.