• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.713-732
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• 2008

Serviceability and durability of the concrete members can be seriously affected by the corrosion of steel rebar. Carbonation front and or chloride ingress can destroy the passive film on rebar and may set the corrosion (oxidation process). Depending on the level of oxidation (expansive corrosion products/rust) damage to the cover concrete takes place in the form of expansion, cracking and spalling or delamination. This makes the concrete unable to develop forces through bond and also become unprotected against further degradation from corrosion; and thus marks the end of service life for corrosion-affected structures. This paper presents an analytical model that predicts the weight loss of steel rebar and the corresponding time from onset of corrosion for the known corrosion rate and thus can be used for the determination of time to cover cracking in corrosion affected RC member. This model uses fully the thick-walled cylinder approach. The gradual crack propagation in radial directions (from inside) is considered when the circumferential tensile stresses at the inner surface of intact concrete have reached the tensile strength of concrete. The analysis is done separately with and without considering the stiffness of reinforcing steel and rust combine along with the assumption of zero residual strength of cracked concrete. The model accounts for the time required for corrosion products to fill a porous zone before they start inducing expansive pressure on the concrete surrounding the steel rebar. The capability of the model to produce the experimental trends is demonstrated by comparing the model's predictions with the results of experimental data published in the literature. The effect of considering the corroded reinforcing steel bar stiffness is demonstrated. A sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to show the influence of the various parameters. It has been found that material properties and their inter-relations significantly influence weight loss of rebar. Time to cover cracking from onset of corrosion for the same weight loss is influenced by corrosion rate and state of oxidation of corrosion product formed. Time to cover cracking from onset of corrosion is useful in making certain decisions pertaining to inspection, repair, rehabilitation, replacement and demolition of RC member/structure in corrosive environment.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.198-203
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• 2016

We investigate the effects of magnesium (Mg) suppressor layer on the electrical performances and stabilities of amorphous indium-zinc-tin-oxide (a-ITZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). Compared to the ITZO TFT without a Mg suppressor layer, the ITZO:Mg TFT exhibits slightly smaller field-effect mobility and much reduced subthreshold slope. The ITZO:Mg TFT shows improved electrical stabilities compared to the ITZO TFT under both positive-bias and negative-bias-illumination stresses. From the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy O1s spectra with fitted curves for ITZO and ITZO:Mg films, we observe that Mg doping contributes to an enhancement of the oxygen bond without oxygen vacancy and a reduction of the oxygen bonds with oxygen vacancies. This result shows that the Mg can be an effective suppressor in a-ITZO TFTs.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.793-803
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• 2019

Concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam-columns are widely used owing to their good performance. They have high strength, ductility, large energy absorption capacity and low costs. Externally stiffened CFST beam-columns are not used widely due to insufficient design equations that consider all parameters affecting their behavior. Therefore, effect of various parameters (global, local slenderness ratio and adding hoop stiffeners) on the behavior of CFST columns is studied. An experimental study that includes twenty seven specimens is conducted to determine the effect of those parameters. Load capacities, vertical deflections, vertical strains and horizontal strains are all recorded for every specimen. Ratio between outer diameter (D) of pipes and thickness (t) is chosen to avoid local buckling according to different limits set by codes for the maximum D/t ratio. The study includes two loading methods on composite sections: steel only and steel with concrete. The case of loading on steel only, occurs in the connection zone, while the other load case occurs in steel beam connecting externally with the steel column wall. Two failure mechanisms of CFST columns are observed: yielding and global buckling. At early loading stages, steel wall in composite specimens dilated more than concrete so no full bond was achieved which weakened strength and stiffness of specimens. Adding stiffeners to the specimens increases the ultimate load by up to 25% due to redistribution of stresses between stiffener and steel column wall. Finally, design equations previously prepared are verified and found to be only applicable for medium and long columns.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2010

사면보강 및 기초공법으로 앵커공법, 소일네일공법 및 소구경 말뚝공법 등이 널리 사용되고 있다. 이들 공법은 공통적으로 보강재를 설치한 후 그라우팅을 실시한다. 국내의 경우 중력식과 가압식 그라우팅 방식을 주로 사용하고 있다. 반면, 재주입 그라우팅 방식은 시공장비와 적용 실적의 부족 및 보강효과 검증이 어려워 널리 적용되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 재주입 그라우팅은 포스트 그라우팅 방식의 일종으로 그라우트체 주면의 응력을 증대시키고 정착장에 불규칙한 표면을 조성함으로써 그라우트와 지반의 저항을 크게 할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 그라우팅 주입 방식에 따른 보강효과를 비교하고, 재주입 그라우팅 방식으로 시공된 보강재의 인발특성을 평가하기 위하여 현장실험을 실시하였다. 실험결과 재주입 그라우팅에 따른 인발력 증대를 확인할 수 있었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.1205-1211
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• 2013

The structural and optical properties of the ZnO, Al-doped ZnO, Ga-doped ZnO, and In-doped ZnO nanorods were investigated using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence (PL) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. All the nanorods grew with good alignment on the ZnO seed layers and the ZnO nanorod dimensions could be controlled by the addition of the various dopants. For instance, the diameter of the nanorods decreased with increasing atomic number of the dopants. The ratio between the near-band-edge emission (NBE) and the deep-level emission (DLE) intensities ($I_{NBE}/I_{DLE}$) obtained by PL gradually decreased because the DLE intensity from the nanorods gradually increased with increase in the atomic number of the dopants. We found that the dopants affected the structural and optical properties of the ZnO nanorods including their dimensions, lattice constants, residual stresses, bond lengths, PL properties, transmittance values, optical band gaps, and Urbach energies.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제75권6호
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• pp.643-657
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• 2020

This study presents experimental and numerical investigations on circular steel tube confined ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) columns under axial compression. The plain UHPC without fibers was designed to achieve a compressive strength ranged between 150 MPa and 200 MPa. Test results revealed that loading on only the UHPC core can generate a significant confinement effect for the UHPC core, thus leading to an increase in both strength and ductility of columns, and restricting the inherent brittleness of unconfined UHPC. All tested columns failed by shear plane failure of the UHPC core, this causes a softening stage in the axial load versus axial strain curves. In addition, an increase in the steel tube thickness or the confinement index was found to increase the strength and ductility enhancement and to reduce the magnitude of the loss of load capacity. Besides, steel tube with higher yield strength can improve the post-peak behavior. Based on the test results, the load contribution of the steel tube and the concrete core to the total load was examined. It was found that no significant confinement effect can be developed before the peak load, while the ductility of post-peak stage is mainly affected by the degree of the confinement effect. A finite element model (FEM) was also constructed in ABAQUS software to validate the test results. The effect of bond strength between the steel tube and the UHPC core was also investigated through the change of friction coefficient in FEM. Furthermore, the mechanism of circular steel tube confined UHPC columns was examined using the established FEM. Based on the results of FEM, the confining pressures along the height of each modeled column were shown. Furthermore, the interaction between the steel tube and the UHPC core was displayed through the slip length and shear stresses between two surfaces of two materials.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.139-142
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• 2018

Silicon (Si) is a promising anode material for next-generation lithium ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high capacity of 4,200 mAh/g ($Li_{4.4}Si$ phase). However, the large volume expansion of Si during lithiation leads to electrical failure of electrode and rapid capacity decrease. Generally, a binder is homogeneously mixed with active materials to maintain electrical contact, so that Si needs a particular binding system due to its large volume expansion. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is known to form a hydrogen bond with partially hydrolyzed silicon oxide layer on Si nanoparticles. However, the decrease of its cohesiveness followed by the repeated volume change of Si still remains unsolved. To overcome this problem, we have introduced the electrospinning method to weave active materials in a stable nanofibrous PVA structure, where stresses from the large volume change of Si can be contained. We have confirmed that the capacity retention of Si-based LIBs using electrospun PVA matrix is higher compared to the conservative method (only dissolving in the slurry); the $25^{th}$ cycle capacity retention ratio based on the $2^{nd}$ cycle was 37% for the electrode with electrospun PVA matrix, compared to 27% and 8% for the electrodes with PVdF and PVA binders.

• Composites Research
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2006

미소 드랍릿 시편을 이용한 탄소섬유와 에폭시 수지 사이의 계면전단강도에 대해 시험분석하였다. 또한 드랍릿 모델, 원형 단면 모델, 인발모델의 3종류의 유한요소해석을 통해 섬유/수지간의 응력분포를 계산하였다. 본 연구결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 미소드랍릿 시험의 경우는 인발시험보다 섬유/수지의 계면에서 큰 응력집중이 나타났으며 계면박리가 낮은 하중수준에서도 발생하기 용이함을 알수 있었다. (2) 미소드랍릿시험에서 높은 계면강도를 보였는데, 이는 미소드랍릿의 형상과 사이즈, 바이스팁과 접촉하는 부위의 응력집중효과를 함께 받았기 때문으로 해석되었다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.399-406
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• 2012

철근콘크리트 보-기둥 접합부는 구조물 전체의 거동에 가장 크게 영향을 주는 부재 중 하나이다. 보와 기둥의 상대적인 강도 차이가 줄어들면서 지진에 의한 피해가 접합부에도 발생하고 있다. 지진하중과 같은 횡방향 반복하중이 작용하게 되면 접합부는 휨보다는 수직 혹은 수평방향 전단이나 부착에 대한 저항력이 중요하다. 따라서 접합부에 대한 내진설계는 설계자가 의도한 연성에 만족할 때까지 전단이나 부착에 대한 내력이 크게 감소하지 않는 수준의 설계가 요구된다. 하지만 인접보 소성힌지의 변형률 침투와 침투한 변형률의 영향으로 인해서 접합부의 변형이 발생하게 되고 접합부의 내력은 설계자의 요구 수준을 만족하지 못할 수도 있다. 이 논문에서는 부재 각 요소가 내부 접합부에 미치는 변형과 감소하는 전단내력을 파악하고 연성을 계산하는 모델을 제시하였다. 힘의 평형과 변형률 적합조건, 다른 연구자들의 이론을 참고하여 구축하였으며 모델을 실제 실험에 적용하였을 경우 타당한 범위 내에서 평가하였다. 다른 실험 데이터에 대한 추가적인 분석으로 불완전한 부분을 파악하고 개선하여 결과에 대한 오차를 줄이는 연구가 필요하다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.449-459
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• 2011

이 연구에서는 SD600 철근 B급 이음에 대한 현행 설계기준의 적용성 평가를 위하여 실험적 연구가 수행되었다. 단순 지지된 12개의 B급 겹침 이음 실험체에 단순 증가 하중을 가하여 실험하였다. 주요 변수는 겹침 이음 철근직경, 콘크리트 피복 두께, 콘크리트 강도, 횡보강 철근 간격이다. 콘크리트는 24 MPa의 보통 강도 콘크리트와 60 MPa의 고강도 콘크리트를 사용하였다. 대부분의 실험체는 현행 설계기준의 B급 이음 길이를 만족하도록 설계하였다. 실험에서 발현된 철근 응력의 평균을 현행 KCI설계기준의 예측 철근 응력과 비교하였으며, 그 결과를 통하여 SD600 철근에 대한 현행 설계기준의 적용성을 평가하였다. 현행 설계기준은 모든 D13 겹침 이음과 횡보강 철근이 배치된 D22, D32 겹침 이음에 대하여 안전측이었다. 직경 D22 이상 철근의 겹침 이음은 횡보강 철근의 사용이 권장되는 결과를 나타내었다. 고강도 콘크리트를 사용한 D22, D32 철근의 겹침 이음은 안전한 경향성을 보였으나, 확실한 검증을 위하여 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.