• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.159-169
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• 2009

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the difference of brain activities in viewing a common emotional situation according to perspective-taking. Methods : Using fMRI, brain activities were measured while performing the task viewing a common emotional situation on either self-perspective or third-person perspective in fourteen healthy men. The relatively activated brain areas on each perspective were investigated, then the relationship between the activated brain regions and the scores of self report about some emotion or empathic ability were explored. Results : The relatively activated brain areas on self-perspective were bilateral paracentral lobule(BA 5), right postcentral gyrus(BA 3), right precentral gyrus(BA 4), left superior temporal gyrus(BA 22), left medial frontal gyrus(BA 6), whereas on third-person perspective right inferior frontal gyrus(BA 47), left caudate body and tail, right superior temporal gyrus(BA 38), right medial frontal gyrus(BA 8) were activated. The relative activity of left superior temporal gyrus on self-perspective was positively correlated with the score of Beck Depression Inventory. Conclusion : This study demonstrated that the activated brain region according to perspective-taking were different while viewing a common emotional situation. The depressive feeling would have an influence on the brain activity related to perspective-taking.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.283-289
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• 2019

Brain aging induces neuropsychological changes, such as decreased memory capacity, language ability, and attention; and is also associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, most of the studies on brain aging are focused on neurons, while senescence in astrocytes has received less attention. Astrocytes constitute the majority of cell types in the brain and perform various functions in the brain such as supporting brain structures, regulating blood-brain barrier permeability, transmitter uptake and regulation, and immunity modulation. Recent studies have shown that SIRT1 and SIRT2 play certain roles in cellular senescence in peripheral systems. Both SIRT1 and SIRT2 inhibitors delay tumor growth in vivo without significant general toxicity. In this study, we investigated the role of tenovin-1, an inhibitor of SIRT1 and SIRT2, on rat primary astrocytes where we observed senescence and other functional changes. Cellular senescence usually is characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest and induces senescence- associated ${\beta}$-galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-gal) activity. Tenovin-1-treated astrocytes showed increased SA-${\beta}$-gal-positive cell number, senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, including IL-6 and IL-$1{\beta}$, and cell cycle-related proteins like phospho-histone H3 and CDK2. Along with the molecular changes, tenovin-1 impaired the wound-healing activity of cultured primary astrocytes. These data suggest that tenovin-1 can induce cellular senescence in astrocytes possibly by inhibiting SIRT1 and SIRT2, which may play particular roles in brain aging and neurodegenerative conditions.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.531-542
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to verify whether or not chronic consumption of liquor prepared with Gastrodiae rhizoma exhibits antioxidant activity in brain tissue of rats. In the experiment, male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a liquid diet containing 6% (GA6), 18% (GA18), and 36% (GA36) of total calories as liquor for 6 weeks. The control rats (GAC6, GAC18, GAC36) received an isocaloric diet containing Soju instead of liquor. Caloric intakes and body weight gains of the 36% groups were significantly lower than those of the 6% and 18% groups (p<0.05), whereas alcohol intakes were significantly high in the 36% group (p<0.05). MDA contents of plasma and brain showed a positive correlation with alcohol intakes of the liquor and Soju consuming groups. Especially, contents of MDA were significantly higher in the 18% and 36% groups than the 6% group (p<0.05). SOD activities of serum and brain were significantly highest in the 18% group, and they tended to be higher in the liquor consuming groups compared with the control group. Catalase activity of serum showed no significant changes in the three groups consuming liquor, and catalase activity of brain tissue significantly increased in the GA18 group compared with the control group (p<0.05). In the liquor consuming groups, TAC level of serum tended to be higher in the GA36 group compared with the control group (p<0.05). However, TAC level of brain tissue showed no significant changes between the liquor consuming and control groups. These results show that as alcohol intake increased by chronic administration of liquor and Soju, brain tissue of rats was damaged more due to oxidative stress. However, a liquid diet containing 18% of total calories as liquor instead of Soju is expected to have a protective effect on brain damage induced by oxidative stress.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.225-227
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• 2003

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is a potential biomarker for phenanthrene exposure in aquatic organisms. Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were exposed to three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, uM) of phenanthrene for four weeks. AChE activities in the brain, heart and eyes were documented. Inhibition of AChE activity was found significant in flounder treated with a concentration greater than $1.0 {\mu}M$ of phenanthrene. This indicates that a chronic exposure to phenanthrene induces damage in various organs (brain, heart and eyes) and changes of AChE activities might be a useful biomarker to assess the impacts induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Evidence from this study confirms that the measurement of AChE in the brain and eyes of flounder is a valuable tool that along with other biomarkers can maximize an ecotoxicologists' confidence in assessing the impacts of oil and PAH pollution in the aquatic environment.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.43-48
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• 1994

Among many kinds of odors, some are known to have effects of sedation or stimulation on brain activity. In this study, brain activity levels affected by four kinds of fragrance0lemon, lavender, jasmine, and rose-were tested using EEG recording. In the first experiment, the quality of alpha wave was examined under controlled rest condition. In the second experiment, the event-related potential (ERP) and contingent negative variation (CNV) were investigated during a simple reaction tasks (SRT) against auditory signal. EEG data obtained for the rest condition were analyzed suing "3-Dimensional Viewer)" which was developed by ourselves to show the chaotic attractor of the signal. Power spectrum were also calculated using FET. EEG data obtained during the SRT were analyzed by comparing CNV amplitudes about each odor condition. Results confirmed the sedative effect of the lemon and the lavender, and the stimulative effect of the jasmine and the rose.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.241-262
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• 2009

Objectives This study is designed to investigate the effects of Jujadokseo-hwan on the brain ability and inducing oxidative stresses. Methods We measured the changes of regional cerebral blood flow and mean arterial blood pressure. Then we analyzed histological examination, immunohistochemistric response and anti-oxidant activity of Jujadokseo-hwan. Results 1. Treatment of Jujadokseo-hwan significantly increased regional cerebral blood flow but decreased mean arterial blood pressure. 2. Treatment of Jujadokseo-hwan-induced increase of regional cerebral blood flow was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with indomethacin (1 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. 3. In histological examination through TTC stain, group I was no change, but group II showed that discolored in the most cortical part. Group III showed that decreased discolor in the cortical part. 4. In immunohistochemistric response of BDNF, group II showed that lower response effect. Group III showed that increase response effect. 5. Treatment of Jujadokseo-hwan increased proliferation rates of Glial cell effectively 6. Treatment of Jujadokseo-hwan accelerated proliferation rates of C6 cells in vitro. In addition, protective effects on cell death induced by paraquat, rotenone and hydrogen peroxide. In addition, activity of SOD were increased by treatment with Jujadokseo-hwan. Conclusions In conclusion, Jujadokseo-hwan can improve of the brain ability, learning ability, memory ability and induce ischemic brain injuries.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.523-532
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• 2017

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a noninvasive optical imaging technique that indirectly assesses neuronal activity by measuring changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin in tissues using near-infrared light. fNIRS has been used not only to investigate cortical activity in healthy human subjects and animals but also to reveal abnormalities in brain function in patients suffering from neurological and psychiatric disorders and in animals that exhibit disease conditions. Because of its safety, quietness, resistance to motion artifacts, and portability, fNIRS has become a tool to complement conventional imaging techniques in measuring hemodynamic responses while a subject performs diverse cognitive and behavioral tasks in test settings that are more ecologically relevant and involve social interaction. In this review, we introduce the basic principles of fNIRS and discuss the application of this technique in human and animal studies.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.373-382
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the antithrombotic activity and protective effect of hexane fraction of Kamihyulbuchukeotang (KHCTH) on brain injury by KCN and MCA occlusion a prescription of HCT added with Lumbricus and Notoginseng Radix. Experiemental parameters are brain ischemia by MCA occlusion assay, KCN-induced brain injury, pulmonary thrombosis and platelet aggregation assay. The results were summarized as follows; 1. KHCTH extracts significantly inhibited the duration of KCN-induced coma (67%) and mortality (80%). 2. KHCTH extracts significantly suppressed brain ischemic area and edema following MCA occlusion and protected neuron cells as compared with control data. 3. KHCTH extracts inhibited pulmonary thrombosis induced by collagen and epinephrine. 4. KHCTH extracts inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen, ADP as agonist up to 76.9% and 32.3% respectivey at 1 mg/ml more effective than water extract of KHCT These data suggested that KHCTH could be applied as the protector of brain ischemia and injury and antithrombotic agent.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.2 no.1_2
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• pp.17-24
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• 1987

Changes in cholinesterase (ChE) activity, electrophoretic pattern of ChE and histopathologic state on the mice serum, brain and liver by administration of organophos-phorous insecticides were studied. The mice ChE activities on serum, brain and liver decreased by increasing of concentration and time both administration of malathion and DDVP, whereas on serum and brain the activities of the 7 days after administration decreased, and then presented the gradually slight recovery in course of time. The ChE on serum and liver showed many isozyme bands by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis but several on brain. And isozyme bands disappeared and diffused by administration of organophosphorous insecticides and development of time. The mice liver with administration group of malathion on histopathologic test showed midzonal necrosis between central vein and portal area, and with administration group of DDVP mainly presented portal necrosis on location of potal area.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.165-168
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• 2003

The present studies investigate the induced effects of two pesticides lambda cyhalothrin (pyrethroid) and monocrotophos (organophosphate) on Rana cyanophlyctis (common skittering frog). Two different concentrations i.e. 0.1 and 1％ were used and cholinesterase activity was observed in liver, kidney and brain of these frogs. It was decreased upto 34.6 and 46.3％ in liver, 25.08 and 57.1％ in kidney and 31.64 and 50.7％ in brain under the effect of lambda cyhalothrin. In the case of monocrotophos treatment, cholinesterase decreased upto 37.7 and 57.7％ in liver,57.5 and 67.5％ in kidney and 47.6 and 65.9％ in brain, respectively.