• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.355-359
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• 1992

The $^{67}Ga$ has somewhat long physical and biological half livies with 78 hours and 600 hours respectively, so we can get $^{67}Ga-scan$ images for 3 or more days after once injection of $^{67}Ga$. Furthermore $^{67}Ga$ scan would be useful to search some residual tumors after surgical removal of the tumors trapped with $^{67}Ga$. However $^{67}Ga$ bound with plasma proteins would be delayed in plasma clearance as approximately 10% of the dose remains in the plasma at 24 hours. If the remained $^{67}Ga$ in the plasma is redistributed into the surgical wound, we wouldn't evaluate the degree of the tumor remained after surgery. So the authors examined the amounts of the remained blood $^{67}Ga$ and the redistribution of the blood $^{67}Ga$ into the artificial wound with S or more centimeters in the diameter at the neck and chest of the rabbits. The results were as follows; 1) The $^{67}Ga$ remained in the plasma were 12%, 5.7%, 4.2% at 24, 48 and 72 hours after $^{67}Ga$ injection respectively. 2) The blood $^{67}Ga$ were redistributed into the artificial wound with 5.9% at 48 hours and 6.9% at 72 hours after $^{67}Ga$ injection.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17
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• pp.289-292
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• 2001

Gene targeting allows precise, predetermined changes to be made in a chosen gene in the mouse genome. To date, targeting has been used most often for generation of animals completely lacking the product of a gene of interest. Models of essential hypertension have been produced by mutated genes relating renin angiotensin system. The most significant contribution to understanding the genetic etiology of essential hypertension is probably the demonstration that discrete alterations in the expression of a variety of different genes can individually cause changes in the blood pressures of mice, even when the mice have all their compensatory mechanisms intact. These effects are readily detected in animals having moderate decreases in gene function due to heterozygosity for gene disruptions or modest increases due to gene duplication. As a species the mouse is highly resistant to atherosclerosis. However. through induced mutations it has been possible to develop lines oj mice that are deficient in apolipoprotein E, a ligand important in lipoprotein clearance, develop atherosclerotic lesions resembling those observed in humans. The atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-deficient mice have been well characterized, and they resemble human lesions in their sites of predilection and progression to the fibroproliferative stage. Other promising models are mice that are deficient in the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Considerable work still remains to be done in dissecting out in a rigorous manner the effects of alterations in single genes on the induction or progression of atherosclerosis and on the control of blood pressures. Perhaps even more exciting is the opportunity now becoming available to breed animals in which the effects oj precise differences in more than one gene can be studied in combination.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.476-480
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• 2005

Immunosuppressive therapy in pediatric renal transplant recipients is changing consequence of the increasing number of available immunosuppressive agents. The optimal use of immunosuppressive agents requires a thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetic characteristics, but the information on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of these drugs in pediatric transplant recipients is still limited. In general, patients younger than 5 years old show higher clearance rates, therefore the need for higher dosages in younger patients seems evident. By the therapeutic drug monitoring, trough($C_{min}$) and peak level($C_{max}$) are measured and the area under the blood concentration-time curve(AUC), which is taken as being representative of total systemic exposure can be calculated. Cyclosporine A (CSA) has poor bioavailability, which contributes to high inter- and intra-patient pharmacokinetic variability. CSA concentration measured 2 hours after administration($C_2$) has better correlation with the AUC than $C_{min}$ and is an alternative technique that predicts the AUC. Tacrolimus(Tac) has a great deal of inter-individual variability like CSA but intra-individual variability in systemic exposure is considered to be low. Both CSA and Tac are metabolized by a cytochrome P-450 enzyme isoform(CYP3A4). We should consider changing the dosages when CSA or Tac is used in combination with the medicines that inhibit or induce the CYP3A4. In case of steroid-free immunosuppressive therapy, the blood concentration of Tac should be frequently checked and dosage adjustment may be needed.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 2023

Human babesiosis is a tick-borne disease induced by the genus Babesia and has been significantly reported in the Republic of Korea. This report shows the cases of 2 patients with human babesiosis who traveled to the USA in 2019. The 2 patients experienced fever and had travel histories to babesiosis-endemic regions. The diagnoses of both cases were verified by the identification of Babesia-infected red blood cells on blood smears. One patient was found to be infected with Babesia microti using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for 18S rRNA, which discovered the phylogenetic link to the B. microti strain endemic in the USA. The 2 patients recovered from fever with subsequent hemoparasite clearance. Babesiosis could be diagnosed in anyone with histories of travel to babesiosis-endemic countries and tick bites. Furthermore, Babesia-specific PCR is required for determining geno-and phenotypic characteristics.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.24-28
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• 1997

In the present study, a pharmacokinetic model to address the effects of the diffusional barrier between splanchnic bed and enterocytes on the extent of presystemic and systemic intestinal elimination of drugs was developed. The model is composed of five compartments, ie., gut lumen, enterocyte, splanchnic bed, liver and central compartments. The equations for various pharmacokinetic parameters important for estimating the quantitative differences between presystemic and systemic intestinal and hepatic elimination of drugs were derived. A simulation study demonstrated that the diffusions[ barrier present between splanchnic blood and enterocytes can have significant effects on oral bioavailability and systemic clearance of drugs. In conclusion, the model can be useful for a better understanding of the effects of diffusional barrier on the extent of administration-route dependent intestinal and hepatic elimination of drugs, especially those with high hydrophilicity and/or charge(s) under physiological conditions.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2020

Recently, single-domain antibodies (sdAb) are bioengineered for molecular imaging applications. Single-domain antibody, obtained from naturally occurring antibodies in camelid species and cartilaginous fish is the smallest fully functional antigen-binding antibody fragments of heavy-chain. Since their discovery, they have been investigated extensively in clinical therapeutics, monitoring and diagnostics. Their small size is important advantage for high solubility, high stability, fast blood clearance and rapid targeting. This review article summarizes the recent status of this new antibody to visualize, diagnose or inhibit specific targets of cancer.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.167-178
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• 1990

In order to investigate experimentally the clinical effect of Soyangin-Hyongbangdojoksan (少陽人荊防導赤散) that was prescribed to cure the Bisuhanpyohanbyong (脾受寒表寒病) of Soyangin (少陽人). The author experimented various activities of dried extract from hyongbangdojoksan (Sample-I) and mixed extract of each dried extract of hyongbangdojoksan (Sample-II) by the methods prescribed in the experimental parts. The results summarized as follows. 1. In the acetic acid method experiment, analgesic effect was noted in sample-I & Sample-II. 2. Anti-inflammatory effect on the edema induced by carrageenin was noted in Sample-I. 3. Antipyretic effect is not noted in Sample-I and Sample-II. 4. On urinary volume change and blood electrolyte clearance, the result is not significant, on the contrary the urine electrolyte discharge is effective in Sample-I and Sample-II. According to the above results, the effects based on oriental medical references approximate to the actual experimental results.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

Purpose: Hemoperfusion is an effective modality of extracorporeal elimination of toxins in acutely poisoned patients. We evaluated the effect of hemoperfusion on plasma concentration of toxins in patients exposed to certain pesticides. Methods: Eleven patients who were acutely exposed to pesticides participated in our study. We measured plasma pesticide concentration from the whole blood obtained by arterial and venous sources by gas chromatography. Results: The plasma concentrations of only 3 patients was measured. Methidation clearance by hemoperfusion was 82.2%, fenitrothion was 23%, and endosulfan was 0% Conclusion: Measurement of plasma organophosphate concentration is not a practical application. Our results suggest that hemoperfusion is applicable in patients with pesticide intoxication according to clinical status.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.24-31
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• 1975

This paper attempts to investigate the effect of proteolytic enzyme on the absorption and excretion of pyrazinamide. The rat small intestinal absorption of pyrazinamide in the presence of proteolytic enzyme such as chymotrypsin and compounding enzyme (chymotrypsin and trypsin) are increasingly absorbed, but in the trypsin are similar to that of control. Blood levels of pyrazinamide after rabbit's duodenum injection are significantly enhenced to correspond to 112-120% by proteolytic enzymes concentration respectively, but both on the high concentration of chymotrypsin and the low concentration of trypsin are insignificantly enhenced. Proteolytic enzymes do not give the effect on clearance of pyrazinamide. Proteolytic enzymes give the effect on absorption of pyrazinamide, but do not give the effect on excretion of pyrazinamide.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.1 s.2
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• pp.13-16
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• 1966

The action of serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) on the excretory function of the kidney was investigated in the dog, utilizing the clearance method and the stop-flow technique. It was shown that serotonin, $10{\mu}g/kg/min$, i. v., exerts a marked antidiuretic effects and elicits a marked hemodynamic changes in the kidney: a highly significant decrease of the glomerular filtration rate and a tendency of decrement in the renal plasma flow. Little change in the systemic blood pressure was noted, and the participation of the antidiuretic hormone in the antidiuretic action was ruled out by adding vasopressin to the infusion fluid. The stop-flow analysis showed that there is no evidence of altered activity in the tubules by serotonin. It was thus concluded that serotonin elicits anti diuresis in the dog by decreasing glomerular filtration rate, which results from the constriction of Vas afferens in the glomeruli.