• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.589-594
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• 2016

The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of odor reducing agents on the levels of pH, total carbon, total nitrogen, and odorous compounds [phenols, indoles, short chain fatty acid (SCFA), branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA), and ammonium nitrogen] of swine manure during the spring season (temperature around $20^{\circ}C$). Odor reducing agents included horseradish powder, mushroom waste powder, and almond hull powder. A manure sample (15 L) was taken from the pit under the pens of a swine feeding operation and incubated with 0.03% horseradish powder, 1% mushroom waste powder, and 1% almond hull powder, respectively, in acryl chambers for 14 days. Addition of almond hull powder showed the lowest pH (p < 0.05) and the highest level of total carbon (p < 0.05) among treatments of odor reducing agents. Although addition of odor reducing agents increased the level of phenols (p < 0.05), addition of almond hull powder decreased the level of indoles (p < 0.05). Levels of SCFA and BCFA were higher in almond hull powder than those in control (p < 0.05). Taken together, the results from our current study showed that odor reducing agents can be used for reducing the odor of swine manure by providing fermentable carbohydrates. At $20^{\circ}C$, however, the function of odor reducing agents might be decreased due to lower microbial activity.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the effect of beet plup and IRG (Italian ryegrass) dry powder in fattening pig diet on reducing concentration of odorous compounds in the pig slurry. Fifty fattening boars [(Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc] were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments (control, beet plup 5%, and IRG 5%). Pigs (BW 50~110 kg) were fed diets formulated to meet the Korean Feeding Standard (2012) and their excretion was collected from the slurry pits. Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and branched chain fatty acid (BCFA) were higher in beet plup (31,786, 3,985 ppm) and IRG (32,755, 4,261 ppm) treatments, which was not different among treatments (p>0.05), compared to control (p<0.05). Concentrations of phenols and indoles were highest in beet plup (183.83, 168.59 ppm) and IRG (9.32, 8.92 ppm) treatments. Altogether, addition level of two contents was not appropriate to decrease concentration of odorous compounds.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2013

This study was to investigate the effect of addition levels of odor reducing contents on reducing the concentration of odorous compounds. Slurry treatments included three levels mixture of horseradish powder (HP), mushroom waste (MW) and probiotics powder (PP), and non-treatment control (n=4 each group). Levels of odorous compounds were measured from the liquid slurry incubated in room temperature ($20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$) for 2 wk in chamber whose structure is similar to slurry pit. Concentration of phenols and indoles was lower (p<0.05) in level 1, which was mixed HP 0.01%, MW 0.4% and PP 0.004% (98.69, 1.87 ppm) compared to control. Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and branched chain fatty acid (BCFA) was lowest (p<0.05) level 1 (6,557, 1675 ppm). Taken together, lower level are effective in reducing odorous compounds in pig slurry.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2013

This study was performed to analyse the concentration of odorous compounds in the piggeries. Piggeries for different types of pigs include piglets, growing pigs, gestating and lactating sows. Slurry from these piggeries was sampled every month for chemical analysis. Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) was 9,862 ppm (piglet), 8,410 ppm (growing pigs), 6,791 ppm (fattening pigs), 3,508 ppm (lactating sows) and 1,687 ppm (gestating sows). Branched chain fatty acid (BCFA) was 1,634 ppm (piglet), 1,206 ppm (growing pigs), 868 ppm (fattening pigs), 493 ppm (lactating sows) and 185 ppm (gestating sows). Concentration of phenols was 209 ppm (piglet), 166 ppm (growing pigs), 127 ppm (fattening pigs), 85 ppm (lactating sows) and 36 ppm (gestating sows). Indoles was 18 ppm (piglet), 14 ppm (growing pigs), 8 ppm (fattening pigs), 6 ppm (lactating sows) and 4 ppm (gestating sows). Altogether, concentration of odorous compounds was decreased as pigs got aged.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

Slurry treatments included peanut shell, palm golden fiber, almond hull, which was added 2% of the amount of slurry, and non-treatment control (n=4 each group). Levels of odorous compounds were measured from the liquid slurry incubated in $20^{\circ}C$ for 2 wk in chamber whose structure is similar to slurry pit. Concentration of phenols and indoles was higher (p<0.05) in control (48.4, 4.0 ppm) compared to almond hull (31.5, 1.4 ppm) or palm golden fiber (29.1, 1.6 ppm) group. Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) level was lowest (p<0.05) in control (2,121 ppm) but highest in peanut shell group (3,640 ppm). Branched chain fatty acid (BCFA) concentration was highest (p<0.05) in peanut shell (296 ppm), but lowest in almond hull (90 ppm). Taken together, concentration of odorous compounds was decreased by addition of almond hull in pig slurry by which crude fiber and non-digestible fiber (NDF) may act as a carbon source.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.190-194
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• 2013

In this study, sebacic acid made from castor oil was used as monomer with isophthalic acid and glycols for polyester polyol synthesis. Polyurethane adhesive was synthesized from the various polyester polyol. From the result of adhesion strength test, polyester polyol made from sebacic acid showed better adhesive force than that of adipic acid due to higher cohesive energy. Branched glycol containing methyl group represented better adhesion than linear glycol. In the chain extender, adhesion strength increased going from PG, EG, BD. From the measurement of TGA, BD showed the best heat stability, and followed by PG, EG. Glass transition temperature increased in the order PG, EG, BD by the result of DMA.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.457-465
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• 2016

Effects of soaking time on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of waxy rice flours and starches purified from flours using the alkaline steeping method were investigated. Korean cultivar Sinseonchal waxy rice was washed and soaked in tap water (1:2 w/w) and stored at room temperature for 15 days. On each day of soaking for 0, 1,2 3, 5, 10, and 15 days, pH of soaking water was measured and rice grains were dried, ground, and passed through 100 mesh sieve. The pH was reduced to 3.90 by day 5 and increased to 4.60 by day 15. The protein and ash contents, swelling powers and solubilities of flours and starches decreased with increasing soaking time. The water-binding capacities increased while trends were not similar to soaking time. The flour particle size distribution ranged from two to four peaks with increasing soaking times. Starch granule size decreased with increasing soaking time. The peak, trough, and final viscosities of flours and starches showed similar trends until 10 days and 15 days, respectively. The starches presented higher viscosities than the flours. The branch chain length distributions of amylopectin of starches showed an increaseed DP6~12 portion and decreased DP13~24 portion with increasing soaking time of waxy rice grains.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.252-256
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• 2013

This study investigated the effect of slurry additives on reducing the concentration of odorous compounds. Slurry treatments included control, horseradish, spent mushroom, and almond hull (n = 4 each group). Odorous compounds including volatile organic compounds (VOCs phenols and indoles) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs short chain FA, SCFA, and branched chain FA, BCFA) were analyzed. Pigs of 85~120 kg body weight were fed diets formulated to meet the Korean Feeding Standard (2012) and their excretion was sampled from slurry pits. VOCs decreased (p<0.05) in horseradish, spent mushroom, and almond hull, compared to the control. SCFA was lower (p<0.05) in the horseradish group and BCFA was lower (p<0.05) in all three treatment groups compared to the control. Taken together, the tested additives are effective in reducing odorous compounds in pig slurry, indicating that the use of spent mushroom and almond hull can not only recycle the agri-byproduct but also reduce the impact of odors on surrounding communities.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.295-306
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• 2007

The growth and health of the fetus and neonate are directly influenced by the nutritional and physiological status of sows. Sows are often under catabolic conditions due to restrict feeding program during pregnancy and low voluntary feed intake during lactation. The current restrict feeding program, which aims at controlling energy intake during gestation, results in an inadequate supply of dietary protein for fetal and mammary gland growth. Low voluntary feed intake during lactation also causes massive maternal tissue mobilization. Provision of amino acids and fatty acids with specific functions may enhance the performance of pregnant and lactating sows by modulating key metabolic pathways. These nutrients include arginine, branched-chain amino acids, glutamine, tryptophan, proline, conjugated linoleic acids, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid, which can enhance conception rates, embryogenesis, blood flow, antioxidant activity, appetite, translation initiation for protein synthesis, immune cell proliferation, and intestinal development. The outcome is to improve sow reproductive performance as well as fetal and neonatal growth and health. Dietary supplementation with functional amino acids and fatty acids holds great promise in optimizing nutrition, health, and production performance of sows and piglets. (Supported by funds from Texas Tech, USDA, NLRI-RDA-Korea, and China NSF).

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.305-312
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• 1995

Thin films of Pb(Mg, Zn)1/3Nb2/3O3 were fabricated by spin coating the Pb-Mg-Zn-Nb-O complex alkoxide sols on(111) Pt-coated MgO (100) planes. It was observed that the content of H2O and the rheological characteristics of sol greatly influenced the orientation of perovskite grains after thin-film formation. A strong preferential orientation of (100)-type planes of the perovskite grains was obtained for the sol aged for 15 days with the molar ratio of H2O to total metal alkoxides=2. As small angle X-ray scattering experiment in the Porod region was performed to correlate the observed preferential orientation with the network structure of precursors at various stage of aging. It was shown that the degree of branching of the Pb-Mg-Zn-Nb-O precursor chain had a direct effect on the preferred oreintation, and weakly branched precursor systems led to highly oriented grains after thin-film formation.