• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.273-278
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• 2005

This study was investigated of the bone healing capacity by autologous fibrin glue in experimental bone defect dogs. The autologous fibrin glue manufactured just before the experiment was mixed with the concentrated fibrinogen from whole blood of the experimental dog and bovine thrombin. The experimental group was constituted with seven dogs. The experimental osteotomy was performed 5 mm length in bilateral region of proximal diaphyseal fibulae. The defected regions of experimental group were filled with the autologous fibrin glue by duploject. The experimental regions had been radiographed biweekly for 16 weeks to observe new bone formation and union. Bone alkaline phophatase (BALP) in all groups was evaluated biweekly till the end of the experiment to determine osteoblast activities. New bone formation had been observed in five regions of three dogs at four weeks after the experimental treatment and in two regions of one dog at ten weeks. The other seven regions of the experimental group and control group were not observed new bone formation until the end of the experiment. BALP value in four dogs observed new bone formation was increased to 97.10 IU/L (453.96%) at two weeks after the experimental treatment. The results of this experiment were suggested that the autologous fibrin glue was moderately effective in new bone formation in dogs.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.118-126
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• 2006

In oral and maxillofacial surgery, bone graft is very important procedure for functional and esthetic reconstruction. So, many researcher studied about bone graft material like autogenous bone, allograft bone and artificial bone materials. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quantity of bone generation induced by $Grafton^{(R)}$ graft, human allogenic demineralized bone matrix. Total 24 sites of artificial bony defects prepared using trephin bur(diameter 8 mm) on parietal bone of six adult New Zealand White rabbits. Experimental group had six defect sites which grafted $Grafton^{(R)}$(0.1 cc). Active control group had nine defect sites, into which fresh autogenous bone harvested from own parietal bone was grafted and passive control group had nine defect sites without bone graft. After six weeks postoperatively, the rabbits were sacrificed. The defects and surrounding tissue were harvested and decalcified in 10% EDTA, 10% foamic-acid. Specimens were stained with H&E. New bone area percentage in whole defect area was measured by IMT(VT) image analysis program. Quantity of bone by $Grafton^{(R)}$ graft was smaller than that of autograft and larger than that of empty defects. In histologic view $Grafton^{(R)}$ graft site and autograft site showed similar healing progress but it was observed that newly formed bone in active control group was more mature. In empty defect, quantity and thickness of new bone formation was smaller than in $Grafton^{(R)}$-grafted defect. $Grafton^{(R)}$ is supposed to be a useful bone graft material instead of autogenous bone if proper maintenance for graft material stability and enough healing time were obtained.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.177-193
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• 2004

Several experimental studies showed that the application of small amounts of electric current to bone stimulated osteogenesis at the site of the cathode and suggested that electrical currents promote osseointegration around dental implants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of direct microcurrent to endosseous titanium implants placed in bone defects. The right and left 2nd, 3rd and 4th mandibular premolars in ten mongrel dogs (15Kg of weight) were extracted. One monthe later, Ti-machined screw type implants(3.8 mm diameter x 8.5 mm length, $AVANA^{(R)}$, Ostem) were placed in surgically created circumferential defect area(width 5mm, depth 4mm). The implants were divided into three groups according to the treatment modalities: Control group- implants without electrical stimulation; Experimental group I- implants with allogenic demineralized freeze dried bone grafting; and Experimental group II-implants allogenic demineralized freeze dried bone grafting and electric stimulation. The animals were sacrificed in the 4th and 8th week after implant placement and un-decalcified specimens were prepared for histological and histometrical evaluation of bone-implant contact ratio (BIC) and bone formation area ratio (BFA) in defect area. Some specimens at 8 weeks after implantation were used for removal torque testing. Histologically, there was connective tissue infiltration in the coronal part of defect area in control and the experimental group I, whereas direct bone contact was found in the experimental group II without connective tissue invasion. Average BIC ratios at 4 weeks of healing were 60.1% in the experimental group II, 47.4% in the experimental group I and 42.7% in the control. Average BIC ratios at 8 weeks after implantation were 67.6% in the experimental group II, 55.9% in the experimental group I and 54.6% in the control. The average BFA ratio was 84.0% in the experimental group II, 71.8% in the experimental group I and 58.8% in the control at 4 weeks, and the BFA ratios were 89.6% in the experimental group II, 81.4% in the experimental group I and 70.5% in the control at 8 weeks after implantation. The experimental group II showed also significantly greater BIC and BFA ratios compared to the control and the experimental group I (p<0.05). The removal torque values at 8 weeks after implantation were 56 Ncm in the experimental group II, 49 Ncm in the experimental group I and 43 Ncm in the control. There was a statistically significant difference among 3 groups (p<0.05). These results suggest that electrical stimulation improve and accelerate bone healing around endosseous titanium implants in bone defect.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.361-378
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• 1992

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of the porous hydroxyapatite particles (Interpore $200^{(R)}$) and guided tissue regeneration membrane ($Gore-Tex^{TM}$ augmentation material) on amount and shape of generating new bone adjacent to implant. Implants were placed immediately after extraction in the bilateral 3rd, 4th premolars of the mandible of the adult dogs. In all experimental groups, artificial bony defects were formed at the buccal cortex area, 3.3mm in width and 3.0mm in depth. In the control group : sutured without HA particles & membranes after placing implants, the experimental group 1 : membrane was place over the artificial bony defect, the experimental group 2 : bony defect was filled with HA particles and covered with membrane. The examination of bone-implant interfaces using light microscope and fluorescent microscope concluded as follows. 1. In all three experimental groups, osseointegration was observed without epithelial migration. 2. In the healing degree of bony defect area, the experimental group 1, 2 showed more prominent healing than control group, and the experimental group 1 showed the most excellent bone formation. 3. In fluorescent microscopic finding, bone remodeling was observed in regenerated bone tissue at defect area of experimental group 1, but in experimental group 2, irregular, discontinuous linear fluorescence was observed at the lower portion of defect area and sign of bone remodeling was weak.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.180-187
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• 2010

Purpose: This study evaluated the spontaneous healing capacity of surgically produced cranial defects in rabbits with different healing periods in order to determine the critical size defect (CSD) of the rabbit cranium. Methods: Thirty-two New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. Defects of three sizes (6, 8, and 11 mm) were created in each of 16 randomly selected rabbits, and 15-mm defects were created individually in another 16 rabbits. The defects were analyzed using radiography, histologic analysis, and histometric analysis after the animal was sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, or 12 weeks postoperatively. Four samples were analyzed for each size of defect and each healing period. Results: The radiographic findings indicated that defect filling gradually increased over time and that smaller defects were covered with a greater amount of radiopaque substance. Bony islands were observed at 8 weeks at the center of the defect in both histologic sections and radiographs. Histometrical values show that it was impossible to determine the precise CSD of the rabbit cranium. However, the innate healing capacity that originates from the defect margin was found to be constant regardless of the defect size. Conclusions: The results obtained for the spontaneous healing capacity of rabbit cranial defects over time and the underlying factors may provide useful guidelines for the development of a rabbit cranial model for in vivo investigations of new bone materials.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.349-358
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of the Freeze Dried Bone Allograft and Demineralized Bone Matrix on osseous regeneration in the rat calvarial defects. Methods: Eight mm critical-sized calvarial defects were created in the 80 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 20 animals each. The defects were treated with Freeze Dried Bone Allograft($SureOss^{TM}$), Demineralized Bone Matrix($ExFuse^{TM}$ Gel, $ExFuse^{TM}$ Putty), or were left untreated for sham-surgery control and were evaluated by histologic and histomorphometric parameters following a 2 and 8 week healing intervals. Statistical analysis was done between each groups and time intervals with ANOVA and paired t-test. Results: Defect closure, New bone area, Augmented area in the $SureOss^{TM}$, $ExFuse^{TM}$ Gel, $ExFuse^{TM}$ Putty groups were significantly greater than in the sham-surgery control group at each healing interval(P < 0.05). In the New bone area and Defect closure, there were no significant difference between experimental groups. Augmented area in the $ExFuse^{TM}$ Gel, $ExFuse^{TM}$ Putty groups were significantly greater than $SureOss^{TM}$ group at 2weeks(P < 0.05), however there was no significant difference at 8 weeks. Conclusions: All of $SureOss^{TM}$, $ExFuse^{TM}$ Gel, $ExFuse^{TM}$ Putty groups showed significant new bone formation and augmentation in the calvarial defect model.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.258-262
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• 2006

This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of gray-scale and power Doppler ultrasonography, and to compare with radiography for detection of the repairing in experimentally induced bone defects in dogs. In 4 adult beagle dogs bilateral bone defects were created in 8 canine femurs as sized as 5 mm diameter. Mean detection time of the ultrasonographic endosteal callus formations(mean $14.25{\pm}2.31$ days) was significantly shorter than that of the radiographic opacity chanees(mean $23.50{\pm}2.27$ days) in the defected region. Mean time of the neovascularizd flow signal(mean $6.00{\pm}3.59$ days) from the power Doppler ultrasonographic examination was significantly shorter than that of gray-scale ultrasonographic findings. With these results, gray-scale ultransonography and power Doppler ultrasonography can be used for an early detection modality for bone healing.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.206-219
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• 2022

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the influence of local application of thymoquinone (TQ) on bone healing in experimental bone defects infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG). Methods: Forty-two female rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. A bone defect was created on the right tibia of all animals. The PG, PG/collagen membrane (COL) and PG/TQ/COL groups were infected with PG. In the COL and PG/COL groups, the defects were covered with a COL; in the TQ/COL and PG/TQ/COL groups, the defects were covered with a TQ-containing COL. After 28 days, all animals were sacrificed. Quantitative measurements of new bone formation and osteoblast lining, as well as semiquantitative measurements of capillary density and tissue response, were analyzed. Furthermore, the presence of bacterial infections in defect areas was evaluated. Results: The new bone formation, osteoblast number, and capillary density were significantly higher in the TQ groups than in the control groups (P<0.001, P<0.001, and P<0.01, respectively). In a comparison between the TQ/COL group, with a TQ-containing COL (TQ/COL), and the PG-infected TQ-containing COL (PG/TQ/COL) group, the newly formed bone and capillary density were higher in the TQ/COL group (P<0.01). When the control group was compared to the PG, PG/COL, and PG/TQ/COL groups in terms of tissue response, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001, P=0.02, and P=0.041, respectively). The intensity of the inflammatory cell reaction was higher in the PG, PG/COL, and PG/TQ/COL groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the local application of a TQ-containing COL positively affected bone healing even if the bone defects were infected. The results suggest that TQ increased angiogenesis and showed promise for accelerating bone defect healing. Further research is warranted to support these findings and reach more definitive conclusions.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.228-236
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy on new bone formation and angiogenesis after 8 weeks of healing. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (n=28) were split into 2 groups according to the application of adjunctive HBO therapy: a group that received HBO therapy (HBO group [n=14]) and another group that did not receive HBO therapy (NHBO group [n=14]). Each group was divided into 2 subgroups according to the type of bone graft material: a biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) subgroup and an Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2-/epigallocatechin-3-gallate-coated BCP (mBCP) subgroup. Two identical circular defects with a 6-mm diameter were made in the right and left parietal bones of each rat. One defect was grafted with bone graft material (BCP or mBCP). The other defect was not grafted. The HBO group received 2 weeks of adjunctive HBO therapy (1 hour, 5 times a week). The rats were euthanized 8 weeks after surgery. The specimens were prepared for histologic analysis. Results: New bone (%) was higher in the NHBO-mBCP group than in the NHBO-BCP and control groups (P<0.05). Blood vessel count (%) and vascular endothelial growth factor staining (%) were higher in the HBO-mBCP group than in the NHBO-mBCP group (P<0.05). Conclusions: HBO therapy did not have a positive influence on bone formation irrespective of the type of bone graft material applied after 8 weeks of healing. HBO therapy had a positive effect on angiogenic activity.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.438-457
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• 1995

The origin of fibroblasts, their proliferative activity and roles in the early stages of periodontal regeneration were investigated in order to better understand the periodontal healing process in furcation defects of the beagle dog after guided tissue regeneration. Newly divided cells were identified and quantitated by immunolocalization of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) injected 1 hour prior to sacrificing the animals. The results were as follows :1. During periodontal healing in horizontal furcation defect, three different stages, namely the granulation tissue, connective tissue, and bone formation stages, were identified on the basis of major types of cells and tissue. 2. In the early stages of periodontal regeneration, both the remaining periodontal ligament and alveolar bone compartment were the major sources. 3. The majority of BrdU-labeled fibroblasts were located at the following areas ; 1) the coronal zone of the defect in case of the connective tissue fanned on the root surface. 2) the area within an 400 ${\mu}m$ distance from the remaining bone level in case of the periodontal ligament. 3) the area within an 100 ${\mu}m$ distance from the bone surface in case of areas of active bone formation.4. The highly proliferative fibroblasts adjacent to bone surface played a major role in the formation of osteoblast precursor cells, whereas both paravascular and endosteal cells played a minor role in new bone formation, In conclusion, it was suggested that the fibroblasts in the remaining periodontal ligament and bone will play a major role in periodontal regeneration, whereas both paravascular and endosteal cells will play a minor role in new bone formation.