• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.117-126
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• 2010

Purpose: This research was aimed to investigate the effect of postpartum breastfeeding support on breastfeeding rates. Methods: The participants of this study were 43 mothers who admitted to the delivery room of a university hospital which was selected as a Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) in Daegu. Data collection period was from September 17, 2008 to September 20, 2009. Twenty three mothers were assigned to the experimental group and 20 mothers, to the control group. During hospitalization, breastfeeding education was given to the both groups. But postpartum breastfeeding support by nurse's phone call to the experimental group was provided once a week for 4 weeks postpartum. Data regarding breastfeeding rates at postpartum 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks and 3 months were collected by phone call. Results: The breastfeeding rate of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group at postpartum week 2, 3, 4 and 3 months. Conclusion: Postpartum breastfeeding support may be a useful intervention to increase breastfeeding rate and the first month is the most important time to establish breastfeeding.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reason of interruption and the knowledge of breastfeeding. The samples of 117 mothers who have the babies between age from 1 month to 12 months were selected from one university hospital and one public health care center in J City. The data were collected with the questionnaire during the period from the January. 5. 2002 through January. 30. 2002. Analysis was done by using frequency. percentage. t-test. ANOVA. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. The comparison of the method of feeding by general characteristics. income state(p= .019), rearing supporters(p=.026) and infant age(p=.03) have shown significant difference as the variables affecting breastfeeding practice rate. Breastfeeding rate were 24.8%. mixed- feeding type, 14.5%. milkfeeding type. 60.7%. 2. The major reason which breastfeeding be done was 'for health of baby'. In the period of breastfeeding, a large number of mothers answered' up to. 6 months'. The major reason of breasttfeeding interruption was 'insufficient quantity of breastmilk'. 3. The mean of knowledge on breastfeeding by feeding patterns were the highest in the breastfeeding group(F= 10.228, p= .000). 4. In a grade of each item on knowledge of breastfeeding, over 80% of mothers wrongly answered in two items; components comparison between breastmilk and cow's milk and when the mother fell sick. whether she have to be feed breastmilk. or not. In the conclusion. this study revealed that knowledge of breastfeeding promoted practice of breastfeeding. However we suggest that systemic and supportive breastfeeding program for promoting the knowledge and the practice rate of breastfeeding have to be provided by nurses.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.258-270
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mother's knowledge level of breastfeeding's benefit and rationale of breastfeeding's benefit. The subjects were 98 mothers who within 3 days after childbirth in 2 obstetric clinic in K city and N city from April 7 to May 10, 1996. Data were collected by a questionnaire developed by researchers. This study was statistically analyzed according to Frequency, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The result of this study was as follows : 1. Mean score of mother's knowledge level of breastfeeding's benefit was ranged from $0{\sim}19$. Mean score of breastfeeding's benefit was 10.28. Mean score of rationale of breastfeeding's benefit was 8.57. Mean score of rationale of breastfeeding's benefit and rationale of breastfeeding's benefit was not high. 2. General characteristics and feeding characteristics were significantly related to mother's knowledge level of breastfeeding's benefit as follows : mixed feeding method in planning feeding method(F=3.33, p<.05) 3. General characteristics and feeding characteristics were significantly related to mother's knowledge level of rationale of breastfeeding's benefit as follows : mixed feeding method in planning method(F=3.96, p<.05), mixed feeding method in previous feeding method(F=3.16, p<.05). 4. A positive correlation between mother's knowledge of breastfeeding's benefit and rationale of breastfeeding's benefit was statistically significant(r=.86, p<.001).

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between breastfeeding empowerment and self-confidence in the maternal role of breastfeeding mothers. Method: Breastfeeding empowerment was measured on a scale of 5 developed by Kim & Park(2004), while self-confidence was measured on a scale of 4 by Lederman et al.(1981). Data was collected during a Breastfeeding Infant Contest held in September 2006 and 2007 in Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The subjects were 278 breastfeeding mothers. The collected data was processed with the SPSS win 12.0 version. Result: Breastfeeding empowerment scored 4.21 on average (5.0 full score). The score showed a statistical difference only in breast milk quantity and breastfeeding knowledge. On the otherhand self-confidence in the maternal role showed a statistical difference only in breastfeeding frequency and know ledge. Self-confidence in the maternal role showed a statistically significant relationship with breastfeeding skill(${\gamma}=0.50$), with breastfeeding will(${\gamma}=0.45$), with adherence to exclusive breastfeeding(${\gamma}=0.35$) and with group empowerment(${\gamma}=0.39$). Conclusion: The positive relationship between breastfeeding empowerment and self-confidence in the maternal role implies that breastfeeding empowerment may be utilized to promote self-confidence in the mother's role.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.240-249
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the future plan for infant feeding practice and its associated factors among university students so as to develop focus for nutritional education program for the promotion of breastfeeding. The subjects were 301 students (males 130, females 171). The results obtained were as follows. In this survey, the subjects had a basic knowledge of breastfeeding and lactation, especially of the ingredient of breastmilk. However they were not well informed about the physiology and method of breastfeeding and benefits of breastfeeding for mothers. The average scores far attitude toward breastfeeding and lactation were 3.09 points on a 4 point scale, which indicated a slightly positive attitudes toward breastfeeding. However the participants had a negative attitude toward its emotional and practical aspects. Their future plan for infant feeding was breastfeeding 40.3%, formula feeding 3.0% and mixed feeding 56.7%. A concern was that the students showed a high rate with regard to a mixed feeding plan, and Dey decided this based on an incorrect knowledge of breastfeeding. The group who planned to breastfeed in the future (BF) showed higher scores with respect to knowledge and attitudes than those who planned to formula feed or mixed feed (FF + MF). Therefore, to encourage mothers to breastfeed and support breastfeeding, breastfeeding nutritional education is urgently needed among university students. In addition, nutrition education programs should promote the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and the physiology and practical method of breastfeeding. Also a practical and culturally sensitive course about food and nutrition is recommended to inform participants about breastfeeding. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(2) : 240∼249, 2003)

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.379-388
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• 1999

Breastfeeding is an excellent way of feeding infants and continues to be an important source of nutrition and antibodies for infants. Although breast-feeding is believed to be important, the rate of breastfeeding among Korean women is very low. One reason for the low breastfeeding rate is that the health professionals in the past have given little practical help couples to overcome difficulties encountered during breastfeeding. The promotion of breastfeeding has recently become a high priority among health professionals because of the undisputed physiological, psychological, social, economic, and nutritional benefits. Fathers have been found to influence the course of breastfeeding, but no one has conducted a systematic investigation into in and included fathers perspectives of breastfeeding in Korea. It is important to find strategies to solve the problems by assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice of breastfeeding with fathers as well as mothers. The purpose of this research is to find ways to promote primiparous(first child) couples's breastfeeding by assessing their general knowledge, attitude and practice of it. More specifically its purposes is to identify the relationship between knowledge, attitude, practice and the background factors of breastfeeding of primiparous couples in order to promote and support breastfeeding. The data will help health professionals to guide first-pregnancy couples to prepare and overcome any difficulties encountered during breastfeeding. Data were collected through a questionnaire which included both structured and open-ended questions. The questionnaire was composed referencing earlier literature, studies and surveys. This survey was made postpartum 2-3days after childbirth on 96 couples. The numbers of subjects for data analysis were selected 51 couples through pilot screening test. Data were coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences : Cronbach's alpha coefficient, T-test, ANOVA, Stepwise pearson's correlation coefficient. The relations between the variables of breastfeeding were examined using a Pearson's correlation coefficient. This study showed that, the internal validity of the instrument was tested by Cronbach's alpha. The result was : mother knowledge 0.72, mother attitude 0.88, and father knowledge 0.70, father attitude 0.92, practice 0.76 and planning of breast feeding 0.95. The average age of mothers in the sample was 28.9 years old, and the average age of fathers in the sample was 31.3 years old. The other descriptive informations available included. the study also found that fathers were more important than doctors or nurses. However results of the study indicate that there were no differences between father and mother knowledge of breastfeeding(t=-0.39, p=0.698), and father attitude was statistically significant higher than mother attitude of breastfeeding (t=2.24, p=0.030). In analysis, the variable 'practice' with breastfeeding was the relationship with mother knowledge (p=0.031) and mother attitude(p=0.015). In this study, the correlation between one couple' knowledge and attitude was not significant. Primiparous couples surveyed in the postpartum period regarding knowledge, attitude and practice about breastfeeding might be affected by recall bias, the effects of the euphoria of the first 24-48 hours postpartum, but these variables were not examined. This study results add to the body of knowledge about nursing care for breastfeeding mothers and fathers. This indicates that a need for education about breastfeeding and, that fathers be included in it as well as mothers.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.306-313
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• 2015

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the factors associated with initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among Korean women in relation to their employment status. Methods: Data were collected using a web-based self-administered questionnaire from 1,031 Korean mothers living in Seoul with babies younger than 24 months. Demographic characteristics, education on breastfeeding, rooming in, breastfeeding during hospital stay, and breastfeeding knowledge were examined. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with initiation and continuation at 1, 6 and 12 months according to mothers' employment status. Results: Breastfeeding initiation rates were similar regardless of mothers' employment status. Continuation rates decreased for both groups of mothers, but were significantly lower among employed mothers at all duration points. Unemployed mothers who were able to keep their babies in the same room during the hospital stay were more likely to initiate breastfeeding. The factor that was consistently associated with breastfeeding continuation for all duration points among unemployed mothers was whether the mother breastfed during the hospital stay. Higher knowledge scores and having an infant with atopic dermatitis were also associated with breastfeeding continuation at 6 months and 12 months, respectively for unemployed mothers, and receiving education on breastfeeding was associated with 12-month continuation for employed mothers. Conclusion: These results emphasize the significant roles of hospitals for breastfeeding initiation and continuation, with rooming-in, initial breastfeeding practice and education during hospital stay as important practices. In addition, for working mothers to continue their breastfeeding, significant support from the workplace is crucial.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the performance level of breastfeeding health behaviors and general characteristics of breastfeeding mothers related to breastfeeding health behaviors. Method: 123 breastfeeding mothers whose infants are between 5-7 months of age participated in this study. Data was collected during a Breastfeeding Infant Contest held in September 2007 in Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. Health behaviors related to breastfeeding were measured in Likert scale 5 including 20 questions developed by Park et al., and the collected data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, T-test and ANOVA using SPSS program. Result: The performance level on breastfeeding health behaviors scored $3.73{\pm}.35$ on average (5.0 in full score). The score showed that there were significant statistical differences only in the knowledge of breastfeeding between groups. The score of 'enough' knowledge group was higher than that of 'a little short' knowledge group (t=2.071, p=0.045). Conclusion: The performance level on breastfeeding health behaviors was related to the knowledge of breastfeeding in breastfeeding mothers. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance education on breastfeeding health behaviors for mothers of newborns in the hospital and to have a reevaluation process on their performance at the time of revisiting.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.331-339
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the predicting factors for the intention of breastfeeding with The Theory of Planned Behavior. The questionnaires were distributed to 131 primigravidas who were in their third trimester of pregnancy in Seoul, Kyonggido, Kyongsangbukdo, and Kyongsnagnamdo. Descriptive statistics, Pearsons Correlation and Multiple Regression were used to analyse the data. The subjects showed strong intention of breastfeeding. The subjects showed favorable attitudes toward breastfeeding. This fact showed significant correlation with the belief that their breastfeeding intention was due to the advantage of breast milk for the infant with regard to allergy prevention, disease protection, contribution to intellectual development, psychological closeness between mother and infant, convenience, cost, and the reduction of breast cancer risk and weight of the mother. No item of outcome evaluation did showed significant correlation with behavioral intension. The subjects were influenced about breastfeeding by their referents such as siblings and friends with breastfeeding experience, their mothers and husbands, and mothers-in-law. Most items of the control beliefs had a significant influence on the intention of breastfeeding. The subjects felt they could not control the situation ie. "when I have to breastfeed in public". However they felt they could control the situation ie. "when I suffer from mastitis", "when I have to cut down on coffee, alcohol, and smoking", "when I have Caesarean section", "when I need to maintain breast condition", and "when the infant hates to suck my nipple". Regression analysis revealed that control beliefs and attitudes toward breastfeeding could predict the behavioral intention of breastfeeding. Control beliefs were the most important factor in predicting behavioral intention. Therefore, nutrition education is needed to enhance the ability to cope with difficult situations while breastfeeding and increase faborable attitudes toward breastfeeding.eding and increase faborable attitudes toward breastfeeding.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 1995

This study was done to analysis data on breastfeeding mothers. This stud was conducted using data from telephone counseling in one metropolitan area. The subjects who had received consultation about breastfeeding were 100 breastfeeding mothers. The period of consultation was from Mar. 9, 1994 to August 23, 1994. Consultants were referred from UNICEF, hospitals, TV, newspapers or magazines. Analysis of the problem patterns resulted in 11 classifications. These were physio -anatomical factors(11 cases) , psychological factors(15 cases), breastfeeding methods(21 cases), breastfeeding intervals and frequency(19 cases) , disease in the breastfeeding mothers(13 cases), disease in the babies (12 cases), lack of support (4 cases), food and drugs while breastfeeding(5 cases), weaning(11 cases), others(27 cases). The highest frequency was for breastfeeding methods (21 cases). When the contents of the counselling were analyzed for the 100 cases, 36 problem patterns were identified. Patterns with over 10 responses were diarrhea, insufficient milk supply, sore and cracked nipples, weaning, inverted nipples and jaundice. The age of infants when mothers were telephoned was as below : 1 week(28 cases), 2 weeks(12 cases), 3-4 weeks(18 cases), 5-8 weeks(7 cases), 9 weeks-3 menths(4 cases), 4 menths-6 months(12 cases), over 6 months(2 cases), and the number of pregnant women was 12. The nursing diagnosis were classified according to problem patterns and each diagnosis was assigned an appropriate Problem Pattern The total number of nursing diagnoses was 22. When clients are referred for counselling nurses need guidelines about problems, possible causes and nursing. In this study, the example of guidelines for sore nipples is suggested. The recommendations based on the telephone counseling results are as follows : Prenatal education about the advantages of breastfeeding and breast care, and home visits after delivery for counseling related to breastfeeding. During the hospital stay, nursing intervention such as education on breastfeeding methods using slides, audio-visual tapes, pamphlets are needed as well as an initial trial of breastfeeding. Further research is indicated on the perceived lack of breast milk and on the effectiveness of nursing interventions to pro-mote breastfeeding.