• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.66 no.8
• /
• pp.46-60
• /
• 2016

Countries have different brassiere patterns, and this study produced and compared 3/4 brassiere patterns from different countries to determine the difference in patterns, and to investigate the stress distribution and shape of cross section while wearing brassieres using 3D virtual fitting system. Despite the growing interest in underwear, there is a lack of related books and research on brassiere patterns, which causes the difference in sizes and pattern drafting methods by countries. Thus, research on this is needed. 3D virtual fitting system has been introduced to compare patterns, thereby improving visible effects and reducing the loss in cost caused by underwear pattern fitting test. According to the result of pattern analysis, The Secoli type exhibited the least breast cover rate (14.9 cm), while the largest cover rate was shown in Christina and ESMOD types (17.7 cm). It is believed that the difference in pattern drafting causes the difference in the total length of a brassiere. Furthermore, the Secoli, Moda Burgo, and ESMOD brassieres drafted from basic bodice pattern were found to be longer than the Christina and Han Sunmi brassieres attained from direct pattern drafting. Moreover, the darts' volume of upper and lower cups in Christina and Han Sunmi types was similar in shape. The shapes of cradle drafted from basic bodice pattern were a straight line, while those from direct drafting formed a curved shape. In fitting multiple cross sections, the Secoli, Moda Burgo, and ESMOD brassieres had gaps between the brassieres and the body. Among these, the largest number of gaps was observed in the ESMOD type pattern. This study aimed at performing comparative analysis of various brassieres' pattern drafting types as a basic research for developing a brassiere pattern drafting type.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.30 no.9_10 s.157
• /
• pp.1378-1388
• /
• 2006

We conducted a questionnaire survey of 481 Korean female college students and measured anthropometrically 2 girth of their bodies(bust, under bust girth) in order to understand the psychological needs about brassiere and the physical characteristics of consumers aged between 19 and 25(the 1924 generation). There were two major problems to be solved to improve the fit of brassiere in aspect of size. First, most brands for this age group aimed at product differentiation mainly on visual design not on brassiere size. According to the body measurements, the distribution of brassiere size had 6 sections '70AA, 70A, 70B, 75AA, 75A and 75B cups' showing a rate of 63.8% but most brands for this age group were producing '75A, 80A, 85A, 75B, 80B and 85B cups' showing a rate of 24.7%. Second, most subjects of this survey didn't know their own breast size and the sizing system of brassiere which are necessary in order to select the proper brassiere size. And most subjects were wearing a bigger size brassiere than their own body size even though one was in the range of '75A, 80A, 85A, 75B, 80B and 85B'. It might be possible that the dimensions of brassiere products in the market and the sizes indicated on the labels do not correspond. For increasing the consumer satisfaction it is necessary to adjust the production rate of brassiere sizes and to develop ergonomic brassiere products with proper dimensions and shapes for each brassiere size.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.50-66
• /
• 2010

This Shanghai region study is a sample survey of female college students in their early 20s. This study collected and analyzed the information of shapes through a direct contact survey to understand the breast figures and the measurements of bodies to provide basic information to improve brassiere production for adult females in China. Data was analyzed through a SAS 9.0. The characteristic of the final brassiere pattern that had been corrected and complemented from the results of the $l^{st},\;2^{nd},\;3^{rd}$, and $4^{th}$ fitting tests is defined as a brassiere inserted with a round wire that has the 3/4cup to wrap the bust area by about 3/4. It consists of an upper and lower nonwoven fabric cup that has a flat-shaped wing of a circular dart. The drawing method of the pattern of this brassiere is applied with the conditions to cover the body naturally under the diverse and organic relations of the material factor of stretch material and wire, functional factor, and sewing factor. The final pattern is created as a bigger angle of wing pattern and a short inner side diameter because there are more Chinese women with a back of bending figure compared to Korean women.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study is to compare the constitutions comparatively among Korean, Chinese and Chosunjok college women and thereby, provide for some basic data helpful to the development of export apparels befitting the Chinese consumers, For this purpose, Korean, Chinese and Chosunjok college women aged between 17 and 24 were sampled to be subject to body measurements. The measurement data obtained were indexed for each part of the body to set a total 29 constitutional indices, which were analyzed by factor dictating the major shapes of body, Thus, based on the constructed, the differences of constitution among three groups were comparatively analyzed. The results of this study of this study can be summarized as follows; It was found through this study that Korean college women had thickest neck compared with body size and had longer lower limbs compared with stature, Moreover, their lower body was absolutely longer than the other two groups, and thus, Korean college women were found slimmest. On the other hand, Chinese college women had most voluminous chest turned over with shorter and thicker body. they were obesest. Chosunjok college women had longest upper body but shortest breast length. Their lower body was obesest, and their body was longer compared with stature. Moreover, Chosunjok college women's lower limbs were shortest, while their arm scyes were small nearest body type.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.847-857
• /
• 2015

The ratio of small-breasted women occupies over 20% among Korean women in their twenties. However, the commercial brassieres for the small-breasted women were not fitted well to their breast shapes. In this research, the various commercial mold brasseries for small-breasted women were evaluated through the wearing test and the analysis of 3D images which were scanned from their torsos wearing the brassieres. In addition, professional panels performed the appearance evaluation based on the 2D front and side images captured from 3D images taken by 3D measurement systems. As the results, we found that small-breasted women preferred a 3/4 cup brassiere, of which volume is concentrated in the lower cup. The most preferred brassiere in wearing state shows that the characteristic angle between the chest and the upper cup is about 167 degrees, which is smaller than those of another brassieres, and that the ratio of the radius of curvature of the nipple part to that of the lower cup was about 0.78. These results provide important implications regarding the design of mold brassieres for small-breasted women in spite of the fact that these results represent the selected set of commercial brassieres. Therefore, further studies are highly demanded for the most suitable design information of mold cup for small-breasted women.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.20-28
• /
• 2008

We propose a radial image processing method in a discrete polar coordinate system based on L1-norm. For this purpose, we first verified that the polar coordinate based on L2-norm can not exist in discrete system and then develop a method converting the Cartesian coordinate to the discrete polar coordinate. We apply the proposed method to smooth mass images of breast tissue and to detect the boundaries of extremely deformable objects. Compared to the Gaussian smoothing method performed in the Cartesian coordinate system, the proposed method stabilized the image signal while maintaining the overall radial shape of mass images. The proposed boundary detection method can detect shapes with high precision while conventional edge detectors can not accurately detect the shape of deformable objects. We also exploit the method to perform pupil detection and have had good experimental results.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.32-38
• /
• 2019

Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate the geometrical accuracy of a patient-specific bolus based on a three-dimensional (3D) printed mold and casting method. Materials and Methods: Three breast cancer patients undergoing treatment for a superficial region were scanned using computed tomography (CT) and a designed bolus structure through a treatment planning system (TPS). For the fabrication of patient-specific bolus, we cast harmless certified silicone into 3D printed molds. The produced bolus was also imaged using CT under the same conditions as the patient CT to acquire its geometrical shape. We compared the shapes of the produced bolus with the planned bolus structure from the TPS by measuring the average distance between two structures after a surface registration. Results and Conclusions: The result of the average difference in distance was within 1 mm and, as the worst case, the absolute difference did not exceed ${\pm}2mm$. The result of the geometric difference in the cross-section profile of each bolus was approximately 1 mm, which is a similar property of the average difference in distance. This discrepancy was negligible in affecting the dose reduction. The proposed fabrication of patient-specific bolus is useful for radiation therapy in the treatment of superficial regions, particularly those with an irregular shape.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.30-35
• /
• 2003

The study of the scars formed on the bark of pine trees damaged by forest fire was carried out in the burned area of Samchuk and Donghae in 2000. Fire scars were formed on the bark of trees when fire passed by the tree. Fire scarring is usually found on the windward and leeward sides of the tree. Fire spread was analyzed topographically using the fire scars formed at the tree stem. Fire spread was closely related to the shape, slope and direction of the forestland. Four fire direction types are classified according to the shapes of the forestland. The height of the fire scar was higher on the leeward side than on the windward side of the trees studied. The burnt area of the total bark of the tree was over 30% in dead trees and below 12% in living trees. The regression model of the burnt stem area using the height of the fire scar, the diameter of breast height and the height of tree was Y=-2.484${\times}$Height＋0.04199${\times}$D.B.H-1.686${\times}$Windward＋11.172${\times}$Leeward＋23.432(r=0.936, F=409.968, P＞0.0001).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.277-285
• /
• 2019

This study was conducted to understand the growth characteristics of Picea jezoensis that was one of representative subalpine species in Korea, in the light of the effects of wind and micro-topography in its habitats on Mt. Deogyu, Korea. The prevailing wind directions were southwest and west at the study sites. We randomly selected P. jezoensis (height ≥ 1.5 m) on windward, intermediate, and leeward slopes and measured diameter at breast height (DBH), height, crown length by 8 directions in upper, middle and lower sectors of the crown. We examined the micro-topography of P. jezoensis stood on and classified it into 3 types: type 1 was mounded and fully exposed to surrounding environments without neighboring trees; type 2 was somewhat wind-protected by surrounding rocks, but no neighboring vegetation; type 3 was on gentle slope or flat where P. jezoensis grew with neighboring trees or shrubs. The ratios of height to DBH, and estimated crown growth to actual crown growth (hereafter crown growth ratio) were compared among the three types of micro-topography on windward, intermediate and leeward sites. The height growth per DBH and crown growth ratio in the upper and middle crowns were the smallest on the windward site, and the highest on the leeward site (p < 0.01). The crown growth ratio on type 1 on the windward site was only 46% of that on type 3 on the leeward site. Although on the same windward slope, trees on type 1 had more deformed crown shapes than that on Type 3, showing asymmetric crown cross-sectional areas. Wind and micro-topography played critical roles on the crown growth of P. jezoensis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.27 no.3_4
• /
• pp.407-417
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study is to develop designs and patterns of a functional brassiere. For this purpose, women who have protruding and drooping breasts with 75B for their brassiere size were sampled. The fitting test for the fitness and function of test brassiere and control brassiere were carried out twice and compared the results from the both in terms of front, rear and side looks. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. The results from measuring the level of sag and spread, and volume and protrusion of breasts shows that there are some distinctive differences in the measurements before and after wearing the test brassiere and the test brassiere is proved to be very effective in correcting breasts' shapes. 2. Front look: Since the two front cutting lines of the test brassiere served to have the curved main part pressing against the breasts, it could support breasts to more than satisfactory level. In addition, upperline panel and side panels of the test brassiere were found to have the upperline of the upper cup pressed against the breasts and at the same time it pressed and gathered the flab around upper part of the breasts and armpits that helped to rearrange the shape of the breasts. It is also proved that the two-pieced test brassier was found to be more functional in supporting the lower cup of the breasts. 3. Rear look: The test brassier was made up of two wide U-shaped wings with 2.5cm tape on its lower sides. Each wing has 4 lines and 3 hems (5.5cm). For this reason, the test brassiere was tighter and better fitted on its back. 4. Side look and entire look: The wings of the test brassiere might look wider than that of the control brassier which has conventional straight-shaped wings, but it was analyzed that the test brassiere held the upper and lower sides of the wings more effectively to be more pressed against the breast. Therefore, the test brassiere scored higher in terms of adjusting to body movements, while the control brassiere looked better in overall terms. 5. The functional brassier fur protruding and drooping breasts developed from the experiments of this study is a full side stretch brassiere which covers the entire breasts satisfactorily. The pattern drafting methods are suggested in to .