• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.65-75
• /
• 2022

Hypothalamus is a brain region that controls food intake and energy expenditure while sensing signals that convey information about energy status. Within the hypothalamus, molecularly and functionally distinct neurons work in concert under physiological conditions. However, under pathological conditions such as in diet-induced obesity (DIO) model, these neurons show dysfunctional firing patterns and distorted regulation by neurotransmitters and neurohormones. Concurrently, resident glial cells including astrocytes dramatically transform into reactive states. In particular, it has been reported that reactive astrogliosis is observed in the hypothalamus, along with various neuroinflammatory signals. However, how the reactive astrocytes control and modulate DIO by influencing neighboring neurons is not well understood. Recently, new lines of evidence have emerged indicating that these reactive astrocytes directly contribute to the pathology of obesity by synthesizing and tonically releasing the major inhibitory transmitter GABA. The released GABA strongly inhibits the neighboring neurons that control energy expenditure. These surprising findings shed light on the interplay between reactive astrocytes and neighboring neurons in the hypothalamus. This review summarizes recent discoveries related to the functions of hypothalamic reactive astrocytes in obesity and raises new potential therapeutic targets against obesity.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.433-439
• /
• 1997

$^{166}Ho$-chitosan complex, or $^{166}Ho$-CHICO, is a candidate pharmaceutical for intracavitary radiation therapy of cystic brain tumors because of the desirable nuclear characteristics of $^{166}Ho$ for therapeutic use and the suitable biological and chemical characteristics of chitosan, not to mention its ready producibility The amount of $^{166}Ho$-CHICO to be administered to obtain the goal therapeutic effect can be suggested by predicting the dose to the cyst wall for a varying pharmaceutical dose. When $^{166}Ho$-CHICO is infused into the cyst, the major part of the energy delivery by beta particles emitted from $^{166}Ho$ occurs in the cyst wall within 4mm in depth from the cyst wall surface. Also, realizing the attachment of $^{166}Ho$-CHICO to the cyst wall surface would change the predictions of dose to the cyst wall.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.534-539
• /
• 2014

This study was carried out to establish seed propagation method of Hydrangea petiolaris Siebold & Zucc., one of the specific and protected plant species for the floral region. Seed size ranged $1.36{\times}0.84mm$, weight of thousand seeds was $2.3{\pm}0.02mg$. Observation of seed morphology characters showed wrinkled surface and elliptical shape, indicating amber color and fine seeds. Moisture contents of seeds, increased rapidly by water-soaking treatment, recording maximum moisture contents (31.9%) after 48 hours. Percent germination of seeds was higher under the light than dark condition. Seed germination was the best at $25^{\circ}C$ under the light condition (78.0%) among temperature and light conditions treated. Percent germination, germination energy and $T_{50}$ was greatly improved by soaking in $GA_3$ solutions for 48 hours. Especially, $100{\sim}500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $GA_3$ treatment resulted in the highest germination rate as 90.0% and above.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.16 no.9
• /
• pp.6368-6375
• /
• 2015

The goal of this research is to identify the energy planning techniques of Smart Green City and to establish the realized plan through the analysis of Multi-functional Administrative City. For the research, eighteen planning techniques were derived and categorized into three sectors and six basic direction through literature review and Brain-storming analysis considering correlation between three goals of Smart Green City and expectation of planning technique. And Multi-functional Administrative City was analyzed for the current status of application of planning techniques focus on two application aspects. In conclusion, 'Establishing Integrated Management Center for Urban Energy', 'Building Energy Management System', 'Building Automation System', 'Green Transport System', 'Intelligent Transport System', 'Introduction of Eco-friendly Transportation' planning techniques in reduction of building energy consumption sector and green-intelligent transport system sector were identified as important techniques for Smart Green City.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.104-111
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study is to know the change of brain wave with stress by SUKI pressure alternative therapy. The experiment group was 12 students(male 6/female 6) with complained upper trapezius pain. Calculated the brain wave before and after stimulate the upper trapezius trigger point by SUKI and the stimulate time was 3min each persons(FP2, F3, F4, FP1, T3, T4, P3, P4). the experimet periods was 5times in a weeks with EEG(QEEG-S). The Date collecting used by Telescan(LXE5209). All the data was analyzed with SPSS 22.0 for window program. To compare the differences before and after the point pressure method, a corresponding sample of t-test was performed, and the statistical significance level was p<.05. The results was followed. The points of Fp2, F3, F4(*p<0.049, *p<0.042, *p<0.019) of EEG was showed a significant differences but Fp1, T3, T4, P3, P4 points did not showed. The SUKI alternative medicine techniques had a reduced effects for the some kind of brain stress. It is need to continuous research in the future.

• Journal of IKEEE
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.727-734
• /
• 2019

This paper confirms whether the movement or specific operation of the muscles in the process of transferring a person from the brain can find a signal showing an essential feature of a certain part of the brain. As a rule, the occurrence of EEG(Electroencephalogram) changes when a signal is received from a specific action or from an induced action. These signals are very vague and difficult to distinguish from the naked eye. Therefore, it is necessary to define a signal for analysis before classification. The EEG form can be divided into the alpha, beta, delta, theta and gamma regions in the frequency ranges. The specific size of these signals does not reflect the exact behavior or intention, since the band or energy difference of the activated frequencies varies depending on the EEG measurement domain. However, if different actions are performed in a specific method, it is possible to classify the movement based on EEG activity and to determine the EEG tendency affecting the movement. Therefore, in this article, we first study the EEG expression pattern based on the activation of the left and right biceps EMG, and then we determine whether there is a significant difference between the EEG due to the activation of the left and right muscles through EEG. If we can find the EEG classification criteria in accordance with the EMG activation, it can help to understand the form of the transmitted signal in the process of transmitting signals from the brain to each muscle. In addition, we can use a lot of unknown EEG information through more complex types of brain signal generation in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
• /
• v.30 no.1_2
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2018

Purpose : Brain Stereotactic Radiosurgery can treat non-invasive diseases with high rates of complications due to surgical operations. However, brain stereotactic radiosurgery may be accompanied by radiation induced side effects such as fractionation radiation therapy because it uses radiation. The effects of Coplanar Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy(C-VMAT) and Non-Coplanar Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy(NC-VMAT) on surrounding normal tissues were analyzed in order to reduce the side effects caused fractionation radiation therapy such as head and neck. But, brain stereotactic radiosurgery these contents were not analyzed. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of NC-VMAT by comparing and analyzing C-VMAT and NC-VMAT in patients who underwent brain stereotactic radiosurgery. Methods and materials : With C-VMAT and NC-VMAT, 13 treatment plans for brain stereotactic radiosurgery were established. The Planning Target Volume ranged from a minimum of 0.78 cc to a maximum of 12.26 cc, Prescription doses were prescribed between 15 and 24 Gy. Treatment machine was TrueBeam STx (Varian Medical Systems, USA). The energy used in the treatment plan was 6 MV Flattening Filter Free (6FFF) X-ray. The C-VMAT treatment plan used a half 2 arc or full 2 arc treatment plan, and the NC-VMAT treatment plan used 3 to 7 Arc 40 to 190 degrees. The angle of the couch was planned to be 3-7 angles. Results : The mean value of the maximum dose was $105.1{\pm}1.37%$ in C-VMAT and $105.8{\pm}1.71%$ in NC-VMAT. Conformity index of C-VMAT was $1.08{\pm}0.08$ and homogeneity index was $1.03{\pm}0.01$. Conformity index of NC-VMAT was $1.17{\pm}0.1$ and homogeneity index was $1.04{\pm}0.01$. $V_2$, $V_8$, $V_{12}$, $V_{18}$, $V_{24}$ of the brain were $176{\pm}149.36cc$, $31.50{\pm}25.03cc$, $16.53{\pm}12.63cc$, $8.60{\pm}6.87cc$ and $4.03{\pm}3.43cc$ in the C-VMAT and $135.55{\pm}115.93cc$, $24.34{\pm}17.68cc$, $14.74{\pm}10.97cc$, $8.55{\pm}6.79cc$, $4.23{\pm}3.48cc$. Conclusions : The maximum dose, conformity index, and homogeneity index showed no significant difference between C-VMAT and NC-VMAT. $V_2$ to $V_{18}$ of the brain showed a difference of at least 0.5 % to 48 %. $V_{19}$ to $V_{24}$ of the brain showed a difference of at least 0.4 % to 4.8 %. When we compare the mean value of $V_{12}$ that Radione-crosis begins to generate, NC-VMAT has about 12.2 % less amount than C-VMAT. These results suggest that if NC-VMAT is used, the volume of $V_2$ to $V_{18}$ can be reduced, which can reduce Radionecrosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.401-408
• /
• 2021

Proton therapy using the Bragg peak is one of the radiation therapies and can deliver its maximum energy to the tumor with giving least energy for normal tissue. A cross-sectional image of the human body taken with the computed tomography (CT) has been used for radiation therapy planning. The HU values change according to the tube voltage, which lead to the change in the boundary and thickness of the anatomical structure on the CT image. This study examined the changes in the Bragg peak of the brain region according to the thickness variation in the head phantom composed of several materials using the Geant4. In the phantom composed of a single material, the Bragg peak according to the type of media and the incident energy of the proton beams were calculated, and the reliability of Geant4 code was verified by the Bragg peak. The variation of the peak in the brain region was examined when each thickness of the head phantom was changed. When the thickness of the soft tissue was changed, there was no change in the peak position, and for the skin the change in the peak was small. The change of the peak position was mainly changed when the bone thickness. In particular, when the bone was changed only or the bone was changed together with other tissues, the amount of change in the peak position was the same. It is considered that measurement of the accurate bone thickness in CT images is one of the key factors in depth-dose distribution of the radiation therapy planning.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.87-100
• /
• 2003

The aim of study was to suggest a methodology for applying cleaner production technology in dyeing & finishing process of textile materials. To accomplish cleaner production, we performed consulting activity in dyeing factory, which composed of following different procedures. First, we organized consulting team with specialists for dyeing, energy and chemicals, and visited dyeing companies for the purpose of doing basic investigation such as analysis of process, chemicals & effluents, condition of equipment and process flow of products. Environmental aspect of raw materials (dyestuff, chemicals) was assessed by TOC, COD, BOD, and effluent of that was assessed by TOC, COD, BOD, TDS and pH. Second, We find out the problems in dyeing&finishing process from the view point of dyeing process, energy, raw materials and process management by utilizing MB (material balance), LCA(Life Cycle Assessment), EB(Energy Balance). Third, we generated the solutions to achieve optimal process condition by brain storming method, and then implemented the solutions to each process. Finally, we determined their effectiveness after considering the results of repeating trials for the solutions. Cleaner production could be achieved by keeping optimal process conditions, equipment modification, improved production management, and on-site reuse or recycling.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.1107-1112
• /
• 2009

The aim of this study is to develop and synthesize $5-HT_{1A}$ receptor imaging agents with WAY-100635 moiety and $^{99m}Tc(CO)_3$ core. WAY-100635 is commonly known as $5-HT_{1A}$ antagonist and its labeled compound ([$^{11}C$] WAY-100635) has been used as effective radioligand for imaging brain $5-HT_{1A}$ receptors with PET(Positron Emission Tomography). However, there are several restrictions in using a radioisotope of C-11 and requires for more effective radioisotopes and ligands. In order to produce a structure most similar to WAY-100635, WAY-100635 derivatives containing a cysteine chelator were designed and confirmed by using in silico (Hyperchem). The novel compounds (7a, 7b, 7c) were prepared in five or 7 steps with yields of 16%, 36% and 42%, respectively and radiolabeled with $[^{99m}Tc(CO)_3(H_2O)_3]^{+}$. The labeling yield was 99% for all the newly synthesized compounds. [$^{99m}Tc(CO)_3$]- WAY-100635 derivatives show a neutral charge which were confirmed by paper electrophoresis.