• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.133-138
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify malignant tumor-related factors in breast diseases and to find out how recently reported oral contraceptives affect women in Korea. The research method is data from the 7th National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and was provided according to the procedures for use guided through the website of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The analyzed data covered a total of 9,981 people, 3,341 in 2016, 3,263 in 2017 and 3,377 in 2018. The results from the study showed the significance of age, smoking, drinking, hyperlipidemia and unmarried related variables, especially the significance of oral contraceptives. Based on this study, it can contribute to active prevention of related factors and cancer-causing suppression policies, especially since the use of oral contraceptives is on the rise, it is believed that continuous research of the subjects to be taken, such as the period and dosage, should be carried out.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.4839-4842
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• 2014

Background: Although the Cox's proportional hazard model is the popular approach for survival analysis to investigate significant risk factors of cancer patient survival, it is not appropriate in the case of log-term disease free survival. Recently, cure rate models have been introduced to distinguish between clinical determinants of cure and variables associated with the time to event of interest. The aim of this study was to use a cure rate model to determine the clinical associated factors for cure rates of patients with breast cancer (BC). Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study covered 305 patients with BC, admitted at Shahid Faiazbakhsh Hospital, Tehran, during 2006 to 2008 and followed until April 2012. Cases of patient death were confirmed by telephone contact. For data analysis, a non-mixed cure rate model with Poisson distribution and negative binomial distribution were employed. All analyses were carried out using a developed Macro in WinBugs. Deviance information criteria (DIC) were employed to find the best model. Results: The overall 1-year, 3-year and 5-year relative survival rates were 97%, 89% and 74%. Metastasis and stage of BC were the significant factors, but age was significant only in negative binomial model. The DIC also showed that the negative binomial model had a better fit. Conclusions: This study indicated that, metastasis and stage of BC were identified as the clinical criteria for cure rates. There are limited studies on BC survival which employed these cure rate models to identify the clinical factors associated with cure. These models are better than Cox, in the case of long-term survival.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8525-8531
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• 2016

Background: Cancer has become a major health problem associated with high mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries. The aim of our study was to evaluate the incidence rates of different types of cancer in Sulaymaniyah from January-2006 to January-2014. The data were compared with those reported for other middle east countries. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study depended on data collected from Hiwa hospital cancer registry unit, death records and histopathology reports in all Sulaymaniyah teaching hospitals, using international classification of diseases. Results: A total of 8,031 cases were registered during the eight year period, the annual incidence rate in all age groups rose from 38 to 61.7 cases/100,000 population/year, with averages over 50 in males and 50.7 in females. The male to female ratio in all age groups were 0.98, while in the pediatric age group it was 1.33. The hematological malignancies in all age groups accounted for 20% but in the pediatric group around half of all cancer cases. Pediatric cancers were occluding 7% of total cancers with rates of 10.3 in boys and 8.7 in girls. The commonest malignancies by primary site were leukemia, lymphoma, brain, kidney and bone. In males in all age groups they were lung, leukaemia, lymphoma, colorectal, prostate, bladder, brain, stomach, carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) and skin, while in females they were breast, leukaemia, lymphoma, colorectal, ovary, lung, brain, CUP, and stomach. Most cancers were increased with increasing age except breast cancer where decrease was noted in older ages. High mortality rates were found with leukemia, lung, lymphoma, colorectal, breast and stomach cancers. Conclusions: We here found an increase in annual cancer incidence rates across the period of study, because of increase of cancer with age and higher rates of hematological malignancies. Our study is valuable for Kurdistan and Iraq because it provides more accurate data about the exact patterns of cancer and mortality in our region.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1337-1340
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• 2016

Background: There is a noticeable change in the approach with which women nowadays seek help for diseases like breast cancer, primarily due to awareness campaigns, but what happens after surgical procedures is of great significance too. This study focused on the several psychological connotations attached to mastectomy and how the patients cope. Objective: To understand the pattern of anxiety and level of depression among Pakistani patients undergoing mastectomy. Materials and Methods: The sample size consisted of 88 patients who had undergone mastectomy at the different surgical units of the Civil Hospital, Karachi, from January 2012-December 2014; The questionnaire was administered before they were discharged i.e. within 3 days of surgical procedures. The patients were asked if they were willing to participate in this study, those who agreed signed the consent form and then we preceded by asking questions with a standardized tool. A self made questionnaire was constructed keeping in mind the nature and specification of the disease, which consisted of 20 questions related to anxiety and depression, focusing on a mixture of psychological and physiological symptoms. Results: There were a total of 88 patients out of which 36 (41%) were aged 51 to 60 years, 24 (27.2%) of the patients were in the age category of 41 to 50 years, 17 aged 61 and above (19.3%) and only 11 (12.5%) 30-40 years of age, the youngest of all the age categories. The pattern of depression and anxiety was found to be similar among all age categories, severe depression and anxiety predominating over moderate level of such symptoms, with only relatively few patients sufering mild or no depression symptoms. Conclusions: It was concluded that going through mastectomy leads to moderate to severe levels of depression and anxiety, primarily because the females feel incomplete and insecure after losing a part of themselves.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.129-146
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• 2004

From the study of Prescription on mammary diseases, the following conclusions are obtained. 1. The Lurosan (漏蘆散), Jechetang (猪蹄湯), Tongyutang (湧泉散) are often used for galactostasis in Prescription. The classification of prescription by efficacy is Chungyelyak(淸熱解毒藥), Lisuyak (利尿通淋藥), Hwalyelyak(活血祛瘀藥), etc. and the frequency of used medicines is Luro(漏蘆),Tongcho(通草),Jejo(제조), Chensangab(穿山甲),etc.. 2. The Makyajeon(麥芽煎), Sipjeondaebotang(十全大補湯) are often used for galactorrhea in Prescription. The classification of prescription by efficacy is Bogiyak(補氣藥), Bohelyak(補血藥), Sosikyak (消食藥), etc., and the frequency of used medicines is Insam (人蔘), Dangggwi(當歸), Makya(麥芽),etc.. 3. The Jogaksan(조角散), Gwarusan(瓜蔞散) are often used for mammary abscess in Prescription. The classification of prescription by efficacy is Hwalyelyak(活血祛瘀藥), Chunghwaye1damyak(淸化熱痰藥), Ligiyak(理氣藥), etc., and the frequency of used medicines is Jogakja(조角刺), Sahyang(麝香), Chongpee(靑皮),etc.. 4. The Yengyotang(連翹湯), Makyatang(麥芽湯), Lyengpayujagenbang(令敗乳自退方)are often used for distending pain of the breast due to galactostasis in Prescription. The classification of prescription by efficacy is Chungyelhaedokyak(淸熱解毒藥), Chunghwayeldamyak(淸化熱痰藥)etc., and the frequency of used medicines is Yengyo(連翹), Gwaru (瓜樓),etc.. 5. The Gwarusan (瓜蔞散), Danchungpitang(單靑皮湯), Yengyotang(連翹湯), Gamisoyosan(加味逍 遙散)are often used for mammay abscess in Prescription. The classification of prescription by efficacy is Chunghwayeldamyak(淸化熱痰藥), Hwalyelgeoyak(活血祛瘀藥), Chungyelyak(淸熱解毒藥),etc., and the frequency of used medicines is Jogakja(조角刺), Yengyo(連翹), Chongpee(靑皮),etc.. 6. The Sipyukmi1yugium(十六味流氣飮), Chungpitang(靑皮湯)are often used for breast carcinoma in Prescription. The classification of prescription by efficacy is Hwalyelyak(活血祛瘀藥), Ligiyak(理氣藥)etc., and the frequency of used medicines is Doyin(桃仁), Jogakja, Chongpee(靑皮), Jagak(枳殼),etc.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.26-39
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• 2015

Objectives : Dendropanax morbifera is known as a tree that has been used in traditional medicine for various diseases. However, its biological activities in cancer have not yet been clearly elucidated. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer effects of water extract of Dendropanax morbifera (DP) on 2 human breast cancer cell lines (estrogen dependent MCF-7 and estrogen independent MDA-MB-231). Methods : The MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to assess cell proliferation, along with cell cycle analysis. Nitric oxide production was detected by Griess assay. The expression of apoptosis related gene was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Results : Our data revealed that DP inhibits the cell growth in a dose dependent manner (0, 50, 100, 250, and 500 μg/ml) of both estrogen independent MDA-MB-231 and estrogen dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Also, LPS induced nitric oxide production was significantly reduced by DP. Cell cycle analysis showed an increased G1 phase in the MCF-7 cell and G2/M phase in the MDA-MB-231 cell. DP decreased mRNA expression of apoptotic suppressor gene Bcl-xL, and increased mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic genes. DP increased mRNA expression of p21, and Rip1 in both cell. And DP decreased mRNA expression of survivin in the MCF-7 cell. Conclusions : Taken together, these results indicate that DP extract are source of anti-cancer potential and could be developed botanical drug.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.3 no.6
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• pp.555-565
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• 2019

Development of a biomarker for predicting tumor-treatment efficacy is a matter of great concern, to reduce time, medical expense, and effort in oncology therapy. In a preclinical study, we hypothesized that the blood-flow parameter based on laser speckle flowmetry (LSF) could be a potential indicator to estimate the efficacy of breast-cancer treatment. To verify this hypothesis, a 13762-MAT-B-III rat breast tumor was grown in a dorsal skinfold window chamber applied to a nude mouse, and the change in blood flow rate (BFR) - or the speckle flow index (SFI) is used together as the same meaning in this manuscript - was longitudinally monitored during tumor growth and metronomic cyclophosphamide treatment. Based on the daily LSF angiogram, several BFR parameters (baseline SFI, normalized SFI, and △rBFR) were compared to tumor size in the normal, treated, and untreated tumor groups. Despite the incomplete tumor treatment, we found that the daily changes in all BFR parameters tended to have partially positive correlation with tumor size. Moreover, we observed that the changes in baseline SFI and normalized SFI responded one day earlier than the tumor shrinkage during chemotherapy. However, daily variations in the hypercapnia-induced △rBFR lagged tumor shrinkage by one day. This study would contribute not only to evaluating tumor vascular response to treatment, but also to monitoring blood-flow-mediated diseases (in brain, skin, and retina) by using LSF in preclinical settings.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3113-3118
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• 2012

Introduction: Cancer is the second cause of death in Kuwaiti people after cardiovascular diseases. This study is the first in the country to describe epidemiological measures related to cancer in this population. Methods: Data obtained from the Kuwait cancer registry included all Kuwaiti patients between years 2000-2009. Analyses were conducted using age-specific rates, the age-standardization-direct method, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), cumulative risk by the age of 74 years, limited-duration prevalence, mortality and forecasting to year 2029. Results: It was noted that the commonest cancer sites were colorectal with an age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of 16.1/100,000 in males and breast (49.4/100,000) in the female population. The trend of cancer incidence (1974-2009) showed no statistically significant change. First causes of death due to cancer were female breast 8(6.4-9.6)/100,000 and lung (males) 8.1/100,000 (6.6-10.0). The risk of developing cancer by the age of 74 was 13.4% (1/8) and 14.3% (1/7) in males and females respectively, and the risk of dying from cancer in the same age group was 1/17 and 1/23. By the end of 2009, prevalent cases represented 0.52% of the Kuwaiti population. In the year 2029, the total number of cancer cases is expected to reach 1200 cases compared to 889 cases in 2009. Conclusions and recommendations: The most common cancers in Kuwait (breast, colorectal and lung) are largely preventable. Prompt and effective interventional prevention programs that vigorously involve diet, anti-smoking and physical activity for both sexes are urgently required.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2783-2787
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• 2013

To assess the risk of cancer incidence after medical radiation exposure for coronary artery disease (CAD), a retrospective cohort study was conducted based on Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Patients with CAD were identified according to the International Classification of Diseases code, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), and their records of medical radiation procedures were collected from 1997 to 2010. A total of 18,697 subjects with radiation exposure from cardiac imaging or therapeutic procedures for CAD were enrolled, and 19,109 subjects receiving cardiac diagnostic procedures without radiation were adopted as the control group. The distributions of age and gender were similar between the two populations. Cancer risks were evaluated by age-adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) and association with cumulative exposure were further evaluated with relative risks by Poisson regression analysis. A total of 954 and 885 subjects with various types of cancers in both cohorts after following up for over 10 years were found, with incidences of 409.8 and 388.0 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The risk of breast cancer (aIRR=1.85, 95% confidence interval: 1.14-3.00) was significantly elevated in the exposed female subjects, but no significant cancer risk was found in the exposed males. In addition, cancer risks of the breast and lung were increased with the exposure level. The study suggests that radiation exposure from cardiac imaging or therapeutic procedures for CAD may be associated with the increased risk of breast and lung cancers in CAD patients.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.261-263
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• 2014

Chronic inflammation is involved in cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn's disease. Inerleukin-6 (IL-6) plays major roles in inflammation. Chungkookjang, fermented soybean contains diverse peptides produced by cleavage of soybean proteins. The peptides can be bioactive compounds. Peptide (Gly-Val-Tyr-Tyr-Met-Tyr was purified from Chungkookjang, and modified to be 6mer H, Glu-Val-Tyr-Tyr-Met-Tyr (EVYYMY). Peptide H's activity to suppress IL-6 expression in a human breast cancer cell, MDA-MB-231 was determined. IL-6 Expression was reduced in the cell treated with peptide H 25 times less than controls which were not treated with peptide H. Proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells was inhibited by peptide H, which is concentration-dependent. Blocking of IL-6 signals is known to be effective in reducing inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and cancers. Since peptide H can reduce inflammatory IL-6 expression, application of this study will contribute to drug development for diseases which are caused by excessive IL-6.