• 대한간호학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.457-471
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• 1995

This research was done to promote improvement of practical application of nursing diagnoses and to improve the quality of nursing. The subjects of this research were 156 second year students of C junior nursing college who were giving adult patient care. The nursing diagnoses of 312 reports were analyzed using NANDA. In these case reports only nursing diagnoses were considered, of which there were a total of 982. In the data analysis the 9H of the nursing students' nursing diagnoses matched with 105 NANDA nursing diagnoses, Of these, the most frequent diagnoses were pain(165, 17.48%), anxiety(101, 10.70%), alteration in nutrition(83, 8.79%) , sleep disturbance (67, 7.10%), in activity intolerance (67, 7.10%), ineffective breathing pattern(51,5.40%). The etiology for the students' nursing diagnoses were compared with NANDA's nursing diagnoses by frequency. The most frequent etiology for the nursing diagnoses of pain was a biological etiology(50, 31%), for anxiety, situation crisis(58, 57.43%), for alteration in nutrition, indigesion(23, 27.71%), for sleep disturbance, external etiology(25, 37.32%), for activity intolerance, immobile position(22, 32.84%), for ineffective breathing pattern, pain(35, 68.63%), and for ,impaired physical mobility, pain(31, 65.96%). The most frequent etiology for constipation was inadquate digestion of water and cellulose (16, 34.78%), for fluid volume felicity, loss of body fluid (21, 52.50%), for impaired skin integrity, external etilogy(16, 43.24%), for impaired physical mobility, pain(22, 62.86%) , for knowledge deficits, cognition disturbance(9, 27.27％), for ineffective air way clearance, secretion obstruction(14, 48.27%) , for impaired gas exchange, loss of transport ability of blood oxygen(9, 37.50%) , and for powerlessness, therapy environment (5, 22.73%). The number of nursing diagnoses by pattern was exchange(16), moving(6), feeling(4), choosing(4), relating(3), communication(1), perceiving(1), knowing(1), valuing(1).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.416-424
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• 1989

We have performed eight, single transplantations of right lung in dogs from September, 1988 to March 1989 at the Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgical department, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. We wrapped bronchial anastomosis site with great omentum and used cyclosporin in preoperative and postoperative periods in seven cases except one. The one without wrapping the bronchial anastomotic site with omentum and using cyclosporin died due to bronchial anastomotic site rupture in postoperative fourth day. If there is no reason to choose one side over the other, we would generally choose to do left-sided transplant as this is technically somewhat easier because of the long length of recipient bronchus and the ease of clamping the left atrium proximal to the pulmonary veins. The right atrium limits the amount of left atrium that can have incorporated into the clamp proximal to the pulmonary veins on the right side. But we had chosen to do right-sided transplant of lung because we must take variable technical experiences on right sided lung transplant in dogs. We have to anastomose one of pulmonary vein and left atrial wall on right-sided transplant easily only with double ligation of one pulmonary vein because right atrium limited the clamp of left atrium proximal to pulmonary veins with decreased venous return and cardiac output in some dogs. All seven dogs with right-sided lung transplant had survived more than one day with good condition except one. The one dog have to be sacrificed to evaluate the difference between the gas analysis in pulmonary venous and arterial blood in post-operative eight hours. We found hemorrhagic pulmonary edematous changes of contralateral left lung in this dog. And also all dogs have to be sacrificed for the evaluation of surgical problems, anytime in post-operative periods without any cardiopulmonary resuscitative efforts when the general condition would be worse progressively. We found no any surgical technical errors in seven dogs except one with thrombi in suture site of left atrium. There were hemorrhagic pulmonary edematous changes of transplanted right lung in one, of contralateral left lung in one, of contralateral left lung with double ligation of its pulmonary artery in one, thrombi around left atrial sutures sites in one, multiple air leakage in one bronchial rupture in one due to rejection or infection. There were accidental extubation and delayed intubation in one and unknown cause of death in one.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2021

[Purpose] This preliminary study aimed to develop a regression model to estimate the non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) of Korean adults using various easy-to-measure dependent variables. [Methods] NEAT was measured in 71 healthy adults (male n = 29; female n = 42). Statistical analysis was performed to develop a NEAT estimation regression model using the stepwise regression method. [Results] We confirmed that age^A, weight^B, heart rate (HR)_average^C, weight × HR_average^D, weight × HR_sum^E, systolic blood pressure (SBP) × HR_rest^F, fat mass ÷ height^2G, gender × HR_average^H, and gender × weight × HR_sum^I were important variables in various NEAT activity regression models. There was no significant difference between the measured NEAT values obtained using a metabolic gas analyzer and the predicted NEAT. [Conclusion] This preliminary study developed a regression model to estimate the NEAT in healthy Korean adults. The regression model was as follows: sitting = 1.431 - 0.013 × (A) + 0.00014 × (D) - 0.00005 × (F) + 0.006 × (H); leg jiggling = 1.102 - 0.011 × (A) + 0.013 × (B) + 0.005 × (H); standing = 1.713 - 0.013 × (A) + 0.0000017 × (I); 4.5 km/h walking = 0.864 + 0.035 × (B) + 0.0000041 × (E); 6.0 km/h walking = 4.029 - 0.024 × (C) + 0.00071 × (D); climbing up 1 stair = 1.308 - 0.016 × (A) + 0.00035 × (D) - 0.000085 × (F) - 0.098 × (G); and climbing up 2 stairs = 1.442 - 0.023 × (A) - 0.000093 × (F) - 0.121 × (G) + 0.0000624 × (E).

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.80-99
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• 2016

Objectives : Instrumental chemical analysis was utilized to investigate the effect of Add-Omit-Saenghyeoryunbu-eum(AO-SHU) on diabetic treatment. One of the most exciting, yet also controversial, arguments is the safety and biological mechanisms of the natural medicine on human body. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide a better understanding on bioactive chemical components, hazards of heavy metal contamination and biological mechanism of the diabetic medicine composed of 12 different natural herbs. Methods : To study bioactive compound and metallic component in the diabetic medicine in detail, LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass/Mass), GC (Gas Chromatography) and ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) were utilized to characterize the extract of the diabetic medicine and the result was compared with 18 marker substances selected from literature survey. In addition, in vitro assay experiments including GPR 119 activity and human DGAT-1 inhibition, and OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) were performed to verify the effectiveness of this medicine on diabetic treatment. Results : Out of 18 marker substances, 9 bioactive compounds were identified from LC-MS/MS analysis which include Citruline, Catalpol, Berberine, Ginsenoside Rb1, Ginsenoside Rg1, Oleanolic acid, β-Sitosterol, Mangiferin, and Schizandrin. ICP study on 245 residual pesticides revealed that 239 species were not detected but 6 species, Dimethomorph, Trifloxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Isoprocarb, Carbaryl and Flubendiamide, while the amounts are trace levels, below permitted concentrations. The biological activity was observed in vitro assay and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test(OGTT), which are consistent with a preliminary clinical test result, a drop in blood sugar level after taking this herbal medicine. Conclusions : Instrumental chemical analysis using LC-MS/MS, GC, and ICP was conducted successfully to identify bioactive compounds in AO-SHU for the treatment of diabetes, finding 9 bioactive compounds. Furthermore, in vitro assay experiments and OGTT show that AO-SHU has its biological activities, which imply that it can be a candidate for the future diabetes remedy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.283-291
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• 1993

연구배경 : 장기간의 저농도 산소요법은 저산소혈증을 가진 만성폐쇄성폐질환 환자들의 생존율을 향상시킬 뿐만 아니라 삶의 질을 향상시킨다. 저자들은 재택산소요법을 시행하는 환자의 실태를 알아보고 효과적인 개선책을 알아보기 위하여 추적관찰중인 환자 26예에 대한 임상적 관찰을 하였다. 방법 : 대상환자는 경북대학병원 호흡기내과에서 진료를 받고 있는 환자 가운데 가정에서 장기간의 저농도 산소요법을 시행하고 있는 남자 18명 여자 8명 이었으며 재택산소요법을 시행하기전에 신체적 특성과 병력, 폐기능검사, 심전도, 동맥혈가스 및 말초 혈액검사 소견들과 사용중인 산소용기의 종류, 하루에 흡입하는 시간, 투여산소의 농도, 그리고 사용기간 및 문제점 등에 대해서 조사하였다. 결과 : 원인질환은 만성폐쇄성폐질환 14예, 중증폐결핵의 후유증 9예, 기관지확장증 2예 그리고 특발성 폐섬유증 1예였다. 산소치료의 시행동기는 폐성심이 21예, 운동시 호흡곤란 및 심한 환기장애 4예, 그리고 수면중 산소포화도가 90%미만인 경우가 1예였다. 치료시작전의 동맥혈가스소견의 평균치는 $PaO_2$ 57.7 mmHg, $PaCO_2$ 48.2 mmHg 및 $SaO_2$ 87.7% 였으며 폐활량의 평균치는 VC 2.05 L, $FEV_1$ 0.92 L, $FEV_1$/FVC% 51.9%였다. 사용중인 산소용기는 산소탱크를 사용하는 경우가 19예, 산소농축기를 사용하는 경우가 1예, 산소탱크와 액화산소를 함께 사용하는 경우가 2예, 그리고 산소탱크와 휴대용산소를 함께 사용하는 경우 4예였다. 산소사용 기간은 1년 미만이 3예, 1년에서 2년이 15예, 3년에서 5년이 6예 그리고 9년, 10년 동안 산소요법을 시행한 경우도 각각 1예씩 있었다. 산소농도는 전예에서 2.5L/min 이하를 사용하고 있었고 하루 사용시간은 10예 만이 15시간 이상을 사용하였고 대부분이 짧은 시간 동안만 산소를 사용하고 있었다. 결론 : 효과적인 산소투여를 위해서는 환자 및 주위의 사람들에게 장기간의 저농도 산소요법에 대한 교육이 필요하며 편리하게 사용할 수 있는 산소용기의 구입을 위한 제도적 뒷받침이 필요하다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.54-66
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• 2000

연구배경: 설문지를 이용한 삶의 질 평가를 통해 진폐증 및 만성 호흡기 환자의 삶의 질 및 생활 만족도를 향상시키기 위한 효과적인 치료 및 관리 방법을 찾는데 기초 자료로 쓰고자 삶의 질 설문지의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증 하였다. 방 법: 3차 의료기관에 요양되어 입원중인 진폐증 환자 25명과 진폐 정밀검사를 받기 위해 1주일간 입원한 진폐증 유병자 38명등 총 63명을 대상으로 1999년 4월에서 8월 사이에 COOP charts, CRQ, PRQ 등 3종의 설문지를 이용해 조사하였고 그 결과를 다른 임상 지표와 비교하였다. 결 과: 설문지 문항의 내적 일치도를 보는 크론바하 계수는 CRQ에서 각 영역별로 0.63-0.89였고 PRQ는 0.77-0.81로 외국의 설문지를 번역해서 사용한 CRQ와 독자 개발한 PRQ 모두 내적 일치도에서 만족할 만한 신뢰도를 나타내었으며 기존에 사용되어 온 COOP charts의 점수와 CRQ. PRQ 간에는 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. CRQ의 호흡곤란 및 정서 항목과 PRQ의 호흡증상 및 정서상태는 같은 개념을 서로 다른 두 가지 방법으로 측정한 것인데 이들간의 상관 관계가 다른 개념들과의 상관 관계보다 높지는 않았다. CRQ의 호흡곤란 항목의 접수는 폐기능검사 성적과 유의한 상관관계를 나타냈으며 CRQ의 정서 항목은 동맥혈 가스분석의 산소분압 및 산소포화도와 유의한 연관성을 보였다. 한편 PRQ에서는 호흡증상과 사회활동 향목이 폐기능 검사 성적과 유의한 연관을 보여주었다. 산업재해보상보험법상 요양 유무에 따라 비교한 결과 요양군이 비요양군에 비해 임상적 지표가 더 불량했으며, CRQ의 호흡곤란 항목과 PRQ의 호흡 증상 및 사회활동 항목에서 각각 요양군이 비요양군에 비해 유의하게 낮은 접수를 보였다. 임상적으로 불안정한 환자와 안정한 환자군으로 구분하여 비교한 결과 폐기능검사 소견상 노력성 폐활량(FVC)과 최고기류속도(PEF)만이 임상적으로 불안정한 군에서 유의하게 낮았으며, 설문 결과에서 CRQ는 양군간에 유의한 차이를 찾을 수 없었으나, PRQ의 호흡증상 및 사회활동 영역 그리고 COOP charts에서 불안정군의 점수가 안정군에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. 결 론: 번역한 CRQ와 새로 개발한 PRQ가 모두 진폐증 환자의 삶의 질 측정에 사용될 수 있음을 보여주며 특히 PRQ는 임상지표만 가지고 구분할 수 없는 환자의 기능적 상태 및 주관적인 생활 만족도를 알아보는데 활용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 진폐증 환자를 비롯한 만성 호흡기 환자에게 CRQ와 PRQ를 활용할 수 있도록 향후 지속적인 연구를 통해 설문지 검사의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검정하는 것이 필요하다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1585-1592
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• 2016

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of simulated heat stress on digestibility and methane ($CH_4$) emission. Four non-lactating crossbred cattle were exposed to $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, and $40^{\circ}C$ temperature with a relative humidity of 40% to 50% in a climatic chamber from 10:00 hours to 15:00 hours every day for 27 days. The physiological responses were recorded at 15:00 hours every day. The blood samples were collected at 15:00 hours on 1st, 6th, 11th, 16th, and 21st days and serum was collected for biochemical analysis. After 21 days, fecal and feed samples were collected continuously for six days for the estimation of digestibility. In the last 48 hours gas samples were collected continuously to estimate $CH_4$ emission. Heat stress in experimental animals at $35^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$ was evident from an alteration (p<0.05) in rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate, water intake and serum thyroxin levels. The serum lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase activity and protein, urea, creatinine and triglyceride concentration changed (p<0.05), and body weight of the animals decreased (p<0.05) after temperature exposure at $40^{\circ}C$. The dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (p<0.05) at $40^{\circ}C$ exposure. The dry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities were higher (p<0.05) at $35^{\circ}C$ compared to $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ exposure whereas, organic matter (OM) and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were higher (p<0.05) at $35^{\circ}C$ than $40^{\circ}C$ thermal exposure. The $CH_4$ emission/kg DMI and organic matter intake (OMI) declined (p<0.05) with increase in exposure temperature and reached its lowest levels at $40^{\circ}C$. It can be concluded from the present study that the digestibility and $CH_4$ emission were affected by intensity of heat stress. Further studies are necessary with respect to ruminal microbial changes to justify the variation in the digestibility and $CH_4$ emission during differential heat stress.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제69권6호
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• pp.418-425
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• 2010

Background: Little is known about the long-term effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) treatment on post-tuberculosis emphysema. This study evaluated the effects of ACE inhibition on cardiac function and gas exchange in patients with post-tuberculosis emphysema. Methods: At baseline and at 6 months after initiation of ACE inhibition therapy, patients underwent pulmonary function testing, arterial blood gas analysis, and echocardiography, both at rest and post exercise. Cardiac output (CO) and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) were measured at those time points as well. Results: After ACE inhibition; resting and post-exercise RVEF ($Mean{\pm}SEM,\;61.5{\pm}1.0,\;67.6{\pm}1.2%$, respectively) were higher than at baseline ($56.9{\pm}1.2,\;53.5{\pm}1.7%$). Resting and post-exercise CO ($6.37{\pm}0.24,\;8.27{\pm}0.34L/min$) were higher than at baseline ($5.42{\pm}0.22,\;6.72{\pm}0.24L/min$). Resting and post-exercise $PaO_2$ ($83.8{\pm}1.6,\;74.0{\pm}1.2mmHg$, respectively) were also higher than at baseline ($74.2{\pm}1.9,\;66.6{\pm}1.6mmHg$). Post-exercise $PaCO_2$($46.3{\pm}1.1mmHg$) was higher than at baseline ($44.9{\pm}1.1;\; Resting\;42.8{\pm}0.8\;vs.\;42.4{\pm}0.9mmHg$). Resting and post-exercise A-a $O_2$ gradient ($12.4{\pm}1.4,\;17.8{\pm}1.5 mmHg$) were lower than at baseline ($22.5{\pm}1.5,\;26.9{\pm}1.6mmHg$). Conclusion: In post-tuberculosis emphysema, RVEF and CO were augmented with a resultant increase in peripheral oxygen delivery after ACE inhibition. These findings suggest that an ACE inhibitor may have the potential to alleviate co-morbid cardiac conditions and benefit the patients with post-tuberculosis emphysema.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2021

Vegetable oils are a rich source of bioactive substances. Phytosterols in those have been known for many years for their properties for reducing blood cholesterol levels, as well as their other beneficial health effects. Phytosterols are triterpenes that are important structural components of plant cell membranes just as cholesterol does in animal cell membranes. The aim of this study was to provide consumers with information about phytosterol contents in vegetable oils in Korea market. The contents of major phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol) in 50 vegetable oils of 10 kinds (perilla oil, peanut oil, avocado oil, olive oil, pine nut oil, sesame oil, canola oil, coconut oil, grape seed oil, and sunflower oil) were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The average contents of vegetable oils containing 5 or more samples were in the order of sesame oil (334.43 mg/100 g), perilla oil (262.16 mg/100 g), grape seed oil (183.71 mg/100 g), and olive oil (68.68 mg/100 g). Phytosterol content of sesame oil and perilla oil was high among vegetable oils.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.1296-1307
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• 1997

연구배경 : Erdosteine은 만성 기관지염 급성 악화시는 물론 만성 폐색성 기관지염 치료제로 개발된 Thiol 유도체로서 점액조절작용, 항산화작용이 있으며, 특히 위장관 부작용이 거의 없다. 본 연구에서는 현재 유효성 및 안전성이 입증되어 임상에서 많이 처방되고 있는 Ambroxol과의 비교임상연구를 통해 급성 및 만성 기관지염 환자에서 Erdosteine의 임상적 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 본 연구는 무작위 이중맹검 비교시험으로서 전향적 연구방법으로 수행되었다. 급 만성 기관지염으로 다량의 객담배출 혹은 객담배출곤란을 주증상으로 하는 80명을 무작위로 할당하여 Erdosteine 투여군에는 1일 2회, 1회 300mg, Ambroxol 투여군에는 1일 2회, 1회 30mg을 총 7일간 투여하였다. 1차 효과평가기준으로는 객담배출횟수, 객담량, 객담배출용이도, 객담점도, 기침정도, 호흡곤란을 포함한 자각증상이 평가되었고, 2차 효과평가기준으로는 동맥혈가스검사, 폐기능검사가 평가되었다. 안전성은 부작용과 임상병리검사로 평가하였다. 총 80명의 환자 중 61명(Erdosteine군 : 31명, Ambroxol군 : 30명)이 본 연구를 종료하였고 19명은 중도 탈락되었다. 결과의 분석은 paired t-test, ANOVA test, multivariate t2-test, Repeated measures analysis of covariance, two sample t-test, Loglinear-Logit model analysis, Fisher's exact test를 이 용하여 유의성을 검정하였다. 결 과 : 1) 두 군간의 환자배정에 있어서 인구학적, 임상적 특징은 차이가 없었다. 2) 동맥혈가스검사, 폐기능검사에서는 두 군간의 차이는 없었고, 자각증상에서는 Erdosteine군은 객담 배출횟수, 객담량, 객담배출용이도, 객담점도, 기침정도, 호흡곤란에서, Ambroxol군은 객담배출횟수, 객담량, 객담배출용이도, 객담점도, 기침정도에서 유의하게 호전을 보였다. 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으나 Erdosteine군이 Ambroxol군에 비해 더 유의하게 호전되는 경향을 보였다($\alpha$=0.05). 3) 혈액학적검사, 혈액화학적검사 및 소변검사에서는 각 군 모두 임상적으로 의미있는 변화는 없었고 두 군간의 차이도 없었으며, 자각증상에서는 Ambroxol군에서만 4명이 연구 종료시까지 부작용이 소실되지 않았고 2명은 연구를 중단하였으나 두 군간의 차이는 없었다. 4) 각 약제의 최종효과평가에서 Erdosteine군은 31명 중 아주좋은효과 11명, 좋은효과 12명, 경도효과 6명, 무효과 2명, 악화 0명이었고 Ambroxol군은 30명 중 아주좋은효과 6명, 좋은효과 14명, 경도 효과 5명, 무효과 4명, 악화 1명이었으며 Erdosteine군이 Ambroxol군에 비해 증상이 개선될 확률이 약 2.5배만큼 높았다 (p<0.05). 결 론 : Erdosteine은 급성 및 만성 기관지염 환자의 치료에 있어 그 효과와 안전성에 있어서 우수한 약물이라고 할 수 있다.