• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.451-458
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• 2020

Post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) slows the recovery process and reduces the quality of life of stroke survivors. Antiepileptic drugs are empirically prescribed to prevent PSE. However, the long-term use of antiepileptic drugs increases the risk of atherosclerosis, and up to 25% of patients have drug-resistant epilepsy. Herein, We report a patient with PSE who was treated with Korean medicine including Jingansikpungtang-gagambang and Uwhangchungsimwon. A 51-year-old patient had a past medical history of cerebral infarction that occurred in 2014. His first seizure occurred in January 2020 and he was diagnosed with PSE through a brain magnetic resonance imaging. The patient had a partial seizure with secondary generalization. After the initiation of taking Korean medicine, both the rate of progression to generalized seizures and the frequency of seizures was progressively and significantly reduced. This case report suggests that Korean medicine-based treatment may be safe and effective for PSE.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1195-1203
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• 2000

Objective : To confirm the efficacy of functional hemispherectomy and peri-insular hemispherotomy on treatment of intractable epilepsy. Materials & Methods : From April 1997 to February 1999, we performed 1 functional hemispherectomy and 6 peri-insular hemispherotomy in 7 consecutive patients. These procedures result in completely disconnected hemisphere while maintaining the disconnected portion of the hemisphere intact within the surgical cavity. The indications were hemimegalencephaly in 2 cases, infarction with encephalomalacia in 2, Sturge-Weber syndrome in 1, hemiconvulsion hemiplegia epilepsy syndrome in 1, cortical dysplasia with leptomeningeal cyst in 1. Mean follow-up is 15.8 months(range 8-28 months). Results : Among 7 patients, 1 patient died immediately after peri-insular hemispherotomy. Five patients became seizure free with reduced doses of medications. One patient developed rare disabling seizure with medication. In 6 patients, there were improvements in the function of the hemiparetic limbs in the postoperative phase. A 3-year-old boy with infarction and encephalomalacia died few hours after surgery due to postoperative hypothermia. Two patients required shunt after surgery. Two patients developed postoperative brain swelling but were successfully managed with conservative care. Conclusion : In conclusion, functional hemispherectomy and peri-insular hemispherotomy may provide substantial seizure control in selected cases of young hemiplegic patients with intractable epilepsy.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.524-530
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• 2004

Epilepsy or the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges (SREDs, seizures) is one of the most common neurological disorders. Shift in the balance of brain between excitatory and inhibitory functions due to different types of structural or functional alterations may cause epileptiform discharges. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dysfunctions have been implicated in modulating seizure activities. Seizures and epilepsy are clearly dependent on elevated intracellular calcium concentration ([C $a^{2+}$]$_{i}$ ) by NMDA receptor activation and can be prevented by NMDA antagonists. This perturbed [C $a^{2+}$]$_{i}$ levels is forerunner of neuronal death. However, therapeutic tools of elevated [C $a^{2+}$]$_{i}$ level during status epilepticus (SE) and SREDs have not been discovered yet. Our previous study showed fast inhibition of ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside R $g_3$ on NMDA receptor-mediated [C $a^{2+}$]$_{i}$ in cultured hippocampal neurons. We, therefore, examined the direct modulation of ginseng on hippocampal neuronal culture model of epilepsy using fura-2-based digital $Ca^{2+}$ imaging and neuronal viability assays. We found that ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside R $g_3$ inhibited $Mg^{2+}$ free-induced increase of [C $a^{2+}$]$_{i}$ and spontaneous [C $a^{2+}$]$_{i}$ oscillations in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. These results suggest that ginseng may playa neuroprotective role in perturbed homeostasis of [C $a^{2+}$]$_{i}$ and neuronal cell death via the inhibition of NMDA receptor-induced SE or SREDs.d SE or SREDs..

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.312-321
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• 2000

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether crossed cerebellar hyperperfusion (CCH) was helpful in discriminating mesial from lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and what other factors were related in the development of CCH on ictal brain SPECT. Materials and Methods: We conducted retrospective analysis in 59 patients with TLE (M:41, F:18; $27.4{\pm}7.8$ years old; mesial TLE: 51, lateral TLE: 8), which was confirmed by invasive EEG and surgical outcome (Engel class I, II). All the patients underwent ictal Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT and their injection time from ictal EEG onset on video EEG monitoring ranged from 11 sec to 75 sec ($32.6{\pm}19.5sec$) in 39 patients. Multiple factors including age, TLE subtype (mesial TLE or lateral TLE), propagation pattern (hyperperfusion localized to temporal lobes, spread to adjacent lobes or contralateral hemisphere) and injection time were evaluated for their relationship with CCH using multiple logistic regression analysis Results: CCH was observed in 18 among 59 patients. CCH developed in 29% (15/51) of mesial TLE patients and 38% (3/8) of lateral TLE patients. CCH was associated with propagation pattern; no CCH (0/13) in patients with hyperperfusion localized to temporal lobe, 30% (7/23) in patients with propagation to adjacent lobes, 48% (11/23) to contralateral hemisphere. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that propagation pattern (p=0.01) and age (p=0.02) were related to the development of CCH. Conclusion: Crossed cerebellar hyperperfusion in ictal brain SPECT did not help differentiate mesial from lateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Crossed cerebellar hyperperfusion was associated with propagation pattern of temporal lobe epilepsy and age.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-27
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• 1999

For experimental studies on the anticonvulsion effect and it was measured in mice that toxigenic effect, influence on the central nervous system, anticonvulsion effect, mechanism of anticonvulsion effect by change of GABA level and glutamic acid in brain, effect of the creation and degradation system of brain oxygen free radicals in convulsion. The results were obtained as follows: 1. Samulanshintang was perfect medicine without toxigenic effect. 2. Pretreatment of Samulanshintang did not influence on the central nervous system. 3. Pretreatment of Samulanshintang did not influence on maximal electric seizure(MES), strychnine, bicuculine and picrotoxin, but pentylenetrazol(PTZ)-induced convulsion significantly decreased. 4. Effect of Samulanshintang except for Jinsa on the PTZ-Induced convulsion decreased. 5. Effect of Samulanshintang fragrance(SMATF) and Samulanshintang distiled water(SMATW) on the PTZ-induced convulsion did not influence. 6. Decrease of brain GABA level in PTZ-induced convulsion was increased by pretreatment of Samulanshintang. 7. Decrease of brain glutathione content in PTZ-induced convulsion was increased by pretreatment of Samu- lanshintang. 8. GABA-T activity increased by PTZ-induced was controlled by the pretreatment of Samulanshintang. 9. Increase of brain lipid peroxide content in PTZ-induced convulsion was decreased by pretreatment of Samulanshintang. 10. Significant increase of brain xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase activities in PTZ-induced was controlled by pretreatment of Samulanshintang. 11. Decrease of brain superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in PTZ-induced was decreased by pretreatment of Samulanshintang. From the above results, Samulanshintang was perfect medicine without toxigenic effect and was recognized anticonvulsion effect by decreasing brain glutamic acid level and increasing brain GABA level. Samulanshintang have an effect on creation and degradation system of brain oxygen free radicals in convulsion, thus it was considered that Samulanshintang could be applied in convulsive disorder as epilepsy, febrile seizure and spasm etc.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.211-222
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• 2024

Objectives: Tilia viridis (Bayer) Simonk. (Malvaceae) is widely distributed in Argentina and employed for its tranquilizing properties. Other species of the genus (Tilia europaea L., Tilia cordata Mill., Tilia platyphyllos Scop.) have been traditionally used for the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy affects approximately 65 million people worldwide and is characterized by an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory processes in the brain, leading to unpredictable, unprovoked, recurrent seizures. Current pharmacological interventions often present mild to moderately severe side effects. Epilepsy has been associated with oxidative and nitrative stress as well as neuroinflammation. Herbal medicine therapies may offer new treatment options with multi-target antioxidant and anticonvulsant effects for patients whose seizures remain uncontrolled, potentially providing cost-effective solutions for individuals worldwide suffering from uncontrolled epilepsy.The aim of this study was to demonstrate the anticonvulsant activity of a standardized T. viridis aqueous extract (TE). Methods: Study of the constituents of TE, TE's antioxidant and anticonvulsant activities and toxicity, and analysis of the possible relation between the potential activities and the compounds present in the extract. In order to demonstrate TE's anticonvulsant activity a zebrafish model was used. The study also assessed TE's toxicity and antioxidant activity. To standardize the extract, total polyphenols and flavonoids were quantified and specific flavonoids were identified and quantified using HPLC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV. Results: TE exhibited anticonvulsant activity at low concentrations and demonstrated antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, exhibiting superoxide dismutase and peroxidase-like activities, as well as inhibiting lipoperoxidation. These actions can be attributed to the presence of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids. Conclusion: TE holds promise as a complementary herbal medicine in the treatment of epilepsy and may also offer benefits for other neuropathies associated with oxidative stress, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

• 대한핵의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.39.2-39.2
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• 1999

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

Seizures are the most common clinical manifestation of a neurologic insult during the neonatal period. Neonatal seizures continue to present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to pediatricians because the recognition and classification of neonatal seizures remains problematic, particularly when clinicians rely only on clinical criteria. Neonatal seizures can permanently disrupt neuronal development, induce synaptic reorganization, alter plasticity, and "prime" the brain to increased damage from seizures later in life. Since neonatal seizures, particularly status epilepticus, predict an increased risk for later epilepsy and other neurologic sequelae, accurate diagnoses are needed for aggressive antiepileptic drug use. The present review summarizes the pathophysiology, etiology, and diagnosis of neonatal seizures.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.9
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• pp.957-963
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• 2009

Neonatal seizures are the most common and distinctive clinical sign of prenatal and/or neonatal brain disorders. Newborn infants with seizures are at risk of mortality and survivors at risk for neurologic impairment, developmental delay, and subsequent epilepsy. Fifteen reports on neonatal seizures in Korea from 1983 to 2009 were analyzed. A total of 731 neonatal seizure cases were reported. Day of seizure onset, etiology, type of seizures, electroencephalogram findings, and outcomes were analyzed. It is necessary to establish a basic report for a future nationwide study of neonatal seizures.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.103-105
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• 2023

Transient epileptic amnesia and transient global amnesia both exhibit temporary memory loss. The lack of clues of epileptic events and the absence of epileptiform abnormalities in electroencephalography, a clear brain lesion, and interictal cognitive decline can make diagnoses challenging. Here we present a middle-aged female who experienced long-term recurrent transient epileptic amnesia with subtle epileptic features over a period of 3 years.