• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1969

Relationships between red ceil volume $(^{51}Cr-cell)$, total blood volume (red cell volume divided by hematocrit ratio), and extracellular fluid volume (SCN distribution space) and body weight (ranging between 73 and 384 grams) or lean body mass were studied in 59 nembutalized rats. Lean body mass was determined by means of underwater weighing method on rats clipped and eviscerated. There were positive correlations between body weight or lean body mass and the absolute values (in milliliters) of body fluid volumes. Body fluid volumes expressed on the body weight or lean body mass basis, however, showed negative correlations between body weight (grams) or lean body weight (grams) with one exception. Red cell volume expressed as % lean body mass showed a positive correlation with lean body mass. The other results are summarized as follows: 1. Body density of rats was 1.0561 $(range:\;1.0123{\sim}1.0781)$ and 19.8% body weight of total body fat was obtained. The mean value of lean body mass was 80.2% body weight 2. The correlation between body weight and lean body mass was high, namely, coefficient of correlation was r=.99. 3. The correlation between the absolute value of red cell volume (ml) and body weight showed a high correlation, namely, r= 92 and between the lean body mass coefficient of correlation was r=.93. On a weight basis, red cell volume was 2.67 ml/100 gm body weight or 3.48 ml/100 gm lean body mass. The coefficient of correlation between body weight (grams) and red cell volume (% body weight) was r=-. 30. The coefficient of correlation between lean body mass (grams) and red cell volume (% lean body mass) was r=. 50. Thus, the following regression equation was obtained. Red cell volume (% lean body mass)=. 00243 Lean body mass (gm)+3. 12. 4. Total blood volume was 6.06% body weight or 7.83% lean body mass. The correlation between these blood volume values and body weight or lean body mass were negative, namely, r= -.43 and r=-.42 respectively. 5. Extracellular volume (SCN space) was 30.0% body weight or 37.2% lean body mass. These percentage values showed negative correlations between body weight or lean body mass and coefficients of correlation were r=-.40 and r=-.54 respectively. 6. The rate of increase in body weight or lean body mass is accompanied by a smaller rate of increase in blood volume and extracellular fluid volume. The rate of increase in red ceil volume paralled that of lean body mass.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.152-157
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the automated TB-PCR assay for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The 807 cases were analyzed with their TB-PCR, AFB smear and culture in bronchial washing fluids, sputum and body fluids samples. The TB-PCR positive of the bronchial washing fluid, sputum and body fluids were 11.3%, 7.3% and 3.6%, respectively, in cases of AFB smear-negative and culture-negative. The sensitivity values of the bronchial washing fluid, sputum and body fluids were 93.3%, 100% and 50%, respectively, according to the culture result. The sensitivity of body fluids was lower than that of the bronchial washing fluid and sputum. The specificity values of the bronchial washing fluid, sputum and body fluids were 83.3%, 89.0% and 95.7%, respectively, according to the culture result. In conclusion, the automated TB-PCR assay proved to be a useful method for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the bronchial washing fluid and sputum. But we think that there is still a need for us to study body fluids further.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.189-196
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• 2008

The pulsatile flow of blood through a stenosed artery under the influence of external periodic body acceleration is studied. The effect of non-Newtonian nature of blood in small blood vessels has been taken into account by modeling blood as a Casson fluid. The non-linear coupled equations governing the flow are solved using perturbation analysis assuming that the Womersley frequency parameter is small which is valid for physiological situations in small blood vessels. The effect of pulsatility, stenosis, body acceleration, yield stress of the fluid and pressure gradient on the yield plane locations, velocity distribution, flow rate, shear stress and frictional resistance are investigated. It is noticed that the effect of yield stress and stenosis is to reduce flow rate and increase flow resistance. The impact of body acceleration is to enhance the flow rate and reduces resistance to flow.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.23-41
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• 2010

Greater yang disease(太陽病) is a syndrome induced by peripheral obstruction. One of them is "wind stroke(中風)" with the obstruction in lymphatic system. The other obstruction appearing on circulatory system is called "cold damage(傷寒)." Kyejitang(桂枝湯) is the formula prescribed for greater yang wind stroke pattern(太陽中風證) which is caused by peripheral lymphatic duct obstruction. Ramulus Cinamoni acts as a vasodilator and Radix Paeoniae relieves the abdominal tension. They make blood move to the internal organ and this can remove the retention of peripheral lymphatic system. Covering the patient with a blanket and getting him/her to have hot and thin rice gruel causes slight Diaphoresis, contributing to relieving the retention of lymphatic system. Disharmony between nutrient and defense(營衛不和) means that pressure becomes different between lymphatic system and vascular system. Kyejitang(桂枝湯) is called releasing muscles formula(解肌劑) because it can resolve such pressure difference. Diaphoresis is not a means to eliminate pathogenic qi(邪氣) from the body. That is the syndrome proving that the body fluid has moved around when disordered fluid distribution is corrected. Therefore, diaphoresis should be induced weakly all the time. If diaphoresis is induced excessively, body fluid will move more than desired and then illness cannot be cured. In Sanghanlun(傷寒論), dispersing drugs aim at addressing the retention in the exterior field, but it actually applies to the entire exterior and interior to make body fluid move. Therefore, diaphoresis does not just act on exterior field, and freeing the stool does not only apply to interior field. Distribution of body fluid changed by pathogenic qi(邪氣) influences the whole body because the human body has a closed circulatory system. Sanghanlun(傷寒論) has included treatments for pathogenic disease. However, its value should not be limited to pathogenic disease. It is because controlling blood flow by sending body fluid to the place a doctor wants is certainly worth using for treatment of non-exogenous disease or chronic illnesses.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.377-390
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• 2023

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes body fluid imbalance because of hyperglycemia, but there is a lack of research on the relationship between DM and body fluid imbalance in the Korean population. This study compared the differences in body fluid composition and dietary intake between individuals with type 2 DM (T2DM) and a normal control (NC) group without the disease. Methods: In this study, 36 subjects with T2DM and 21 without diabetes were divided into the T2DM and NC groups. The subjects were divided into four subgroups to assess differences in body fluid volume according to sex: men T2DM group (n = 24), men NC group (n = 9), women T2DM group (n = 12), and women NC group (n = 12). The body fluid composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis, including intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), total body water (TBW), ECW/ICW, and ECW/TBW. Nutrient intake was evaluated using their dietary records. Results: The results showed that the ECW/ICW and the ECW/TBW were significantly higher in the T2DM group compared to the NC group. Both men and women in the T2DM group showed significantly higher ECW/ICW and ECW/TBW than the respective NC group. The T2DM group had a higher carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, sodium, and potassium intake per 1,000 kcal and lower total daily energy, fat, and cholesterol intake per 1,000 kcal than the NC group. Conclusion: These results suggest a positive association between T2DM and body fluid imbalance. This study can be used widely as basic data for the evaluation and diagnosis of diabetic complications in the future.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.269-276
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• 2020

The small craft including jet-board for leisure are commonly smaller than the general commercial vessels. For the floating vessel, the motion analysis is significantly important component to design the shape. It is, however, hardly predicting its behavior by using conventional boundary element method due to violating small amplitude assumption for potential theory. The computational fluid dynamics method can afford to simulate such small craft, but its grid system was not able to calculate motion, because movable body disturbs the grid system by confliction. The dynamics fluid body interaction model with over-set mesh system can be dealt with movable floating body under irregular ocean wave. In this study, several cases were considered to reveal that DFBI is essential method to predict floating body motion. The single phase simulate was conducted to establish the shape perfection, and then the validated vessel was simulated with ocean waves weather DFBI option on or off. Through the comparison, the results between the cases of DFBI on and off shows significantly difference. It was claimed that the DFBI was necessary not only to calculation body motion, but also to predict accurate drag and lift force on the floating body for small size craft.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1 s.61
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• pp.71-75
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• 2005

There are wide variations in the definition and functions of tri-jiao among investigators in the area of Chinese medicine. Given a wide spectrum of views, it is difficult to identify uniform opinions about the definition and functions of tri-jiao. This paper is intended to clarify the meaning of the tri-jiao, which was presented as 'it builds a waterway and serves as the passage for the flow of Shuidao' in ${\ulcorner}\;SuWen\;\cdot\;Linglanbidianlun\;{\lrcorner}$ a classic text of traditional Chinese medicine. Investigators have been divided in their opinions in interpreting this reference; some claim that tri-jiao regulates fluid metabolism in the entire body while others assert that the role of tri-jiao is limited to lower-jiao that controls urination function. However, this does not appear convincing given the description in other texts of ${\ulcorner}\;SuWen\;\cdot\;Linglanbidianlun\;{\lrcorner}$, in which functions of 12 organs were explained in a summarized manner. The assumption that the role of tri-jiao is closely linked with lower-jiao seems to have deviated from the meaning of the original texts. Besides, fluid metabolism involves the entire body, and any pathological changes caused by disorders of fluid metabolism can affect any part of the body, not only the lower area of the body cavity. The phrase, 'passage for the flow of Shuidao,' expressed in the texts of ${\ulcorner}\;SuWen\;\cdot\;Linglanbidianlun\;{\lrcorner}$ is likely to mean that body fluid is also distributed and transported to the whole body along with primordial-Qi via tri-jiao. The phrase, 'passage for the flow of Shuidao' means that tri-jiao is involved in regulating body fluid metabolism and that it plays an important role in fluid distribution.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.261-265
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• 2018

Objective : This discussion was performed in order to find a meaning of Mahwang, Gyeji, Sesin, Buja and Related Prescriptions connected to the distribution problem of body fluid caused by inflammation. Methods : The pharmacological effects of the prescriptions including Mahwang, Gyeji, Sesin, Buja and these herbs which are used as an individual case were investigated literally. Results : Mahwang, Gyeji, Sesin, Buja and the prescriptions including these herbs have the effect of strengthening heart and increasing cardiac output. Therefore it can be thought that the effect of distributing body fluid is included in the Mahwang, Gyeji, Sesin, Buja and Related Prescriptions. And especially the effect of mahwang could not be restricted to the diaphoretic effect. The effect of Mahwang could be interpreted as the distributing body fluid effect through the stimulation of sympathetic nervous system and inhibition of parasympathetic system. Conclusion : Mahwang, Gyeji Sesin and Buja and related prescriptions have the effect of distributing body fluid via stimulation of sympathetic system.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.322-329
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• 1998

Chemical bonding was investigated in the simulated body fluid of several selected hydroxyapatite-containing composites. The hydroxyapatite-containing composites chemically bonded with each other in the simulated body fluid after 4 weeks. Bioglass was strongly bonded in the simulated body fluid, but bonding strength was not depended on composition. Their composite bodies were chemically bonded by heterogeneous nucleation and growth at the interfaces of the specimens in the simulated body fluid.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.661-676
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• 2020

To understand the interaction of a fluid and a rigid body, we use the concept of B-evolution. Then in a similar way to the usual Navier-Stokes system, we obtain a Helmholtz type decomposition. Using B-evolution theory and the decomposition, we work on the semigroup to analyze the linear part of the system.