• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.1281-1287
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• 2017

Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) is considered to have therapeutic potential for various diseases, including cancers; however, the high expression of biologically active recombinant human BMP-4 (rhBMP-4) needed for its manufacture for therapeutic purposes has yet to be established. In the current study, we established a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell line overexpressing rhBMP-4 as well as a production process using 7.5-l bioreactor (5 L working volume). The expression of the mature rhBMP-4 was significantly enhanced by recombinant furin expression. The combination of a chemically defined medium and a nutrient supplement solution for high expression of rhBMP-4 was selected and used for bioreactor cultures. The 11-day fed-batch cultures of the established rhBMP-4-expressing rCHO cells in the 7.5-L bioreactor produced approximately 32 mg/l of rhBMP-4. The mature rhBMP-4 was purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant using a two-step chromatographic procedure, resulting in a recovery rate of approximately 55% and a protein purity greater than 95%. The N-terminal amino acid sequences and N-linked glycosylation of the purified rhBMP-4 were confirmed by N-terminal sequencing and de-N-glycosylation analysis, respectively. The mature purified rhBMP-4 has been proved to be functionally active, with an effective dose concentration of $EC_{50}$ of 2.93 ng/ml.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 2022

A dog aged two years and seven months and a cat aged seven years were referred owing to fractures of long bones. Preoperative radiographs revealed comminuted bone fractures close to joints. Conventionally, long-bone fractures are treated using intramedullary pins, plate and screw systems, or an external fixator system. In cases of non-reducible fractures, various graft materials have been used in fracture treatments to stimulate bone repair. Here, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and a collagen membrane were applied. Four weeks after surgery, fractured bone fragments began to unite and the bone union was observed using radiography four months after surgery. No complications occurred related to grafted materials. We successfully applied rhBMP-2 and collagen membranes in two different species to support the healing process of comminuted fractures, according to the concept of guided bone regeneration.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.456-465
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• 2012

Heterodimeric recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) are powerful tools for bone tissue engineering. However, BMPs have several important limitations in their application to bone regeneration. BMPs have a short half-life and must be used in high concentrations, which may be cost-inefficient. To overcome these problems, we established a stable cell line that expressed the fusion protein comprised of recombinant human BMP2/7 heterodimer protein and PTD (rhBMP2/7-PTD). This stable cell line enabled high process yields by continuously expressing rhBMP2/7-PTD products at high levels throughout cultivation. This synthesized BMP7 was fused to a BMP2 protein with four glycine residues (to allow free bond rotation of the domains) and PTD. To demonstrate that the rhBMP2/7-PTD protein that was secreted from an rhBMP2/7-PTD-expressing stable cell line exhibited biological activity consistent with its role as an osteogenic differentiation induction growth factor, we evaluated BMP-induced ALP activity. Our results suggest that this cell line may be a powerful and efficient tool for applications such as bone tissue regeneration.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.593-607
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the bone morphogenetic protein, bone matrix gelatin and collagen matrix on the amount and shape of generating new bone adjacent to the implant. Implants were inserted in the mandible of adult dogs at 2 months after teeth extraction. Artificial bony defects, 3mm in width and 4mm in depth were made at the mesial and distal side of implant. Experimental groups were divided into three groups ; Group 1 : Defects filled with collagen matrix and bone morphogenetic protein, Group 2 : Defects filled with bone matrix gelatin. Control group : Defects filled with only collagen matrix. After implantation, the animals were sacrificed at 1,3,5 and 10 weeks for light microscopic examination. For the fluorescent microscopic examination. each tertracycline Hcl and calcein were injected at 1, 3, 5, 8 and 10 weeks after implantation. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The molecular weight of bovine BMP was about 18,100 by hydroxyapatite chromatography. 2. Osseointegration was observed in experimental groups 1 & 2, and BMG and BMP had an excellent bone forming capability as a filling materials to the repair of the bone defects. 3. The degree of healing of bone defect area, the experimental group 1 showed more prominent bone formation than control group, and the control group showed fibrous connective tissue between the implant and the bone. 4. In the fluorescent microscopic findings, bone remodelling was observed regenerative lamellar bone at defect area in experimental group 1, and partial remodelling in experimental group 2, In the control group, fibrous connective tissue was observed between the implant and bone surface and sign of remodelling was not apperaed. Above results suggest that BMP has rapid osteoinductive property and can be used clinically as a bone substitute on bone defects around implants.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.86-95
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2)-loaded synthetic bone substitute on implants that were simultaneously placed with sinus augmentation in rabbits. Methods: In this study, a circular access window was prepared in the maxillary sinus of rabbits (n=5) for a bone graft around an implant (${\varnothing}3{\times}6mm$) that was simultaneously placed anterior to the window. Synthetic bone substitute loaded with rhBMP-2 was placed on one side of the sinus to form the experimental group, and saline-soaked synthetic bone substitute was placed on the other side of the sinus to form the control group. After 4 weeks, sections were obtained for analysis by micro-computed tomography and histology. Results: Volumetric analysis showed that the median amount of newly formed bone was significantly greater in the BMP group than in the control group ($51.6mm^3$ and $46.6mm^3$, respectively; P=0.019). In the histometric analysis, the osseointegration height was also significantly greater in the BMP group at the medial surface of the implant (5.2 mm and 4.3 mm, respectively; P=0.037). Conclusions: In conclusion, an implant simultaneously placed with sinus augmentation using rhBMP-2-loaded synthetic bone substitute can be successfully osseointegrated, even when only a limited bone height is available during the early stage of healing.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.501-521
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influences of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) on the healing of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone after replantation of tooth, and to examine the possibility of its clinical application. 45 Sprague Dawley rats weighted about 100 gram were divided into 3 experimental groups by different dose of BMP. All the upper right and left 1st molar were extracted after 5 days feeding of 0.4% ${\beta}$-aminopropionitrile, and right molar were used as experimental group and left molar were used as control group. The root surface of experimental molar were treated with 25,50 and l00ng/ml of human recombinant Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (rh-BMP-4) with micropipet, and 1M Sodium hypochloride were used on control root surface. All the experimental animals were sacrificed as 1, 2, 4, 7 and 14 days after autoreplantation of upper 1st molar into their own position. The maxilla were disected included both side of 1st molar. The collected tissue were processed from demineralization to paraffin embeding as usual procedure, and the specimens were prepared with Hematoxylin-Eosin stain for the light microscopic evaluation. The results of this study were as follows : 1. There was no significant differences between control and experimental site on 1 and 2 days after replantation of tooth. In the case of 4th days, the evidence of tissue regeneration were observed on experimental site to compare the controls. New osteoid were revealed on high concentration of BMP at 7 days after replantation, and it became more obvious at 14 days, 2. The effect of the rh-BMP-4 coated on root surface was revealed slight influences for the prolifertion of cells of periodontium and tissue regeneration as dose-dependent pattern. 3. Bony ankylosis was observed between alveolar bone and root surface due to the remarkable amount of osteoid formation on the 14 days after replantation of root. In the conclusion, it was suggested that topical application of the rhBMP-4 on the root surface has influence on the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. The application method of BMP on the root should be designed with calculation of proper concentration.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.119-126
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bone substitute with two different concentrations of Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (ErhBMP-2) enhances new bone formation in a standardized rabbit sinus model and to evaluate the concentration-dependent effect of ErhBMP-2. Methods: Standardized, 6-mm diameter defects were made bilaterally on the maxillary sinus of 20 male New Zealand white rabbits. Following removal of the circular bony windows and reflection of the sinus membrane, BCP bone substitute without coating (control group) was applied into one defect and BCP bone substitute coated with ErhBMP-2 (experimental group) was applied into the other defect for each rabbit. The experimental group was divided into 2 subgroups according to the concentration of ErhBMP-2 (0.05 and 0.5 mg/mL). The animals were allowed to heal for either 4 or 8 weeks and sections of the augmented sinus and surrounding bone were analyzed by microcomputed tomography and histologically. Results: Histologic analysis revealed signs of new bone formation in both the control and experimental groups with a statistically significant increase in bone formation in experimental group 1 (0.05 mg/mL ErhBMP-2 coating) after a 4-week healing period. However, no statistically significant difference was found between experimental group 1 and experimental group 2 (0.5 mg/mL ErhBMP-2 coating) in osteoinductive potential (P<0.05). Conclusions: ErhBMP-2 administered using a BCP matrix significantly enhanced osteoinductive potential in a standardized rabbit sinus model. A concentration-dependent response was not found in the present study.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.217-228
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• 2003

Co-ordinate growth of the brain and skull is achieved through a series of tissue interactions between the developing brain, the growing bones of the skull and the sutures that unite the bones. Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of cranial sutures, presumably involves disturbance of these interactions. Bmp2, one of bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps), is involved in the regulation of the shapes of individual bones and the relative proportions of the skeleton. Mutations in the homeobox gene Msx2, known as a downstream gene of Bmp, cause Boston-type human craniosynostosis. The phenotype of Dlx5 homozygote mutant mouse presents craniofacial abnormalities including a delayed ossification of calvarial bone. These facts suggest important roles of Bmp2, Msx2 and Dlx5 genes in the cranial bone growth and suture morphogenesis. To elucidate the function of these molecules in the early morphogenesis of mouse cranial sutures, we first analyzed by in situ hybridization the expression of Bmp2(E15-18), Msx2 and Dlx5 genes in the developing sagittal suture of calvaria during the embryonic stage. Bmp2 mRNA was intensely expressed in the osteogenic fronts and also at the low level in the periosteum of parietal bones during embryonic stage, Msx2 mRNA was intensely expressed in the sutural mesenchyme and mildly expressed in the dura mater during the embryonic stage. Dlx5 mRNA was intensely expressed osteogenic fronts and parietal bones. To further examine the role of Bmp signaling in cranial suture, we did in vitro experiments in E15.5 mouse calvarial explants. Interestingly, implantation of Bmp2-soaked beads onto the osteogenic fronts after 48 hours organ culture resulted in the increase of the tissue thickness and cell number around Bmp2 beads, compared to BSA control beads. In addition Bmp2 induced etopic expressions of Msx2 and Dlx5 genes. On the other hand, overexpression of FGF2 did not induce the expression of Msx2 and Dlx5. Taken together, these data indicate that Bmp2 signaling molecule has a important role in regulating the cranial bone growth and early morphogenesis of cranial suture. We also suggest that Bmp signaling is involved in all the stages of osteogenesis of cranial bones and the maintenance of cranial suture by regulating Msx2 and Dlx5 genes, and that Msx2 and Dlx5 genes are specific transcription factors of Bmp signaling pathway.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.204-214
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• 2022

Objective : Osteoporosis result from age-related decline in the number of osteoblast progenitors in the bone marrow. Probiotics have beneficial effects on the host, when administered in appropriate amounts. This study investigated the effects of probiotics expressing specific genes, especially the effects of genetically modified bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2-expressing Lactobacillus plantarum CJNU 3003 (LP) on ovariectomized rats. Methods : Twenty-eight female Wistar rats (250-300 g, 12 weeks old) were divided into four groups : the sham (control), the ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis group (OVX), the OVX and LP (OVX/LP), OVX and genetically modified BMP-2-expressing LP (OVX/LP with BMP) groups. The three groups underwent bilateral OVX and two of these groups were administered two different types of LP via oral gavage daily. At 16 weeks post-OVX, blood was collected from the heart and the bilateral tibiae were extracted and were scanned by ex-vivo micro-computed tomography and stained with hematoxylin-and-eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome stain for pathological assessment. The serum levels of osteocalcin (OC), rat C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), BMP-2, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-ĸB ligand (RANKL) were measured. Results : The 3D-micro-computed tomography images showed that the trabecular structure in the OVX/LP with BMP group was maintained compared with OVX and OVX/LP groups. No significant differences were detected in trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) between control and OVX/LP with BMP groups (p>0.05). Furthermore, a tendency toward increased BMD, trabecular bone volume, Tb.Th, and trabecular number and decreased trabecular separation was found in rats in the OVX/LP with BMP groups when compared with the OVX and OVX/LP groups (p>0.05). The H&E and Masson's trichrome stained sections showed a thicker trabecular bone in the OVX/LP with BMP group compared with the OVX and OVX/LP groups. There was no difference in serum levels of OC, CTX and RANKL control and OVX/LP with BMP groups (p>0.05). In contrast, significant differences were found in OC and CTX-1 levels between the OVX and OVX/LP with BMP groups (p<0.05). Conclusion : Our results showed that the expression of genetically modified BMP-2 showed inhibition effect for bone loss in a rat model of osteoporosis.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 2020

Objectives: Beyond the original application approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is used for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) treatment because of its bone remodeling enhancement properties. The purpose of the study was to investigate the bone formation effect of rhBMP-2/absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) in patients with MRONJ. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 26 female patients diagnosed with MRONJ and who underwent mandibular sequestrectomy at Ajou University Dental Hospital from 2010 to 2018 were included. The experimental group was composed of 18 patients who received rhBMP-2/ACS after sequestrectomy, while the control group was composed of 8 patients who did not receive rhBMP-2/ACS after sequestrectomy. A total dose of 0.5 mg of rhBMP-2 was used in the experimental group at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Follow-up panoramic X-rays were taken immediately after the surgery and more than 6 months after the surgery. Using those X-rays, a radiographic index of bone defect area was calculated using the modified Ihan Hren method, which measures radiographic density of the normal bone and the defect site. Results: This study suggests that rhBMP-2 contributes to new bone formation. The mean radiographic index immediately after surgery and more than 6 months after the surgery for the experimental group was 68.4% and 79.8%, respectively. The mean radiographic index immediately after surgery and more than 6 months after the surgery for the control group was 73.4% and 76.7%, respectively (Wilcoxon signed rank test, P>0.05). The mean radiographic index increased 11.4% in the experimental group and 3.27% in the control group (Mann-Whitney U-test, P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, use of rhBMP-2/ACS on bone defect sites after sequestrectomy could be a successful strategy for treatment of MRONJ patients.