• Title/Summary/Keyword: Brain Cognition

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Biomarkers for Combat-Related Stress and Fatigue-Mitigating Drugs Discovery (전투 스트레스 및 피로 완화 약물 탐색을 위한 생체지표)

  • Koo, Hyojin;Kim, Chang Yul;Kim, Yeonkyung;Sin, So Jung;Cheon, Kicheol;Kim, Dongsoo
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.246-254
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    • 2018
  • Psychological stress and physical fatigue, such as anxiety, fear, sleep disturbance, etc., caused by exposure to the war, can lead to post-traumatic stress syndrome(PTSD) or war syndrome. The military has also prepared for drug use to minimize war syndrome and preserve combat strength. However, efforts to prevent war syndrome are still lacking. This study was conducted to identify biomarkers that can track psychophysiological changes. Psychophysiological changes associated with PTSD can be divided into four main categories. The four categories are behavioral changes, changes in brain cognition, neuroimmunological changes, and changes in innate immunity. This study suggest that biomarker profile can be made by the distance moved and the anxiety-like behavior in the open field for behavior category, brain BDNF levels in the brain cognition category, serum corticosterone in the neuroimmunology category, and inflammatory cytokine levels in the innate immunity category.

The Effect of Highly Concentrated Oxygen Administration on Cerebrum Lateralization of Young Men during Visuospatial Task (고농도의 산소 공급이 공간지각 과제 수행 시 젊은 성인 남자의 대뇌 편측화에 미치는 영향)

  • 정순철;손진훈;김익현
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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    • v.21 no.8
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    • pp.180-187
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    • 2004
  • The present study attempted to investigate the effects of supply of highly concentrated (30%) oxygen on human ability of visuospatial cognition and cerebrum lateralization. compared to air of normal oxygen concentration (21%). The experiment consisted of two runs, one fur visuospatial cognition test with normal air (21% of oxygen) and for visuospatial cognition test with more oxygen in the air (30% of oxygen). Each run was composed of four blocks and each block included eight control tasks and five visuospatial tasks. Functional brain images were taken from 3T MRI using the single-shot EPI method. The result of task performance showed the accuracy increased at 30%'s concentration of oxygen rather than 21%'s. There were more activations observed at the left and right hemisphere, but there was decrease cerebrum lateralization with 30% oxygen administration. Thus, it is concluded that the positive effect on the visuospatial cognitive performance level by the highly concentrated oxygen administration was due to increase of cerebrum activation and decrease of cerebrum lateralization

Vascular Dementia (혈관성 치매)

  • Kim, Tae Woo;Kwak, Kyung Phil
    • Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.80-88
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    • 2016
  • Vascular dementia is a very frequent form of dementia. Debates over classification and diagnostic criteria, and controversy over identifiable treatment targets will continue until distinct pathophysiological mechanism of vascular dementia is found. Clinical diagnostic criteria are sufficiently strong to be useful for clinical trials, but need further refinement. Cognitive changes in vascular dementia are more variable than other disorders, and are dependent on the vascular pathology. Accurate diagnosis of vascular dementia is known to need the presence of reliable cerebrovascular disease on brain imaging. Although it seems obvious that cerebrovascular disease causes pathological damage and impaired cognition, it is very difficult to find the accurate contribution of cerebrovascular pathology to cognitive decline. Most studies have shown a small but significant benefit of cholinesterase inhibitors on cognition, the significance of this effect has been slight and benefits on global functioning, activities of daily living, and behaviour have not been consistently reported. Management of vascular dementia should focus on identifying and managing vascular risk factors.

Development of Foreign Language Fluency Diagnosis Tools For Brain Scientific Language Learning (뇌공학적 외국어 학습을 위한 외국어 능숙도 진단 도구 개발)

  • Lee, Sae-Byeok;Lee, Won-Gyu;Kim, Hyeon-Cheol;Jung, Soon-Young;Lim, Heui-Seok
    • The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.37-44
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    • 2010
  • Recently, the scientific approach to brain engineering is actively being made for effective foreign language learning and diagnosis. In order to supplement the problem of preexistence paper exam, the study aimed to develop a tool for foreign language fluency diagnosis which based on brain engineering. The proposed tools in the paper indirectly measure the aspects of brain information processing by testing learners' 3 abilities of linguistic memory, comprehension, and language production in 5 different ways.

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Evidence for adverse effect of perinatal glucocorticoid use on the developing brain

  • Chang, Young Pyo
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.57 no.3
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    • pp.101-109
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    • 2014
  • The use of glucocorticoids (GCs) in the perinatal period is suspected of being associated with adverse effects on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants. Repeated administration of antenatal GCs to mothers at risk of preterm birth may adversely affect fetal growth and head circumference. Fetal exposure to excess GCs during critical periods of brain development may profoundly modify the limbic system (primarily the hippocampus), resulting in long-term effects on cognition, behavior, memory, co-ordination of the autonomic nervous system, and regulation of the endocrine system later in adult life. Postnatal GC treatment for chronic lung disease in premature infants, particularly involving the use of dexamethasone, has been shown to induce neurodevelopmental impairment and increases the risk of cerebral palsy. In contrast to studies involving postnatal dexamethasone, long-term follow-up studies for hydrocortisone therapy have not revealed adverse effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes. In experimental studies on animals, GCs has been shown to impair neurogenesis, and induce neuronal apoptosis in the immature brains of newborn animals. A recent study has demonstrated that dexamethasone-induced hypomyelination may result from the apoptotic degeneration of oligodendrocyte progenitors in the immature brain. Thus, based on clinical and experimental studies, there is enough evidence to advice caution regarding the use of GCs in the perinatal period; and moreover, the potential long-term effects of GCs on brain development need to be determined.

Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation on the First Positive Lyapunov Exponent of the Waking EEG (수면박탈이 각성 뇌파의 양수 리아프노프 지수에 미치는 효과에 관한 연구)

  • 김대진;정재진;채정호;고효진;김춘길;김수용;백인호
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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    • 1997.11a
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    • pp.69-74
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    • 1997
  • Sleep deprivation may affect the brain functions such as cognition and, consequentoy, dynamics of the EEG. we examiced the effects of sleep deprivation on chaoticity of EEG. Five volunteers were sleep-deprived over a period of 24 hours, They were checked by EEG during two days, the first day of baseline period, EEGs were reorded form 16 channels for nonlinear analysis. We dmployed a method of minimum cmbedding dimension to calculate the first positive Lyapunov exponent. For limited noisy data, this algorithm was strikingly faster and more accurate than previous ones. Our results show that the sleep deprived volunteers had lower values of the first positive Lyapunov exponent at ten channels (Fp$\_$1/, F$\_$4/, F$\_$8/, T$\_$4/, T$\_$5/, C$\_$3/, C$\_$4/, P$\_$3/, p$\_$4, O$\_$1/) compared with the values of baseline periods. These results suggested that sleep deprivation leads to decreawe of chaotic activity in brain and impairment of the information processing in the brain. We suggested that nonlinear analysis of the EEG before and after sleep deprivation may offer fruitful perspectives for understanding the role o f sleep deprivation on the brain function.

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A Research on EEG Synchronization of Movement Cognition for Brain Computer Interface (뇌 컴퓨터 인터페이스를 위한 뇌파와 동작 인지와의 동기화에 관한 연구)

  • Whang, Min-Cheol;Kim, Kyu-Tae;Goh, Sang-Tae;Jeong, Byung-Yong
    • Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.167-171
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    • 2007
  • Brain computer interface is the technology of interface for next generation. Recently, user intention has been tried to be recognized for interfacing a computer. EEG plays important role in developing practical application in this area. Much research has focused on extracting EEG commander generated by human movement. ERD/ERS has generally accepted as important EEG parameters for prediction of human movement. However, There has been difference between initial movement indicated by ERD/ERS and real movement. Therefore, this study was to determine the time differences for brain interface by ERD/ERS. Five university students performed ten repetitive movements. ERD/ERS was determined according to movement execution and the significant pattern showed the difference between movement execution and movement indication of ERD/ERS.

The Effect of White Noise and Pink Noise on the Brain Activity (화이트 노이즈와 핑크 노이즈가 뇌 활성도에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Byunghyun;Whang, Mincheol
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.17 no.5
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    • pp.491-498
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    • 2017
  • This study is to determine the significant effect of white and pink noise on brain. The brain synchronization has been analyzed under the condition of non-noise, white nose and pink noise(male 10, female 10, mean age $23.3{\pm}2.14$). As a result of analysis, pink noise stimulus, alpha, low beta band, and high beta band were significantly decreased than non-noise and white noise. In addition, these brain response pattern significantly increased at frontal lobe and temporal lobe, and dominated on the right hemisphere. This result is considered to be useful of sound design in driving quality of human life on the basis of neuroscience.

Quinic Acid Alleviates Behavior Impairment by Reducing Neuroinflammation and MAPK Activation in LPS-Treated Mice

  • Yongun Park;Yunn Me Me Paing;Namki Cho;Changyoun Kim;Jiho Yoo;Ji Woong Choi;Sung Hoon Lee
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.309-318
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    • 2024
  • Compared to other organs, the brain has limited antioxidant defenses. In particular, the hippocampus is the central region for learning and memory and is highly susceptible to oxidative stress. Glial cells are the most abundant cells in the brain, and sustained glial cell activation is critical to the neuroinflammation that aggravates neuropathology and neurotoxicity. Therefore, regulating glial cell activation is a promising neurotherapeutic treatment. Quinic acid (QA) and its derivatives possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Although previous studies have evidenced QA's benefit on the brain, in vivo and in vitro analyses of its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in glial cells have yet to be established. This study investigated QA's rescue effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced behavior impairment. Orally administering QA restored social impairment and LPS-induced spatial and fear memory. In addition, QA inhibited proinflammatory mediator, oxidative stress marker, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in the LPS-injected hippocampus. QA inhibited nitrite release and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in LPS-stimulated astrocytes. Collectively, QA restored impaired neuroinflammation-induced behavior by regulating proinflammatory mediator and ERK activation in astrocytes, demonstrating its potential as a therapeutic agent for neuroinflammation-induced brain disease treatments.

The Effect of Hypnotics on Sleep Quality and Cognitive Function in Patients with Brain Tumors

  • Chang, Min Cheol;Chun, Min Ho
    • Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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    • v.63 no.2
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    • pp.261-267
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    • 2020
  • Objective : We investigated the effect of hypnotics on sleep quality, cognitive function, and depressive mood in patients with insomnia following brain tumor resection. Methods : From patients who underwent brain tumor resection, we recruited 10 patients with insomnia who received hypnotics for more than 1 week during a 3-week follow-up period (insomnia group). We also recruited 12 control patients with brain tumors but without insomnia (control group). We evaluated sleep quality at baseline and 3 weeks later using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and investigated cognitive function and depression using the Computerized Neuropsychological Test and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results : At baseline, SSS, ISI, PSQI, and BDI scores were significantly higher and visual continuous performance test (VCPT) and auditory continuous performance test (ACPT) scores were significantly lower in the insomnia than in the control group. Three weeks later, the patients who had received hypnotics had significantly higher ISI, PSQI, ESS, VCPT, ACPT, visual span forward and backward, and visual recognition test scores, and significantly lower BDI scores. Conclusion : Quality of sleep in patients with insomnia following brain tumor resection was initially poor but improved significantly after taking hypnotic medication. Further, the hypnotic medications appeared to contribute to the amelioration of cognitive impairments and depressive moods in patients who previously underwent brain tumor resection. We thus recommend the use of hypnotics for patients with brain tumors with insomnia.