• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.294-304
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• 2016

Members of the genus Brassica, which are known as oil crops or cruciferous vegetables, are widely cultivated in Canada, Australia, Asian and Europe. Because Brassica species have high yields, are well adapted to their environments, and are self-incompatible, the germplasm is abundant. Previous studies have reported abundant genetic diversity even within Brassica subspecies. In Korea, fresh cabbage leaves are eaten with roast meat, and to meet the current popular demand, new varieties are being increasingly bred. To determine the genetic diversity and relationships among the cabbage vegetables in Korea, we evaluated the genetic variation of 18 accessions based on 5S and 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences. We detected many variable nucleotide sites, especially in the 5S rRNA gene sequences. Because the length of the 18S rRNA gene might influence the dissimilarity rate statistics, we used both the 5S and 18S sequences to analyze the phylogenetic relationships. S7 (B. oleracea) showed the most distant phylogenetic relationship with the other Brassica species. Interestingly, B2 (B. oleracea), B15, and B18 (B. campestris) have three different types of leaf profiles, and were divided into one group, and the other Brassica species formed another group. Statistical analysis of interspecies and intraspecies genetic distances revealed that B. campestris L. showed higher genetic diversity than B. oleracea L. This work provides additional data that facilitates the evaluation of the genetic variation and relationships among Brassica species. The results could be used in functional plant breeding programs to improve Brassica crops.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.184-195
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• 2022

The invasive alien species Brassica tournefortii Gouan (Brassicaceae) is herein reported for the first time in Korea, from Gunsan-si, Gochang-gun, and Jeju-si. Brassica tournefortii can easily be distinguished from B. juncea and B. napus by its dense stiff hairs at the base of the stem and leaves, basally and distally branched stems, partially dehiscent fruits, and seeds that become mucilaginous in the presence of moisture. Although some taxonomists have classified this species as belonging to Coincya Rouy based on its fruit and seed characteristics, the existence of one vein on the fruit valves and our maximum likelihood analysis using internal transcribed spacer sequences placed it in Brassica. Distribution data, photographs, and a description of B. tournefortii are presented herein. Moreover, potential changes in the distribution of B. tournefortii were predicted under different climate scenarios, but our analysis showed that the probability of the spreading of this species is low. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring is necessary for an accurate assessment. The results of the present study can be used to conduct an invasion risk assessment and can assist with the effective management of this invasive alien species.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.336-336
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• 2005

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.590-600
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• 2017

A total of 447 accessions consisting of seven Brassica spp.; Brassica carinata (34), B. juncea (199), B. rapa subsp. dichotoma (18), B. rapa. subsp. oleifera (14), B. rapa subsp. rapa (36), B. rapa subsp. trilocularis (56) and B. alba subsp. alba (90) were studied for their morphological characters and fatty acid compositions. There was a wide variation for morphological traits, oil content and fatty acid composition among Brassica species. Seed number/silique and yield/plant were varied from 4.2 (B. alba) to 25.1 (B. rapa subsp. trilocularis) and from 170.7 g (B. rapa subsp. oleifera) to 351.9 g (B. juncea L. Czern.), respectively. Among Brassica species, B. rapa subsp. trilocularis exhibited the highest oil (29.2%), stearic (20.4%) and erucic acid (45.3%) content. B. carinata had the highest content of palmitic (5.2%), oleic (21.2%) and linolenic acid (11.1%). B. rapa subsp. dichotoma and B. rapa subsp. oleifera exhibited the highest content of linoleic (8.1%) and behenic (26.9%) acid, respectively. B. rapa subsp. trilocularis exhibited the highest (45.3%) erucic acid content and significant positive relationship was observed between oleic acid and linoleic acid. This variation of agronomic and fatty acid compositions in Brassica species can be utilized to develop new varieties.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.176-179
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• 1997

Environmental risk evaluation of transgenic Brassica napus introduced with glufosinate$.$ammonium-tolerance gene was carried out in a field. It is revealed that there was no difference between transgenic and non-transgenic B. napus for characteristics of ecology and morphology. Transgenic plants did not fertilize to any related Brassica species.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2005

Eighty-five different cultivars of Brassica rapa, B. juncea, B. nap us, B. carinata, B. oleracea and hexaploid Brassica collected from Bangladesh, Japan, China and Denmark were analyzed by SDS-PAGE for seed and leaf protein variations, using esterase, acid phosphatase and peroxidase isozyme analysis. Ten polymorphic bands were identified from seed protein however no identifiable polymorphic band was found in the leaf protein. Polymorphic markers clearly distinguished the different Brassica species as well as yellow sarson (YS) and brown seeded (BS) cultivars of B. rapa. The $F_1$ cross between YS and brown seeded cultivars showed the existance of all poly-morphic bands of the respective parents. The Bangla-deshi and Japanese cultivars of B. rapa differed in the amount of seed protein. In the case of isozyme analysis, esterase showed the highest number of polymorphic bands (13) followed by acid phosphatase (9) and peroxidase (5). These polymorphic markers were very effec-tive for classification of all the species studied in this experiment. In parentage tests using isozymes, the hybridity of intra-and-interspecific crosses of almost all the seedlings could be identified from their respective cross combinations. Esterase polymorphism showed a clear differentiation between YS and BS types of B. rapa. In addition, two esterase polymorphic markers were iden ified to differentiate some cultivars of B. juncea. Segregation patterns in these two esterase bands showed a simple Mendelian monohybrid ratio of 3:1 in $F_2$, 1:1 in test cross and 1:0 in back cross progenies. No polymorphic band was identified to distinguish different cultivars of the same species by acid phosphatase or peroxidase. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was carried out with seed coat color specific marker of B. juncea. The yellow seeded cultivars produced a strong band at 0.5 kb and weak band 1.2 kb. In the addition of these two specific bands, Japanese yellow-seeded cultivars expressed two more weak bands at 1.0 kb and 1.1 kb. Where the brown seeded cultivars generated a single strong band at 1.1 kb. In segregating population, the yellow seed coat color marker segregated at a ratio 15 (brown) : 1 (yellow), indicating the digenic inheritance pattern of the trait.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.751-756
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• 2012

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful tool for the detection of DNA sequences in the specific region of the chromosomes. As well as for the integrated physical mapping, FISH karyotype analysis has to be preceded. Karyotype of Raphanus sativus 'Wonkyo 10039' was analyzed by a dual-color FISH technique; using various repetitive DNA probes, including 5S rDNA, 45S rDNA, and centromere retrotransposon. The length of the somatic metaphase chromosome ranged from 1.35 to $2.06{\mu}m$ with a total length of $15.29{\mu}m$. The chromosome complements comprised of eight pairs of metacentrics and one pair of submetacentric. Bleached DAPI Band analysis revealed a heterochromatin region, covering 28.6% to 50.4% each chromosomes. 5S and 45S rDNA sequences were located on two and three pairs of chromosomes, respectively. The centromere retrotransposon of Brassica (CRB) is a major component in Brassica related species that has been maintained as a common centromere component. CRB signals were detected on the centromere and pericentromeric region of R. sativus 'Wonkyo 10039' and three basic Brassica species (B. rapa, B. nigra, and B. oleracea). These results will provide a valuable background for physical mapping and elucidation of the evolutionary relationship among the Brassica related species.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.153-165
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• 2010

Brassica rapa is considered an ideal candidate to act as a reference species for Brassica genomic studies. Among the three basic Brassica species, B. rapa (AA genome) has the smallest genome (529 Mbp), compared to B. nigra (BB genome, 632 Mbp) and B. oleracea (CC genome, 696 Mbp). There is also a large collection of available cultivars of B. rapa, as well as a broad array of B. rapa genomic resources available. Under international consensus, various genomic studies on B. rapa have been conducted, including the construction of a physical map based on 22.5X genome coverage, end sequencing of 146,000 BACs, sequencing of >150,000 expressed sequence tags, and successful phase 2 shotgun sequencing of 589 euchromatic region-tiling BACs based on comparative positioning with the Arabidopsis genome. These sequenced BACs mapped onto the B. rapa genome provide beginning points for genome sequencing of each chromosome. Applying this strategy, all of the 10 chromosomes of B. rapa have been assigned to the sequencing centers in seven countries, Korea, UK, China, India, Canada, Australia, and Japan. The two longest chromosomes, A3 and A9, have been sequenced except for several gaps, by NAAS in Korea. Meanwhile a China group, including IVF and BGI, performed whole genome sequencing with Illumina system. These Sanger and NGS sequence data will be integrated to assemble a draft sequence of B. rapa. The imminent B. rapa genome sequence offers novel insights into the organization and evolution of the Brassica genome. In parallel, the transfer of knowledge from B. rapa to other Brassica crops would be expected.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 2012

This review summarises the biology, discovery and applications of single nucleotide polymorphisms in complex polyploid crop genomes, with a focus on the important oilseed crop $Brassica$ $napus$. $Brassica$ $napus$ is an allotetraploid species, and along with soybean and oil palm is one of the top three most important oilseed crops globally. Current efforts are well underway to $de$ $novo$ assemble the $B.$ $napus$ genome, following the release of the related $B.$ $rapa$ 'A' genome last year. The next generation of genome sequencing, SNP discovery and analysis pipelines, and the associated challenges for this work in $B.$ $napus$, will be addressed. The biological applications of SNP technology for both evolutionary and molecular geneticists as well as plant breeders and industry are far-reaching, and will be invaluable to our understanding and advancement of the $Brassica$ crop species.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2021

Resistance to diseases caused by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) in crop species of the family Brassicaceae has been studied extensively, especially in members of the genus Brassica. The variation in response observed on resistant and susceptible plants inoculated with different isolates of TuMV is due to a combination of the variation in the plant resistome and the variation in the virus genome. Here, we review the breadth of this variation, both at the level of variation in TuMV sequences, with one eye towards the phylogeny and evolution of the virus, and another eye towards the nature of the various responses observed in susceptible vs. different types of resistance responses. The analyses of the viral genomes allowed comparisons of pathotyped viruses on particular indicator hosts to produce clusters of host types, while the inclusion of phylogeny data and geographic location allowed the formation of the host/geographic cluster groups, the derivation of both of which are presented here. Various studies on resistance determination in particular brassica crops sometimes led to further genetic studies, in many cases to include the mapping of genes, and in some cases to the actual identification of the genes. In addition to summarizing the results from such studies done in brassica crops, as well as in radish and Arabidopsis (the latter as a potential source of candidate genes for brassica and radish), we also summarize work done using nonconventional approaches to obtaining resistance to TuMV.