• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.207-217
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• 2013

This study was conducted to estimate organic Hanwoo carrying capacity when whole crop wheat and triticale as winter forage crops were grown on different applying sources (no fertilizer, organic fertilizer or cattle slurry), and mixed sowing in combination with hairy vetch and forage pea at the level of 50% cattle slurry application during the period of 2009~2011. The experimental plots were consisted of 5 treatments. Each treatment was triplicates and allocated in the randomized complete block design. For whole crop wheat, annual mean dry matter (DM) yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for fertilizer application treatments than for no fertilizer treatment, and crude protein (CP) yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for forage pea and hairy vetch-mixed sowing treatments than for no fertilizer and organic ferilizer treatments. Mean CP, total digestible nutrients (TDN) and relative feed value (RFV) contents of legumes-mixed sowing treatments was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of other treatments. As diets replaced with 70% whole crop wheat were provided for 450kg of Hanwoo heifers, legumes-mixed sowing treatments could raise more heifers than organic fertilizer and no fertilizer treatments. For triticale, annual mean DM, CP and TDN yields were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fertilizer application treatments than for no fertilizer treatment, and CP content of legumes-mixed sowing and cattle slurry application treatments was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of other treatments. When 450kg of Hanwoo heifers were fed on diets replaced with 70% triticale, it was estimated that legumes-mixed sowing treatments at the level of 50% cattle slurry application could rear average 3.3~3.4 heads/ha/year, which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than no fertilizer treatment (2.5 heads/ha/year). It was indicated that DM yields of whole crop wheat and triticale were much more effective in cattle slurry application than organic fertilizer, and Legumes-mixed sowing at the level of 50% cattle slurry application rather than whole crop wheat or triticale alone increased yields per unit area and nutritional value such as CP content. In conclusion, it is conceived that whole crop wheat or triticale produced in the manner above can be used instead of grains imported as dietary protein sources in the organic Hanwoo feeding regimen.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.92-98
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• 1988

With a purpose of finding out the effects of magnesium and boron enriched organic-compound fertilizer application on the dry matter yield, yield components and changes in the botanical composition on the hilly pasture, a field experiment was arranged with five different treatments as a randomized block design and lasted from September, 1984 to the end of growing season in 1986. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. As a early plant growth and development, winter hardiness, growth vigour and coverage of grasses at the plots with organic-compound fertilizer application were better comparing to single dressing. 2. Average dry matter yields for two years were shown significantly high due to increasing amount of fertilizer. This trend was same both single and organic-compound fertilizer. And dry matter yields with organic-compound fertilizer application of low (8, 693.1 kg/ha) and conventional level (12, 758.7 kg/ha) were appeared to increase by 10 and 15% than those of single dressing of Low (7, 930.6 kg/ha) and conventional level (11, 122.6 kg/ha), respectively. But it was not significant difference. 3. Dry matter yield of grasses was significantly gained by increasing amount of fertilizer. The yield of legumes at the plot without fertilization was significant higher comparing to fertilizing plots, but it was not different between low and conventional dressing levels. However, at the plots with organic-compound fertilizer application the yields of grasses were a little more increased by 8-14%, and legumes were much more gained by 26-29% than those of the same species groups with single dressing, but it was not significant between the different kinds of fertilizer in the same fertilizing level. 4. At the grassland management, the rate of legumes tended to dominate at the plot without fertilization gradually. On the other hand, the botanical compositions and the rates of grasses were much better maintained at the plots with fertilization. But the rates of legumes with organic-compound fertilizer application tended to increase a little more than those of single dressing gradually.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.304-312
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of total neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and forage-derived NDF (fNDF) on nutrient intake and milk production in Holstein dairy cows. Thirty-six Holstein dairy cows at weeks 4 to 20 of lactation were included in this study. The cows were arranged in a randomized complete block design and assigned to one of six diets: 1) 38% NDF with 18% fNDF (HN-HF); 2) 38% NDF with 15% fNDF (HN-MF); 3) 38% with 12% fNDF (HN-LF); 4) 34% NDF with 18% fNDF (LN-HF); 5) 34% NDF with 15% fNDF (LN-MF); and 6) 34% with 12% fNDF (LN-LF). The cows were fed a total mixed ration twice daily (07:00 and 18:00 h) and given ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the experiment. Data on the intake of nutrients (DM, NEl, CP, NDF, fNDF, NFC), milk yield, composition, fat-corrected milk (FCM), fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM), and energy corrected milk (ECM) were analyzed. Lower dietary concentrations of total NDF or fNDF resulted in an increase in DM, NEl, and NFC intake (p<0.01), milk yield (p<0.05) and a lower milk fat concentration (p<0.01). The LN treatment showed no significant differences in milk fat concentration compared to the HN however, further reduction in fNDF decreased milk fat content (p<0.01). The lowest level of milk fat was observed in the LN-LF diet group. Changes in the dietary concentrations of NDF or fNDF did not affect the concentrations of milk protein or SNF (solid not fat), although the yield of milk protein and SNF increased with higher milk yield (p<0.01). The level of fNDF influenced the level of FCM (p=0.07), as well as FPCM and ECM yield (p<0.05). A highly positive correlation between fNDF intake and milk fat concentration was observed in animals with low NDF compared to those offered high NDF. A strong correlation was also observed between milk yield and low NDF intake compared to high NDF intake.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1236-1242
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• 2007

Sixty healthy growing pigs ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$ with an average BW of 21.4 kg) were used to determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs on the basis of growth performance and serum biochemical indices. Pigs were assigned randomly to one of five dietary treatments (12 pigs/diet), representing five levels of TDP (0.16%, 0.20%, 0.23%, 0.26% and 0.39%). There were three replications per treatment, with four pigs (2 barrows and 2 gilts) in each replication (2 pigs/pen) A randomized-block design was used, with pen as the experimental unit. Experimental diets were formulated to provide the 5 TDP levels with a total calcium (Ca) to TDP ratio of 2:1, and offered to pigs at 5% BW for 28 d. The total Ca contents of the five diets were 0.33, 0.38, 0.45, 0.51 and 0.79%, respectively. During the 28-d experimental period, the ADG of pigs was affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Equation 1: y = $-809,532x^4+788,079x^3-276,250x^2+42,114x-1$,759; ($R^2$ = 0.99; p<0.01; y = ADG, g/d; x = dietary TDP, %). The feed:gain ratio for pigs was affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Equation 2: y = $3,651.1x^4-3,480.4x^3+1,183.8x^2-172.5x+10.9$ ($R^2$ = 0.99; p<0.01; y = feed:gain ratio; x = dietary TDP, %). Total P concentrations in serum were affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Equation 3: y = $-3,311.7x^4+3,342.7x^3-1,224.6x^2+195.6x-8.7$ ($R^2$ = 0.99; p<0.01; y = total serum P concentration and x = dietary TDP, %). The highest ADG (782 g/d), the lowest feed:gain ratio (1.07), and the highest total serum P concentration (3.1 mmol/L) were obtained when dietary TDP level was 0.34%. Collectively, these results indicate that the optimal TDP requirement of growing pigs is 0.34% of the diet (e.g., 5.1 g/day for a 30-kg pig that consumed 1.5 kg feed daily) at a total Ca to TDP ratio of 2:1.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.176-183
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• 2008

The high efficiency power management IC(PMIC) with DTMOS(Dynamic Threshold voltage MOSFET) switching device is proposed in this paper. PMIC is controlled with PWM control method in order to have high power efficiency at high current level. DTMOS with low on-resistance is designed to decrease conduction loss. The control parts in Buck converter, that is, PWM control circuits consist of a saw-tooth generator, a band-gap reference circuit, an error amplifier and a comparator circuit as a block. The Saw-tooth generator is made to have 1.2 MHz oscillation frequency and full range of output swing from ground to supply voltage(VDD:3.3V). The comparator is designed with two stage OP amplifier. And the error amplifier has 70dB DC gain and $64^{\circ}$ phase margin. DC-DC converter, based on Voltage-mode PWM control circuits and low on-resistance switching device, achieved the high efficiency near 95% at 100mA output current. And DC-DC converter is designed with LDO in stand-by mode which fewer than 1mA for high efficiency.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 1990

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is malignant tumor frequently occurring in Koreans. There have been few reports regarding the cytologic findings of fine needle aspiration (FNA) of HCC. Most have suggested a diagnostic problem in the cytology distinguishing HCC from some benign hepatic lesions-for example, a regeneration nodule in cirrhosis and liver cell adenoma. In spite of its high frequency in Korea, no cytologic study has been reported, concerning the FNA of HCC. In an attempt to achieve cytologic criteria for the diagnosis of HCC, the authors studied retrospectively cytopathologic findings of 247 cases of HCC. These cases were confirmed either by histoiogic examination including lobectomy, biopsy, or ceil block material, or, when tissue diagnosis was unavailable, by a high serum alpha-fetoprotein level (over 400 I. U.). All aspiration smears were stained by the Papanicolaou method. In each case, the smears were analyzed for cell patterns and various cytomorphology of the tumor cells. The smear background was assessed for the presence of tumor cell necrosis and inflammatory components and compared to that of metastatic carcinomas. The cell patterns were classified as trabecular, acinar, dispersed, and irregular. The cytologic parameters analyzed included the degree of nuclear atypia and the presence of mitoses, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, nucleolar prominency, endothelial lining, multinucleated giant cells, eosinophiic globules, bile, and Mallory body. Most of the FNA of HCC showed markedly cellular smears. The tumor cells were most frequently arranged in a trabecular pattern (80.3%). The irregular (12.6%), the acinar (5.5%), and the dispersed patterns (1.7%) followed in decreasing frequency. Individual hepatoma cells were larger than normal liver cells. However, they had morphologic features characteristic of the hepatic cells the cells were round or polygonal, their cytoplasm was abundant and granular with eosinophilic or amphophilic stainability, and their nuclei were round to oval, located centrally, and tended to have prominent nucleoli. Anaplasia and pleomorphism of tumor cells were generally mild to moderate. These findings existed even in very well differentiated cases. Mitotic figures were present in about 85% of the cases. Prominent nucleoli were observed only in about half the cases. The frequency of other cytologic features was as follows intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusion in 86.8% : endothelial lining in 56.1% : bile in 19.8% : and giant cells in 60.1%. Clear cells were often present in 11.7%, Most aspiration smears of HCC displayed clean background without necrosis or inflammatory material in contrast to the dirty, necrotic background of metastatic cancers and cholangiocarcinomas. Based on the above mentioned features, it is suqqested that the cytologic critieria most important for the diagnosis of HCC include a markedly cellular smear, trabecular pattern, hepatocytoid appearance of tumor cells, endothelial lining, the presence of bile, giant cells, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, and prominent nucleoli, Among these, trabecular pattern, endothelial lining, giant cells and clean smear background are points to be considered in differentiating HCC from metastatic and cholangiocellular carcinoma.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1022-1030
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• 2006

The location awareness is an important part of many ubiquitous computing systems, but a perfect location system does not exist yet in spite of many researches. Among various location tracking systems, we choose the RFID system due to its wide applications. However, the sensed RSSI signal is too sensitive to the direction of a RFID reader antenna, the orientation of a RFID tag, the human interference, and the propagation media situation. So, the existing location tracking method in spite of using the particle filter is not working well. To overcome this shortcoming, we suggest a robust location tracking method with a double layered structure, where the first layer coarsely estimates a tag's location in the block level using a regression technique or the SVM classifier and the second layer precisely computes the tag's location, velocity and direction using the particle filter technique. Its layered structure improves the location tracking performance by restricting the moving degree of hidden variables. Many extensive experiments show that the proposed location tracking method is so precise and robust to be a good choice for implementing the location estimation of a person or an object in the ubiquitous computing. We also validate the usefulness of the proposed location tracking method by implementing it for a real-time people monitoring system in a noisy and complicate workplace.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.139-146
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• 2010

Objectives : To compare the differences between the symptoms and the findings of MRI(magnetic resonance imaging) and x-ray, we studied the patients with neck pain or radiating pain, which has been diagnosed as cervical herniated disc recently. Methods : We randomly selected among the 143 patients with x-ray and cervical spine(C-spine) MRI films who have visited Ja-seng hospital with neck pain and neck and radiating pain from April 1 of 2010 to May 1. We used SPSS 13.0 for windows in analyzing statistical data of study results and the level of significance was below 0.05. Results : 1. There were no significant differences between the presence of radiating pain and the amount of cervical herniation(p>0.05). 2. If the finding of a x-ray showed narrowing, based on MRI findings, the amount of herniation was more severe(p>0.05). 3. There were no significant differences between the presence of radiating pain and the findings of x-ray(p>0.05). 4. Among the 143 cases, which showed findings beside HIVD(herniation of intervertebral disc) were 13 cases. 88 cases of straightening(61.5%). 78 cases of uncovertebral joint arthrosis(54.5%). 25 cases of stenosis(17.5%), 13 cases of retrolisthesis(9.1%), 8 cases of osteophyte(6.6%), 4 cases of spondylolisthesis(2.8%), 2 cases of hemangioma(1.4%), 3 cases of OPLL(ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament)(2.1%), 2 cases of block vertebrae(1.4%), 2 cases of spondylitis(1.4%), 1 case of kyphosis(0.1) and 1 case of ligamentum flavum hypertrophy(0.1%). Conclusions : The findings from this study suggest that there was no relation between radiating pain and radiological result. On the other hand, diagnosis of x-ray and MRI showed significant relevance. The narrower disc space there were, the severer the state of herniation there existed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.655-667
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding a low CP diet supplemented with synthetic amino acids on performance, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs fed under a three-phase feeding regimen. Ninety-six finishing pigs (Landrace$\times$Large White$\times$Duroc), $55.75kg{\pm}0.65$ of initial body weight, were blocked by weight and sex and allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized block design. There were six pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. Pigs were fed a 16%-14%-12% CP (for phase I-II-III, respectively), sequence of diets. Dietary treatments were 1) Control, 2) Con+L (a sequence of diets reduced in CP by l percentage unit with lysine (L) supplementation, 3) Con+LMT (a sequence of diets reduced in CP by 2 percentage unit with LYS, methionine (MET) and threonine (THE) supplementation) and 4) Con+LMTT (a sequence of diets reduced in CP by 3 percentage unit with LYS, MET, THR and tryptophan (TRP) supplementation). The finishing period (55 to 105 kg) was divided into three phases (55 to 72 kg, 72 to 90 kg and 90 to 105 kg). Pigs fed either the control or Con+L diet grew faster (p<0.05) than pigs fed the Con-LMT or Con+LMTT diet. There was no difference in ADFI among dietary treatments. Phosphorus (P) digestibility was lowest in the control group and highest in the Con+LMTT group (p<0.05). Within each phase, no significant differences in dry matter (DM) and CP digestibilities were found. Although some amino acid digestibilities were affected by dietary treatments, digestibilities of essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid were not significantly influenced by dietary treatments. For the entire experiment periods, Con+L, Con+LMT and Con+LMTT treatments resulted in 13.4, 18.8 and 21.6% lower total N excretion compared with the control. Con+LMT and Con+LMTT treatments showed significantly lower BUN concentration compared with the control and Con+L treatment (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in BUN concentration between pigs fed the control and Con+L treatment or between pigs fed Con+LMT and Con+LMTT treatments (p>0.05). Carcass length, backfat thickness and carcass grade were not significantly affected by dietary treatments (p>0.05). In conclusion, reducing dietary CP level by 1 percentage unit and supplementing only LYS at each phase could be a very beneficial feeding strategy for finishing pigs fed under a three phase feeding regimen in terms of both environmental and economical aspects.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 2020

The slender shinner (Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpa), a tiny freshwater fish of about 8 to 10 cm belonging to Cyprinidae, is an endangered species found only in the Han and Imjin Rivers on the Korean Peninsula. During the breeding season, this species spawns in nests of Coreoperca herzi, a predator of this species, or small crevices on rocks. This unique reproductive ecology can make this species more vulnerable to anthropogenic perturbance that can further limit the places to spawn. Here, mtDNA and microsatellite loci were analyzed to identify the genetic diversity and structure of slender shinners and further to provide the basic data necessary for the conservation planning of this species. A total of 28 polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed using Illumina paired-end sequencing, and 67 slender shinners collected from three localities in the Han River were genotyped using these loci. This species showed a remarkably high level of genetic diversity with mean expected heterozygosity of 0.914 and mean allele number per locus of 27.9, and no signature of drastic demographic decline was detected. As a result of our microsatellite analysis, the genetic structure between the two stems of the Han River, North Han and South Han, was prominent. Such a genetic structure was also evident in the sequence analysis of 14 haplotypes obtained from mtDNA control region. Although slender shinners are only found in very limited areas around the world, the genetic structure indicates that there is a block of gene flow among the populations, which should be reviewed in the future if management and restoration of this species is needed.