• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.186-192
• /
• 2008

NELL2, a neural tissue-enriched protein, is produced in the embryo, and postembryonically in the mammalian brain, with a broad distribution. Although its synthesis is required for neuronal differentiation in chicks, not much is known about its function in the adult mammalian brain. We investigated the distribution of NELL2 in various regions of the adult rat brain to study its potential functions in brain physiology. Consistent with previous reports, NELL2-immunoreactivity (ir) was found in the cytoplasm of neurons, but not in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive glial cells. The highest levels of NELL2 were detected in the hippocampus and the cerebellum. Interestingly, in the cerebellar cortex NELL2 was observed only in the GABAergic Purkinje cells not in the excitatory granular cells. In contrast, it was found mainly in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and pyramidal cell layer that contains mainly glutamatergic neurons. In the dentate gyrus, NELL2 was not detected in the GFAP-positive neural precursor cells, but was generally present in mature neurons of the subgranular zone, suggesting a role in this region restricted to mature neurons.

• 한국광학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.53-56
• /
• 2009

타원법을 사용하여 인간 중간엽 줄기세포의 광학상수와 두께의 영상정보를 정량적으로 구하였다. 영상 타원계를 이용하여 in vitro 환경에서 세포의 핵(nucleus)과 세포체(cell body)의 타원상수 $\Delta$, $\Psi$를 2차원 영상정보 형태로 구한 다음 각 화소별로 타원상수들을 수치해석적 역방계산하여 굴절률과 두께의 영상정보를 얻었다. 세포의 핵 영역과 세포체 영역에서 줄기세포의 두께와 굴절률 값을 2차원 영상정보 형태로 제시하였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.449-460
• /
• 2005

Objectives Aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical use and the efficacy of Frialit-2 implant system. Experimental Methods Fifty nine patients received placement of Frilalit-2 implants(137 implants) in their maxillary anterior and posterior sites(40 and 97 implants). Intraoral & clinical examination, chart review and radiographs were taken from each patient. Results 1. The total implant survival rate was 92.7% after a mean follow-up period of 19.9 months. 2. The implant survival rate placed in anterior region was 97.5%. 3. The implant survival rate placed in posterior region was 90.7%. 4. The implant survival rate placed in atrophic posterior maxilla with advanced technique (GBR, Sinus elevation) was 87.2%. 5. The implant survival rate placed in type N(D4) bone was 82%, while 95.7% in type III (D3), and 100% in type II(D2) bone. 6. Most of the failed implants(7 of 10) were removed during the maintenance stage after prosthodontic treatment. Conclusion It was concluded that Frialit-2 implant could be used satisfactorily in the esthetic anterior region, but the use in the posterior region, especially with poor bone quality and quantity, further studies are needed.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한의용생체공학회 1998년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.60-61
• /
• 1998

In this paper, we propose an algorithm for automatic segmentation of 3-dimesional brain MR images. In order to segment 3-dimensional brain MR images, we start segmentation from a mid-sagittal brain MR image. Then the segmented mid-sagittal brain MR image is used as a mask that is applied to the remaining lateral slices. Then we apply preprocessing, which includes thresholding and region-labeling, to the lateral slices, resulting in simplified 3-D brain MR images. Finally, we remove remaining problematic regions in the 3-dimensional brain MR image using the connectivity-based thresholding segmentation algorithm. Experiments show satisfactory results.

• 디지털융복합연구
• /
• 제13권8호
• /
• pp.289-294
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 비교사학습의 대표적인 방법 중 하나인 코호넨의 자기조직화 방법을 기반으로 BCI(Brain-Computer Interface)에 적용 가능한 자율적 기계학습방법을 제안한다. 이를 위해 상호작용 함수를 이용한 학습영역조정방법과 자율적 기계학습규칙을 제안하였다. 학습영역조정과 기계학습은 코호넨의 자기조직화 방법을 기반으로 한 상호작용 함수에 의한 측면제어효과를 이용하였다. 승자 뉴런을 결정하고 난 후 학습 규칙에 따라 뉴런의 연결강도를 조정하고 학습 횟수가 증가함에 따라 학습영역이 점차 감소하여 출력층 뉴런 가중치들의 입력을 향한 유동을 완화시켜 네트워크가 평형 상태(equilibrium state)에 도달하여 학습을 마칠 수 있는 자율적 기계학습을 제안하였다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.153-159
• /
• 2000

A novel serine/threonine protein phosphatase with EF-hand motif, which belongs to PPEF family was partially cloned from rat brain cDNA by employing RT-PCR method. The size of the amplified clone was 1.6kbp. The amplified DNA was subcloned into pGEM-T-Easy vector and the resulting plasmid was maned as pGEM-rPPEF2. The nucleuotide sequence is shared by 88% with that of mouse PPEF-2 cDNA, and the deduced amino acid sequence reveal 92% homology with that of mouse PPEF-2 cDNA. The N-terminal region of the cloned rat brain PPEF contains a putative phosphatase catalytic domain (PP domain) and the C-terminal region contains multiple $Ca^{2+}$ binding sites (EF region). The putative catalytic domin (PP) and the EF-hand motif (EF) regions were subcloned into pGEX4T-1 and were overexpressed in E. coli DH5 as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins. Expression of the desired fusion protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and also by immunoblot analysis using monoclonal antibody against GST. The recombinant proteins were purified by glutathione-agarose chromatography. This report is first to demonstrate the cloning of PPEF family from rat brain tissues. The clone reported here would be invaluable for the investigation of the role of this new type-phosphatase in rat brain.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국응용약물학회 2003년도 Annual Meeting of KSAP : International Symposium on Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences on Obesity
• /
• pp.107-107
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine that the efflux transport system for choline from brain to blood is present at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) using brain efflux index (BEI) method. ［$^3$H］Choline was microinjected into parietal cortex area 2 (Par2) region of rat brain, and was eliminated from the brain with an apparent elimination half life of 45 min. The BBB efflux clearance of ［$^3$H］choline was 0.12 $m\ell$/min/g brain, which was calculated from the efflux rate constant (1.5${\times}$10$\^$-2/ min$\^$-1/) and the distribution volume in the brain slice (8.1 $m\ell$/g brain). This process was saturable and significantly inhibited by various organic cationic compounds including hemicholinium-3, tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) and verapamil, by antioxidant, ${\alpha}$-phenyl-n-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN), and by Alzheimer's disease therapeutics, such as acetyl $\ell$-carnitine and tacrine. In conclusion, this finding is the first direct in vivo evidence that choline is transported from brain to the blood across the BBB via a carrier-mediated efflux transport process.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.107-110
• /
• 2000

We investigated the role of recombinant Toxoplasma gondii heat shock protein (rT.g.HSP) 70-full length, rT.g. HSP70-NH2-terminal region, or rT.g. HSP70-carboxy-terminal region in prophylactic immunity in C57BL/6 mice perorally infected with Fukaya cysts of T. gondii. At 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks after infection, the number of T gondii in the brain tissue of each mouse was measured by quantitative competitive-polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR) targeting the surface antigen (SAG) 1 gene. Immunization with rT.g.HSP70-full length or rT.g.HSP70-carboxy-terminal region increased the number of T. gondii in the brain tissue after T. gondii infection, whereas immunization with rT.g.HSP70-NHa-terminal region did not. These results suggest that T.g. HSP70-carboxy-terminal region as well as T.g.HSP70-full length may induce deleterious effects on the protective immunity of mice infected with a cyst-forming T. gondii strain, Fukaya.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제13권6호
• /
• pp.602-610
• /
• 2000

Taekukkwon was practiced far health previously. The experimental group consisted of undergraduate and graduate students practising in the above disciplines at Myong Ji University. The group consisted of three female and three male students and the aim of this research was to measure the brain wave change for opened and closed eyes. The result of this research are as follows. Firstly, when students were subjected to basic open eye brain wave tests, beta-waves displayed for all regions of the brain. In the frontal region fast beta-waves were displayed and in the central region alpha-waves were displayed. Secondly, in the closed eye brain wave tests, the control group displayed beta-waves in some regions and alpha waves in external and internal regions. For all students\` brain-wave patterns, the amplitude of the alpha-wave was low and the frequency was high. In some students theta-waves were displayed. Taekukkwon practice relaxes the mind and body and helps relieve social stress which shows that taichichuan practices is beneficial. Finally, characteristics of the subjects were mostly type A so the personalities of the subjects were fast and aggressive. This research shows a definite link between personality and personal relationships with beta-waves emissions. So, further research is required in the future to investigate this relationship. The subjects consumed too large amount of foods so it was necessary to change their dietary habits taking into consideration on total calories, fats, and protein. It was also necessary to carrying out nutrition education to the students in emphasizing appropriate attitudes in general health and dietary behavior.

• Kidney Research and Clinical Practice
• /
• 제37권4호
• /
• pp.315-322
• /
• 2018

The high mortality rates associated with acute kidney injury are mainly due to extra-renal complications that occur following distant-organ involvement. Damage to these organs, which is commonly referred to as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, has more severe and persistent effects. The brain and its sub-structures, such as the hippocampus, are vulnerable organs that can be adversely affected. Acute kidney injury may be associated with numerous brain and hippocampal complications, as it may alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Although the pathogenesis of acute uremic encephalopathy is poorly understood, some of the underlying mechanisms that may contribute to hippocampal involvement include the release of multiple inflammatory mediators that coincide with hippocampus inflammation and cytotoxicity, neurotransmitter derangement, transcriptional dysregulation, and changes in the expression of apoptotic genes. Impairment of brain function, especially of a structure that has vital activity in learning and memory and is very sensitive to renal ischemic injury, can ultimately lead to cognitive and functional complications in patients with acute kidney injury. The objective of this review was to assess these complications in the brain following acute kidney injury, with a focus on the hippocampus as a critical region for learning and memory.