• 종양간호연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.240-246
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• 2010

Purpose: Advancing genetic knowledge for oncology nurses is especially important in Korea because physicians have launched to incorporate genetic risk assessment and genetic testing into their practice. The purpose of this paper was to identify the effect of the first academic cancer genetic risk assessment and counseling course for Korean nurses. Methods: Thirty-five nurses were recruited and educated from June 8 to 14, 2006 in Seoul, Korea. Two measurement tools were used: 'knowledge about the hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC)' and 'knowledge about the cancer genetics'. Results: Students' score of knowledge about HBOC at pre-education was $12.22{\pm}2.23$ and after education, it increased to $13.62{\pm}1.76$. This change was statistically significant (t=-3.253, p=.003). The score of knowledge about cancer genetics at pre-education was $11.31{\pm}3.44$, and after education it has increased to $16.17{\pm}1.94$. It also was statistically significant (t=-6.92, p=.000). Conclusion: This program was effective to be a starting point for establishing genetic educational planning for the oncology nurses in Korea. This academically-based course is recognized as valuable by oncology nurses. With this new knowledge, nurses can begin to expand their role in delivering comprehensive cancer care services in Korea.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.161-165
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• 2016

The p21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1) has emerged as a potential target for anticancer therapy. It is overexpressed in ovarian, breast and bladder cancers. This suggests that PAK1 may contribute to tumorigenesis. 4-azaindole derivatives are reported as potent PAK1 inhibitors. The present work deals with the molecular docking studies of 4-azaindoles with PAK1. Probable binding mode of these inhibitors has been identified by molecular modeling. Docking results indicated that hydrogen bonding interactions with Glu345 and Leu347 are responsible for governing inhibitor potency of the compounds. Additionally, Val284, Val328, Met344 and Leu396 were found to be accountable for hydrophobic interactions inside the active site of PAK1.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.349-366
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• 2016

Objectives: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize current evidence regarding the association of parity and duration of breastfeeding with the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Methods: A systematic search of relevant studies published by December 31, 2015 was performed in PubMed and EMBASE. A random-effect model was used to obtain the summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Thirty-two studies had parity categories of 1, 2, and ${\geq}3$. The summary RRs for EOC were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.79), 0.57 (95% CI, 0.49 to 0.65), and 0.46 (95% CI, 0.41 to 0.52), respectively. Small to moderate heterogeneity was observed for one birth (p<0.01; Q = 59.46; $I^2=47.9%$). Fifteen studies had breastfeeding categories of <6 months, 6-12 months, and >13 months. The summary RRs were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.87), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.81), and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.79), respectively. Only small heterogeneity was observed for <6 months of breastfeeding (p = 0.17; Q = 18.79, $I^2=25.5%$). Compared to nulliparous women with no history of breastfeeding, the joint effects of two births and <6 months of breastfeeding resulted in a 0.5-fold reduced risk for EOC. Conclusions: The first birth and breastfeeding for <6 months were associated with significant reductions in EOC risk.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2010

포유동물의 난소는 호르몬과 감각신경 및 교감신경의 지배를 받아 난소 내 혈류의 조절, 스테로이드 호르몬 생성 및 난포의 발달과 관계된 난소의 고유기능이 조절되고 있다. 본 실험에서는 통상적인 추적자인 CT-HRP와 Pseudorabies바이러스(PRV)의 Bartha strain을 신경추적자로 이용하여 뇌하수체 후엽 및 난소와 연결된 중추신경부위를 밝히고자 하였다. 또 oxytocin을 난소 지배 신경축속에서 동정함으로써 신경축내 oxytocinergic neuron들의 존재를 확인하고, 이들이 배란을 중심으로 한 난소생식주기에 따라 보이는 중추 내 oxytocin신경세포의 변화를 조사하고자 하였다. Sprague-Dawley 흰쥐를 대상으로 난소 내에 PRV를 주사하고 48시간 후 실험동물들은 4% paraformaldehyde-lysine periodae로 고정하였으며, 뇌를 적출하여 $30{\mu}m$ 두께의 관상연속 절편을 만들어 CTHRP, PRV 및 oxytocin에 대한 삼중염색을 시행하였다. 본 실험 결과 후뇌에서부터 전뇌에 이르기까지 PRV에 양성반응을 보인 신경핵들이 관찰되어 난소를 지배하는 신경축을 구성할 수 있었다. 또 시상하부의 뇌실옆핵에서 oxytocin, PRV와 CT-HRP에 삼중으로 염색된 세포가 관찰됨으로써 신경내분비축과 자율신경축이 공동으로 기원하고 있다는 것을 형태학적으로 보여주었다. 따라서 oxytocin은 이 두 계통 내에서 호르몬의 역할과 신경전달물질의 역할을 겸할 것이라는 것을 추측할 수 있었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.7935-7941
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to implement massive parallel sequencing (MPS) technology in clinical genetics testing. We developed and tested an amplicon-based method for resequencing the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes on an Illumina MiSeq to identify disease-causing mutations in patients with hereditary breast or ovarian cancer (HBOC). The coding regions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 were resequenced in 96 HBOC patient DNA samples obtained from different sample types: peripheral blood leukocytes, whole blood drops dried on paper, and buccal wash epithelia. A total of 16 random DNA samples were characterized using standard Sanger sequencing and applied to optimize the variant calling process and evaluate the accuracy of the MPS-method. The best bioinformatics workflow included the filtration of variants using GATK with the following cut-offs: variant frequency >14%, coverage ($>25{\times}$) and presence in both the forward and reverse reads. The MPS method had 100% sensitivity and 94.4% specificity. Similar accuracy levels were achieved for DNA obtained from the different sample types. The workflow presented herein requires low amounts of DNA samples (170 ng) and is cost-effective due to the elimination of DNA and PCR product normalization steps.

• 생약학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

Ginsenoside Rg3 (G-Rg3) is one of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides characteristic of red ginseng, steamed and dried ginseng (Panax ginseng), which has recently attracted much attention for its antitumor properties in vitro and in vivo animal models. Experimental studies have demonstrated that it could promote cancer cell apoptosis, inhibit cancer cell growth, the apoptosis of cancer cells, adhesion, invasion and metastasis, and also prevent an angiogenetic formation in prostate, breast, ovarian, colorectal, gastric, liver and lung cancer etc. It has shown the antitumor activities by modulation of diverse signaling pathways, including regulation of cell proliferation mediators (CDKs and cyclins), growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor), tumor suppressors (p53 and p21), cell death mediators (caspases, Bcl-2, Bax), inflammatory response molecules ($NF-{\kappa}B$ and COX-2), protein kinases (JNK, Akt, and AMP-activated protein kinase) and Wnt/${\beta}$-catenin signaling. In addition, the combination of Rg3 and chemotherapeutic agents have synergistically enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced antagonistically side effects. Furthermore, it can reverse the multidrug resistance of cancer cells, prolong the survival duration and improve life quality of cancer patients. Taken together, accumulating evidences could provide the potential of G-Rg3 in the treatment of cancers and the feasibility of further randomized placebo controlled clinical trials.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제33권
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• pp.145-153
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• 2021

목 적: 본 연구에서는 가임기 여성의 유방암 방사선 치료 시 난소 선량에 대해 실험을 통하여 평가해보고자 한다. 치료기법에 따른 치료계획시스템에서 계산된 선량과 열형광선량계를 이용한 측정선량을 비교·분석하여 난소 선량을 평가하고 납(Pb) 앞치마의 사용유무에 따른 선량 분석을 통해 임상에서의 유용성을 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 측정에는 Rando humanoid phantom을 이용하였고, 치료기법으로는 쐐기필터치료기법, 3차원 입체조형치료, 세기변조방사선치료를 사용하였다. CT simulator를 이용하여 얻은 Rando humanoid phantom 3D 영상의 우측 유방에 처방선량의 95%가 전달될 수 있도록 치료계획을 세웠고, TLD를 Rando hunmanoid phantom의 가상 표적의 표면 및 심부에 삽입하고 방사선을 조사하였다. 측정위치는 치료 중심점과 Rando humanoid phantom의 정중앙을 중심으로 반대쪽 유방으로 2cm 이동한 지점과 치료 중심축 및 하방으로 우측 유방의 경계면에서 5cm, 10cm, 12.5cm, 15cm, 17.5cm, 20cm, 우측 난소 위치의 표면과 중심점을 포함하여 총 9개 지점에서 측정하였다. 치료계획시스템의 선량 비교에서는 쐐기필터치료기법 2가지와 3차원 입체조형치료, 세기변조방사선치료 등 총 4개의 치료 계획을 수립하여 비교하였다. 그리고 TLD를 이용한 측정값 비교는 세기변조방사선치료와 쐐기필터를 이용한 치료를 비교하였고, 납 앞치마의 사용유무에 따라서 세기변조방사선치료의 선량차이를 측정하여 비교·분석하였다. 측정값은 각 포인트마다 3개의 TLD값 평균을 내고 TLD 교정값을 이용하여 환산하였으며 이를 Point dose mean값으로 계산하였다. 치료계획값과 실제 측정값을 비교하기 위해 각 지점마다 절대선량값을 측정하여 %Diff 값으로 계산하였다. 결 과: 치료 중심점인 Point A에서는 치료계획시스템에서 최대 201.7cGy가 나왔고, 실제 TLD 측정값은 최대 200.6cGy가 나왔다. 모든 치료계획시스템에서 유방 경계면으로부터 하방으로 17.5cm 떨어진 지점인 Point G 부터는 0cGy로 계산이 되었다. 실제 TLD 측정 결과 Point G에서는 최대 2.6cGy가 나왔고, 난소선량인 Point J에서는 최대 0.9cGy로 나타났으며 %Diff값은 0.3%~1.3%였다. 납 앞치마의 사용유무에 따른 선량 차이는 최대 2.1cGy에서 최소 0.1cGy로 나타났으며 %Diff값은 0.1%~1.1%였다. 결 론: 치료계획시스템에서 3가지 치료계획에 따른 선량차이는 최저 0.85%에서 최고 2.45%로 큰 격차를 보이지 않았다. 난소에서 Rando humanoid phantom의 치료계획과 실제 측정한 선량차이는 0.9% 이내로 나타났으나 실제 측정에서 조금 더 높게 측정되었다. 이는 치료계획시스템에서 산란선의 영향을 정확하게 반영하지 못하였고, 실제 측정에서는 TLD를 삽입한 상태로 CBCT를 촬영한 선량과 산란선량이 반영된 것으로 사료된다. 납 앞치마의 유무에 따른 선량측정에서 납 앞치마를 사용했을 경우에 치료범위에서 가까운 거리일수록 차폐의 효과가 있었으며, 치료범위에서 15cm 이상 거리가 있는 경우에는 거의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 임상적으로 방사선 치료 중에는 임신이나 인공수정을 하기에는 적절하지 않지만, 치료 중 난소에 조사된 선량은 방사선 치료 후 가임기 여성의 생식 기능에 크게 영향을 주지 않을 것으로 생각된다. 하지만 가임 여성의 경우에는 지속적인 불안감을 가지고 있으므로 이번 결과를 통한 데이터를 제시함으로써 심리적인 안정을 도모할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1061-1075
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• 2016

Context: There are no recent authoritative data about incidence and prevalence of various types of cancers in Pakistan. Aim: To determine the frequency of malignant tumors seen in our practice and provide a foundation for building a comprehensive cancer care strategy. Materials and Methods: 10,000 successive cases of solid malignant tumors reported in 2014 were included. All cases had formalin fixed, paraffin embedded specimens available and diagnosis was based on histological examination of H&E stained slides plus ancillary studies at the Section of Histopathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. The latest WHO classifications were used along with the latest CAP protocols for reporting and the most updated TNM staging. Results: There were 9,492 (94.9%) primary tumors while 508 (5.1%) were metastatic. Some 5,153 (51.5%) were diagnosed in females and 4,847 (48.5%) in males. The commonest malignant tumors in females were breast (32%), esophagus (7%), lymphomas (6.8%), oral cavity (6.7%) and ovary (4.8%), while in males they were oral cavity (13.9%), lymphomas (12.8%), colorectum (7.9%), stomach (6.9%) and esophagus (6.6%). Malignant tumors were most common in the 5th, 6th and 7th decades. About 8% were seen under 20 years of age. Conclusions: Oral cavity and gastrointestinal cancers continue to be extremely common in both genders. Breast and esophageal cancers are prevalent in females. Lung and prostate cancer are less common than in the west. Ovarian cancer was very common but cervix cancer was less so.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.713-717
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• 2016

Background: To evaluate the prevalence and features of other gynecologic or surgical lesions in endometrial cancer (EMC) patients. Materials and Methods: Clinico-pathological data of EMC patients who were treated in the institution from 1995 to 2012 were collected. Data collected were age, stage of disease according to the FIGO 2009 criteria (FIGO), histopathology, tumor grade, adjuvant therapy, other gynecologic or surgical lesions, follow-up period, and living status. Results: The mean age of 396 patients was $56.7{\pm}10.64years$. Abnormal uterine bleeding was the most common presenting symptom (90.1%). Bleeding was accompanied with pelvic mass in 7.7% and 5.4% had only a pelvic mass. Abnormal cervical cytology was found in 3.8%. Approximately 75% had early stage diseases and 86% had endometrioid histology. We found 55.8% of EMC patients had other gynecologic lesions: 89.6% benign and 9.5% malignant. Some 4.5% had pre-invasive cervical/vulva/vagina lesions. The two most common gynecologic lesions were myoma uteri and ovarian tumors. Focusing on the latter, approximately 14% were benign while 8% were malignant. Among 364 patients with available data, surgical lesions were found in 11.8%, 5.7% benign and 9.2% malignant. The most common benign surgical condition was chronic appendicitis while breast and colon cancers were the two most common malignant lesions found. Conclusions: More than half of EMC patients had other gynecologic lesions including benign and malignant tumors. Surgical lesions were also found in more than one-tenth of patients. Careful pre-operative evaluation and intra-operative inspection are advised for proper management and better prognosis.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.152-165
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• 2019

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of vitrification on apoptosis and survival in human preantral follicles after thawing. Methods: This experimental study was conducted at an acute tertiary care hospital from March 2012 to April 2013. Ovaries were sliced into 5 × 5 × 1-mm pieces and divided into the following three groups: preantral follicle isolation, ovarian tissue vitrification-warming followed by follicle isolation, and immunohistochemistry of fresh ovarian tissue. For statistical analyses, the Student t-test, chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used. Results: A total of 161 preantral follicles (70% secondary) were collected from ovarian cortex tissue of six women between 30 and 37 years of age who underwent oophorectomy due to cervical cancer or breast cancer. There were no significant differences in the follicular morphology of fresh preantral follicles and vitrified follicles after thawing. The mean Fas ligand (FasL) mRNA expression level was 0.43 ± 0.20 (relative to β-actin) in fresh preantral follicles versus 0.51 ± 0.20 in vitrified follicles (p= 0.22). The mean caspase-3 mRNA expression level in fresh preantral follicles was 0.56 ± 0.49 vs. 0.27 ± 0.21 in vitrified follicles (p= 0.233). One vitrified-thawed secondary follicle grew and developed to an antral follicle within 6 days of culture. Conclusion: Vitrification did not affect preantral follicle morphology or mRNA expression of the apoptosis markers FasL and caspase-3. Further studies are required to establish whether vitrification affects the outcomes of in vitro culture and the maturation of preantral follicles.