• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.412-422
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• 2018

본 연구는 남자 대학생을 대상으로 12주간의 규칙적인 태권도 운동이 체구성, 체력, 뇌파활성 및 뇌신경성장인자(BDNF, IGF-1, NGF)에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 목적이 있었다. 이를 위해 의학적 질환이 없는 대학생 24명을 대조그룹(CG), 유산소 트레이닝 그룹(ATG) 그리고 태권도 트레이닝 그룹(TTG)에 각각 8명씩 무선 배정하여 연구를 실시하였다. 12주 유산소 및 태권도 트레이닝은 주 3회 실시되었으며, 운동강도와 시간은 4주단위로 조정되었다. 뇌파활성 검사 및 채혈은 12주 유산소 및 태권도 트레이닝 전과 후 각각 실시되었으며, 그룹과 시기에 따른 체력요인 및 생화학성분에 대한 차이를 검증하기 위하여 채혈 시점을 반복 측정하는 이원변량분석(two-way repeated ANOVA)을 실시하였다. 이에 대한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 12주간의 유산소 및 태권도 트레이닝은 신체구성과 뇌파활성에 영향을 미치지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 유산소 트레이닝과 태권도 트레이닝 모두 체력요소 중 평형성을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났으며(p<.05), 12주 유산소 트레이닝은 뇌신경성장인자인 BDNF를 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 이상의 결과 12주 유산소 운동은 체력과 뇌신경영양인자에 긍정적인 효과가 있는 반면 태권도 운동은 뇌파 활성화 및 뇌신경영양인자에 영향을 미치지 못한 것으로 나타났다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.233-239
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• 1998

A GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase, has been purified from bovine brain by several chromatographic procedures. The preparation appeared homogeneous on SDS-PAGE. The enzyme is a homodimeric protein with a molecular mass of 120 kDa. The activation of glutamate decarboxylase by ginesenosides from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer has been studied. Preincubation of the enzyme with total ginsenoside, $Rb_2$ and Rc ginsenosides, increased glutamate decarboxylase activities in a dose-dependent manner. There was a reproducible decrease in $K_m$, in addition to a increase in $V_{max}$, in response to increasing concentrations of the Rc ginsenoside fraction. Upon addition of the ginsenoside to the enzyme, a decrease in flurorescence intensity was discernible, together with an increase in emission anisotropy. Judging from the anisotropy values, the ginsenoside is rapidly trapped by the protein matrix. Total ginsenoside was administered to rats and the rat brains were removed for the measurement of the changes of GABA shunt regulating enzyme activities. Among the GABA shunt regulating enzymes, only the glutamate decarboxylase activities were increased after ginsenoside treatment. Therefore, it is suggested that the ginsenosides may elevate the GABA level in brain by activation of glutamate decarboxylase and the enzymatic activation might be due to the conformational change induced by binding of ginsenoside to the enzyme.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.166-176
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• 2002

목적: 이 연구의 목적은 시각 활성 자극에 의한 뇌 활성영역을 확인하고 국소 뇌 혈류량을 정량적으로 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. $^8F-fluoro-2-deoxy\;glucose\;(FDG)\;PET$과 $^{15}O-water\;PET$에서 시각 자극을 가하는 동안 시각피질에서의 기전이 확인되었으며 PET에 비해 적은 비용으로 널리 사용되고 있는 $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ Brain SPECT를 이용하여 시각자극을 주었을 때 대뇌 후두엽의 일차시각피질과 시각 연합 피질에서의 국소 뇌 혈류 변화율을 정량적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 오른손을 주로 사용하는 25세에서 33세의 나이 분포를 갖는 남자 3, 여자 3명(평균나이 26.7세)의 정상인을 대상으로 $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ Brain SPECT (925 MBq)를 시행하였고 8 Hz의 발광다이오드를 이용하여 $4{\sim}5$분 동안 시각활성 자극을 주었을 때와 대조군으로 자극을 가하지 않은 비 활성상태에서의 경우로 나누어 스캔하고 해부학적 기준정보를 제공하기 위해 MR 영상과 융합하였으며 관심영역을 설정하여 혈류량을 정량적으로 분석하였다. 결과: 정량적인 분석을 위해 대뇌의 전체 용적과 계수율을 계산하고 관심 영역을 설정하여 관심영역에 대한 복셀 당 평균 계수율을 측정하여 각 대상의 시각 활성자극을 가한 영상에서 정상 상태의 영상을 픽셀 당 픽셀로 감산하여 통계적 파라미터를 이용한 뇌 지도를 구성하였으며 뇌 활성이 Brodmann 영역의 시각피질(Ba 17)과 시각연합피질(Ba 18,19)에서 활성화되어 있음을 Talairach 좌표를 통해 확인하였고 regional index를 계산하여 국소 뇌혈류 변화율을 측정하였다. 결론: $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ Brain SPECT에서 8 Hz의 발광 다이오드로 시각 자극을 주었을 때 후두엽의 일차 시각피질과 시각 연합 피질에서 뇌 활성화를 확인하였고 통계적 파라미터를 이용한 SPM99에서 뇌 지도를 작성하여 시각자극에 의한 활성영역을 Talairach 좌표와 Brodmann 분류에 의해 확인하여 T1 강조 MR 영상에 융합하였다. 후두엽의 일차시각피질에서 시각 활성자극에 의해 국소 뇌 혈류량이 $32.50{\pm}5.67%$ 증가하고 있음을 정량적으로 분석하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2020

Objectives: We investigated the differences in cognitive and emotional empathic ability between adolescents and adults, and the differences of the brain activation during cognitive and emotional empathy tasks. Methods: Adolescents (aged 13-15 years, n=14) and adults (aged 19-29 years, n=17) completed a range of empathic ability questionnaires and were scanned functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during both cognitive and emotional empathy task. Differences in empathic ability and brain activation between the groups were analyzed. Results: Both cognitive and emotional empathic ability were significantly lower in the adolescent compared to the adult group. Comparing the adolescent to the adult group showed that brain activation was significantly greater in the right transverse temporal gyrus (BA 41), right insula (BA 13), right superior parietal lobule (BA 7), right precentral gyrus (BA 4), and right thalamus whilst performing emotional empathy tasks. No brain regions showed significantly greater activation in the adolescent compared to the adult group while performing cognitive empathy task. In the adolescent group, scores of the Fantasy Subscale in the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, which reflects cognitive empathic ability, negatively correlated with activity of right superior parietal lobule during emotional empathic situations (r=-0.739, p=0.006). Conclusion: These results strongly suggest that adolescents possess lower cognitive and emotional empathic abilities than adults do and require compensatory hyperactivation of the brain regions associated with emotional empathy or embodiment in emotional empathic situation. Compensatory hyperactivation in the emotional empathy-related brain areas among adolescents are likely associated with their lower cognitive empathic ability.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2019

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between adolescents and adults, in the perspective-taking ability, as well as the brain activation patterns during the perspective-taking situation. Methods We recruited healthy adolescents aged 13 years to 15 years (n = 20) and adults aged 19 years to 29 years (n = 20). All the subjects were scanned while performing the perspective-taking task, in which an emotional situation was presented in the form of statements comprising first person, as well as third person perspectives. Differences in brain activation between groups were assessed by contrasting neural activity during the tasks. Results In the between-group analysis, while performing the third-person perspective-taking task, the adolescent group showed greater neural activities in the middle frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus as compared to the adult group. Positive correlation was observed between the activity in the frontal areas (Brodmann area 6/9) and the score of scales related to perspective-taking and social cognition in the adolescent group. Conclusions This study suggests that several frontal brain areas of adolescents needs to be overactivated in order to compensate for low perspective-taking ability when they ought to take another person's point of view.

• 감성과학
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2017

본 연구는 자기공명영상 기법을 이용하여 알코올 중독자의 정서 인식과 관련된 뇌 활성화 특성을 관찰하였다. 입원치료 중인 알코올 중독자 18명과 이들과 나이, 성별, 교육 수준 등이 유사한 비중독자 16명이 실험에 참여하였다. 참여자들은 뇌 영상 촬영 동안에 얼굴 사진을 보고 얼굴 표정 정서의 강도를 평정하였다. 연구 결과, 행동 반응에서는 알코올 중독자와 비중독자 간에 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 뇌 반응 결과, 알코올 집단에서는 비중독자 집단과 비교하여 얼굴 표정 정서 인식 동안에 정서 처리와 관련된 편도체/해마는 더 적게 활성화되었으며, 얼굴 정보 처리와 관련된 방추이랑, 시 공간 탐색과 관련된 이마엽 및 마루엽 영역은 더 크게 활성화되었다. 반면, 알코올 집단에서 혀이랑/방추이랑(BA 19), 시각적 탐색에 관여하는 가운데이마이랑(BA 8/9/46), 그리고 시공간적 정보 처리에 관여하는 위마루소엽(BA 7)이 더 크게 활성화 되었다. 본 연구를 통해 알코올 중독자의 정서 인식과 관련된 뇌 활성화 특성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2008

The dental orthodontic bracket requires good mechanical properties, such as elastic strength and frictional resistance, combined with a high resistance to corrosion. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of TiN and ZrN coating on corrosion resistance of orthodontic brackets using various electrochemical methods. Brackets manufactured by Ormco Co. were used, respectively, for experiment. Ion plating was carried out for coatings of bracket using Ti and Zr coating materials with nitrogen gas. Ion plated surface of each specimen was observed with field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), energy dispersive Xray spectroscopy(EDS) and electrochemical tester. The corrosion potential of the TiN and ZrN coated bracket was comparatively high. The current density of TiN and ZrN coated bracket was smaller than that of non-coated bracket in 0.9% NaCl solution. Pit nucleated at angle of bracket slot.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2012

Contemporary studies illustrate that peripheral injuries activate glial components of the peripheral and central cellular circuitry. The subsequent release of glial stressors or activating signals contributes to neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation. Recent studies document the importance of glia in the development and persistence of neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation as a connecting link, thereby focusing attention on the glial pathology as the general underlying factor in essentially all age-related neurodegenerative diseases. There is wide agreement that excessive glial activation is a key process in nervous system disorders involving the release of strong pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can trigger worsening of multiple disease states. This review will briefly discuss the recent findings that have shed light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of glia as a connecting link between neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2005

This study compared cerebral lateralization index based on the area of neural activation with that based on the intensity of neural activation. For this purpose, 8 right-handed male college students (the mean age - 23.5 years) and 10 right-handed male college students (the mean age - 25.1 years) participated respectively in researches on visuospatial and verbal task brain function. Functional brain images were taken from 3T MRI using the single-shot EPI method. The result of measuring cerebral lateralization index based on the area of neural activation suggested that the right hemisphere is dominant in visuospatial tasks and the left one is in verbal tasks. However, the dominance is not sufficient to locate the exact part of the brain for these tasks. When cerebral lateralization index was computed based on the intensity of neural activation, it was derived that the area of cerebral lateralization closely related to visuospatial tasks is the superior parietal lobe, and the area of cerebral lateralization closely related to verbal tasks is the inferior and middle frontal lobes. Thus, cerebral lateralization index by area based on the intensity of neural activation as proposed by this study can determine the dominance of the cerebrum by area, so is helpful for accurate and quantitative determination of cerebral lateralization.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2014

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of brain activity between internet game overusers in adulthood and normal adults in a state of disembodiment. Methods The fMRI images were taken while the internet game overuser group (n = 14) and the control group (n = 15) were asked to perform the task composed of ball-throwing animations. The task reflected on either self-agency about ball-throwing or location of a ball. And each block was shown with either different (changing viewpoint) or same animations (fixed viewpoint). The disembodiment-related condition was the interaction between agency task and changing viewpoint. Results 1) In within-group analyses, the control group exhibited higher brain activation in the left precentral gyrus, the left inferior frontal gyrus, and the left insula. And the overuser group exhibited higher activation in the right cuneus, the left posterior middle occipital gyrus, and the left parahippocampal gyrus. 2) In between-group analyses, the control group exhibited higher activation in the right posterior superior temporal gyrus. And the overuser group exhibited higher activation in the left cuneus, and the left posterior middle occipital area. Conclusions These results show that the disembodiment-related brain activation of internet game overusers in adulthood is different from that of normal adults.