• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.51-57
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• 2009

To investigate expression patterns of chitinase, ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase involved in biological control of phytopathogens, three oil seed rapes (Capitol, Pollen and Saturnin) were used. Activities of the enzymes in old leaves were $9.7{\sim}11.8$ unit/mg protein in chitinase, $11.1{\sim}17.3$ unit/mg protein in ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase and $0.6{\sim}1.7$ unit/mg protein in peroxidase. Activities of the enzymes in roots were $39.2{\sim}49.0$ unit/mg protein in chitinase, $49.9{\sim}62.0$ unit/mg protein in ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase and $2.4{\sim}3.8$ unit/mg protein in peroxidase. Chitinase and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase activity were the highest level in Saturnin leaves and in Capitol roots while activities of those were the lowest level in Capitol leaves. Also, chitinase and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase activity were the lowest level in Saturnin roots. Active bands of chitinase isoform in leaves (73, 51, 40, 34, and 29 kDa) and in roots (100, 57 34, and 29 kDa) tissues showed in the SDS-PAGE gel. Active bands of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase isoform in leaves and roots (75 and 55 kDa) tissues showed on the SDS-PAGE gel. Active staining of peroxidase showed the strongest level in leaves and roots of Pollen. Active bands of peroxidase isoform in leaves (122, 114, and 93 kDa) and in roots (135, 122, 114, and 93 kDa) tissues showed on the Native-PAGE gel. These results indicated that establishment of expression pattern of enzymes in rape tissues could play as an important role with respect to resistance of plant pathogens in rape.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of artificial insemination (AI) failure in 1,619 Korean native cows at Gangwon East area, Korea. The average AI failure rate was 37.02% in the cows and the highest rate was 40.85% in Yangyang-city. Based on the parity in the cows, the AI failure rate was 49.14% and 29.91% in the first and fifth parity cows, respectively. Whereas cows until fifth parity were decreased in AI failure, cows with sixth or more parity showed an upturning AI failure trends with the increasing of parity number. AI failure rate incidence according to the rump fat thickness measured by ultrasound was 28.9% and 33.4% at 5 mm to 10 mm and over than 15 mm, respectively. There was a positive correlation (0.2186) between AI failure rate of mother and that of their offspring cows. That is, offspring of dams with high AI failure rate showed also higher AI failure than those of dams having lower AI failure rate. In conclusion, these results indicate that the AI failure rate was closely related to the rump fat thickness, parity number, and conception rate of mother cows. In addition, these results might strengthen the basis to improve the reproductive performance in Korean native cows.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.331-336
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• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate genetic parameters for ultrasound and carcass traits in Hanwoo. Heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for carcass and ultrasound measurements collected from Hanwoo cows (n=312) born at Hanwoo experiment station. Traits evaluated were eye muscle area (EMA), backfat thickness (BF), marbling score (MS) from carcass, and ultrasound eye muscle area (UEMA), ultrasound backfat (UBF), and ultrasound marbling score (UMS). Parameters were estimated using multi-trait animal models byderivative-free restricted maximum likelihood procedures. Estimated heritabilities for UBF, UEMA and UMS were 0.43, 0.23 and 0.32, while heritabilities for BF, EMA and MS were 0.33, 0.13 and 0.33 in fattened cows, respectively. Genetic correlations between ultrasound and carcass measurements were estimated to -0.19, -0.61, and -0.36 for UBF: UEMA, UBF: UMS, and UEMA: UMS in fattened cows, respectively. Phenotypic correlations between ultrasound and carcass measurements were 0.03, 0.13 and 0.26 for UBF: UEMA, UBF: UMS, and UEMA: UMS in fattened cows, respectively. As for the steer, genetic correlations between ultrasound and carcass measurements were 0.36, -0.80 and 0.27 for UBF: UEMA, UBF: UMS, and UEMA: UMS in steers, respectively. Phenotypic correlations between ultrasound and carcass measurements were 0.13, 0.07 and 0.41 for UBF: UEMA, UBF: UMS, and UEMA: UMS in steers, respectively. In conclusion, this finding would be very useful to implement into Hanwoo breeding program.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.269-278
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• 2007

This study was performed to measure the pH, proximate composition, physicochemical properties, changes of protein bands, Hunter color values and endpoint cooking temperature of chicken leg and breast muscles during cooking from 64 to 74℃ with 2℃ increments. Chicken leg had higher pH, moisture and fat contents (%) and lower protein solubility(P<0.05) than chicken breast. Although the cooking losses(CLs, %) of chicken muscles increased with increased cooking temperature, the addition of 2% salt did not affect CL. The redness values of chicken leg without 2% salt were higher than chicken breast, however, the addition of 2% salt reduced the differences of the redness. Protein solubility decreased with increased cooking temperatures and were not affected by the addition of salt, and no further changes were observed higher than 68℃. Protein bands having the molecular weights of 66 and 54kDa were disappeared in the chicken leg at the cooking temperatures of 66～70℃, whereas 66, 54 and 34kDa in the chicken breast. These protein bands could be used potential indicators to determine the endpoint cooking temperature in chicken muscles.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.233-239
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitor (AGI) activity and to evaluate horticultural characteristics of pepper (Capsicum spp.). AGI activities of pepper fruits and leaves were different from 1.0 to 20.5 times and 1.0 to 5.9 times, respectively. Weight, length and width of evaluated pepper fruit were distributed from 0.5 to 56.0 g, 0.8 to 15.4 cm and 0.5 to 6.3 cm per fruit respectively. Stem colors before transplanting varied from green to violet. Length and width of leaf were distributed from 3.1 to 5.0 cm and 2.1 to 3.0 cm. Immature fruit color was almost green and mature fruit color was almost red. In horticultural characteristics of selected pepper lines with high AGI activity, the fruit position was downward position. The immature fruit color was green in all lines except one and the mature fruit color was red in all lines. Fruit weight and fruit length of selected pepper lines with high AGI activity were distributed from 5.9 to 41.1 g and 5.9 to 17.0 cm and leaf width and leaf length were distributed from 5.8 to 29.7 cm and 3.9 to 8.7 cm, respectively. The AGI activities of pepper is widely variable between leaf and fruit. According to this result, it suggested the possibility of developing a new pepper line with high AGI activity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.216-224
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• 1997

In order to investigate the osmoregulation capability of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus with the different salinities, juvenile fish $(13.6{\pm}0.2\;TL)$ stocked in seawater (SW) were abruptly transferred to each experimental group $0\%SW(0\%_{\circ}),\;25\%SW(7.7\%_{\circ}),\;50\%SW(16.1\%_{\circ})\;and \;100\%SW(32.8\%_{\circ})$ and reared for 60 days. Blood samples were taken by the time schedule after the transfer. Plasma $Na^{+},\;K^{+},\;Cl^{-}$ and osmolality, muscle water content, and the electron microscopical observations of chloride cells were analyzed and made by the time schedule. In $100\%SW$, the maintainable levels of plasma $Na^{+},\;K^{+},\;Cl^{-}$ and osmolality were $167.1{\pm}7.7mM/l,\;9.1{\pm}2.1mM/l,\;137.8{\pm}5.6mM/l\;and\;351{\pm}18\;mOsm/kg$, respectively. These values were significantly changed at $6h\~1\;day$ after the beginning of the experiment with four different salinities. Fish from $0\%\;and\;25\%SW$ had lower osmolalities than those of fish from $50\%\;and\;100\%SW$, and showed the hyposmotic regulation pattern. At the end of the experiment (60 days after transfer), however, no significant difference was found in the concentrations of plasma $Na^{+},\;K^{+}\;and\;Cl^{-}$ among four experimental groups. Hematocrit was increased with salinity (P<0.01). After 10 days, fish from $0\%\;and\;25\%SW$ showed the hypertrophy, fusion and edema of epithelial layer in gill lamella. However, at the 15th day, epithelial layer in gill lamella was back to the normal status. On gill of fish from $0\%SW$, one apical pit held two or three chloride cells in common. Muscle water content was subsequently regulated to near the normal levels within 4 days, and there was no significant difference among four different salinities at the end of the experiment.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1990

We established an in vitro system of central serotonergic neurons by culturing dissociated rat embryonic (El4) brainstem cells to 14 days in vitro and monitored the serotonergic neuronal growth by measuring 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) contents in the cells with hish performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). We studied also tile effects of various drugs on the contents of 5-HT and 5-HIAA, confirming in vivo reports. The 5-HT content (13 ng/mg protein) and 5-HT turnover rate (17 pmol/mg protein/h) at 14 days in vitro were in good agreement with those reported in the adult rat brain. The 5-HT content was more easily depleted with p-chlorophenylalanine, a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor than with NSD 1015 (3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine), an aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) inhibitor. Incubation of the cultures with tryptophan or 5-hydroxytryptophan increased the rate of serotonin formation implying that neither tryptophan hydroxylase nor AADC is saturated with its amino acid substrate in this in vitro system . The 5-HT content was depleted by reserpine. The 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents were increased and decreased, respectively, by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. All the above results indicate that the biochemical properties of the central serotonergic neurons in this culture system reflect reliably those of central serotonergic neurons in vivo. We suggest that measuring 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents in the primary cultured dissociated brainstem-cells with HPLC-EC is useful in the study of pharmacology as well as toxicolgy of the central serotonergic neurons.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.53-60
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the changes of the residual amount in the leafstalk (end) and the fore-end (upper) portion of lettuce leaves during cultivation period to 14 days, 12 times in total (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13 and 14 days) after spraying with boscalid and lufenuron. In the case of boscalid, the initial concentrations at 3 hours (0 day) of the leafstalk and the fore-end portion of lettuce leaves were 18.26 mg/kg and 84.97 mg/kg, respectively and the residual amounts were rapidly decreased to 0.31 mg/kg and 0.37 mg/kg at 14 days after chemical application. In the case of lufenuron, the initial concentrations at 3 hours (0 day) of the leafstalk and the fore-end portion of lettuce leaves were 0.91 mg/kg and 5.21 mg/kg, respectively and the residual amounts were rapidly decreased to 0.06 mg/kg and 0.09 mg/kg at 13 days after chemical application. The variations of the residual concentrations analyzing 12 times after spraying showed that the residual amounts of the leafstalk portion of lettuce leaves were less than its fore-end portion in boscalid and lufenuron. In additon, 9 kinds of pesticide including boscalid in 16 lettuce leaf (found to contain pesticide in 2013) showed that the residual amounts of the leafstalk portion of lettuce leaves were less than its fore-end portion as well.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

As the IT environment becomes more sophisticated, various threats and their associated serious risks are increasing. Threats such as DDoS attacks, malware, worms, and APT attacks can be a very serious risk to enterprises and must be efficiently managed in a timely manner. Therefore, the government has designated the important system as the main information communication infrastructure in consideration of the impact on the national security and the economic society according to the 'Information and Communication Infrastructure Protection Act', which, in particular, protects the main information communication infrastructure from cyber infringement. In addition, it conducts management supervision such as analysis and evaluation of vulnerability, establishment of protection measures, implementation of protection measures, and distribution of technology guides. Even now, security consulting is proceeding on the basis of 'Guidance for Evaluation of Technical Vulnerability Analysis of Major IT Infrastructure Facilities'. There are neglected inspection items in the applied items, and the vulnerability of APT attack, malicious code, and risk are present issues that are neglected. In order to eliminate the actual security risk, the security manager has arranged the inspection and ordered the special company. In other words, it is difficult to check against current hacking or vulnerability through current system vulnerability checking method. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for extracting diagnostic data regarding the necessity of upgrading system vulnerability check, a check item that does not reflect recent trends, a technical check case for latest intrusion technique, a related study on security threats and requirements. Based on this, we investigate the security vulnerability management system and vulnerability list of domestic and foreign countries, propose effective security vulnerability management system, and propose further study to improve overseas vulnerability diagnosis items so that they can be related to domestic vulnerability items.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.280-286
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• 2009

To investigate anti-phytopathogenic fungal activity of Coptis chinensis, the methanol extract and its organic solvent fractions were prepared. Using the extract and the fractions, in-vitro spore-germination inhibition and mycelial-growth inhibition activities were evaluated against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Phytohpthora capsici, Pyricularia grisea, Rhizoctonia solani, Botryosphaeri dothidea, Glomerella cingulata, respectively. Treatment of the methanol extract (500 mg/mL) into the spore of phytopathogenic fungi completely inhibited germinations for 5 days, except B. dothidea, and showed strong antifungal activities against P. grisea and B. cinerea, and antioomycetes activity against P. capsici. The minimal growth inhibition concentrations of the methanol extract against P. grisea, B. cinerea and P. capsici were 300, 300, and 500 mg/mL, respectively. For practical application of C. chinensis in red-pepper field, the hot-water extract (1,000 mg/mL) was prepared in commercial facility, after evaluation of heat stability and solvent-extraction yields of antifungal substances. The 3-times leaf-spray of the extract from June to August, 2008 did not show any deleterious effect to red-pepper. In fact, the leaf-spray promoted plant growth including leaf, root and fruit. The average weight and rind of each fruit were increased to 119% and 117% comparison to those of without treatments. Our results suggest that C. chinensis is a useful source for control of red-pepper diseases and plant growth.