• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2006

Anthocyanin in blackish purple rice is composed of cyanidin, peonidin, malvidin, pelargonidin and delphinidin flavylium ion and their glucosides, which shows antioxidant activity similar to a-tocoperol. It has been demonstrated that cyanidin-3-glucoside(C3G) of anthocyanin has a high-potency antioxidant activity, and is a prominent in anticancer and antithrombotic activity. In analysis of content of anthocyanin from the genetic source of blackish purple rice, the level of C3G was approximately 80% of total contents of anthocyanins, and showed the highest content in Heugjinjubyeo, of which contains an amount of 500 mg by weight of 100g brown rice in comparison that most of varieties has less than 50mg by weight of 100g brown rice. We found that C3G pigment in blackish purple rice was considerably affected by cultural season, cultivation area, ripening temperature, and weather condition, etc. as well as genetic properties. In cross combination between Heugjinjubyeo and Suwon425, intermediate parent $F_9$ generation which was three times higher or more in C3G content than that of Heugjinjubyeo was bred, of which it contained an amount of 1678 mg by weight of 100g brown rice, and we called it 'C3GHi' Rice. And, we found that the C3GHi rice was more excellent than that of the existing Heugjinjubyeo in anticancer and antithrombotic activity. Methanol extract from Heugjinjubyeo was fractionated by organic solvents in order of n-hexane, $CH_{2}Cl_2$ and n-BuOH, and then oryzafuran, quercetin, vanillic acid and protocatechuic acid and their structures from the n-BuOH fraction were ascertained. Oryzafuran of these compounds was a natural compound found firstly in nature. Quercetin and protocatechuic acid besides new compound oryzafuran showed excellent antioxidant ability to vitamin C. These results suggest that blackish purple rice has very high value as a source of various functional food as well as staple food.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.297-300
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• 2016

Here, we report three new arctiine moths for the first time in Korea, Siccia shikatai Kishida, Nudaria ranruna Matsumura, and Pelosia angusta (Staudinger). Siccia shikatai is distinguished by grayish forewings with a thick and blackish antemedial line, a thin, dark brown and dentate postmedial line and a black <-shaped discal spot and grayish hindwing with a dark brown discal dot. Nudaria ranruna is distinguished by the whitish fore- and hindwings and a large, blackish discal dot and thick medial lines on the forewing. Pelosia angusta is distinguished by dark grayish fore- and hindwings and a thick, dark brown, curved medial line on the forewing.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.214-221
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• 2022

Six species in five families of Lepidoptera were newly recorded from Korea. The adult specimens of these six species were obtained during the rearing caterpillars collected across Korea. Agonopterix omelkoi Lvovsky (Depresariidae) can be distinguished by the ochreous forewing with a dark brown slanted line, a dark brown triangular spot, and a blackish discal dot, and the whitish hindwing. Dichomeris ferruginosa Meyrick (Gelechiidae) can be diagnosed by the light brown forewing with two relatively large blackish dots and suffusion of dark brown along the dorsum and subtermen, and the grayish hindwing. Pseudohedya satoi Kawabe (Tortricidae) can be diagnosed by the dark ochreous forewing with several medially curved dark ochreous medial lines, and the large light grayish tornal marking, and the dark grayish hindwing. Rhodoneura hyphaema (West) (Thyrididae) can be diagnosed by the reddish forewing with a relatively thick postmedial band, and the reddish hindwing with a narrow dark reddish straight medial band. Comibaena subprocumbaria (Oberthür) (Geometridae) can be diagnosed by the greenish forewing with a whitish apical marking that bordered with a brownish or dark reddish line that connected to the termen, and the distal abdominal segments with whitish and dark reddish dots. Perixera absconditaria (Walker) (Geometridae) can be diagnosed by the light brownish forewing with a relatively thick, slanted, dentate brownish postmedial line, and the light brownish hindwing with a small white discal spot. We provide the diagnosis and figures of adults and larvae, and DNA barcoding data.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2005

Leaf anthracnose was observed on leaves of Japanese spindle tree in Seoul, Korea from autumn 2003 to spring 2004. The causal fungus was purely isolated from he leaf spot lesions and cultured on PDA. The colony on PDA was cream to orange but blackish in the center n old cultures. Conidia were formed in blackish orange asses and were cylindrical in shape, measured 13-17${\times}$5-7 ${\mu}$m in size. Blackish brown setae were often observed on PDA and ranged up to 100 ${\mu}$m in length. Based on morphological and ITS region sequence analyses, the fungal strain was identified as Colletotrichum boninense. Koch’s postulates were fulfilled by inoculating tree leaves with 1 ${\times}$ $106^6$ conidia per ml in a moist chamber. This is the first study on the pathogenicity, growth and phylogenetic characteristics of C. boninense causing leaf anthracnose on Japanese spindle tree in Korea.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.281-287
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• 2020

Objectives : In case of herbs decoction, the ceramic or earthware pots was recommended, but not the metals, particularly iron or aluminum, which could cause unknown chemical reactions. In Korean Medical classics, it has been known that some herbs including Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae (CL) were not recommended to boil with iron pot. This study investigates the physical changes of extracts of CL with or without iron. Methods : CL was decocted with reflux cooling extraction system to prevent evaporation and volatilization. Content of polyphenol was detected by Folin-Denis method and the levels of loganin and chlorogenic acid were evaluated by UPLC. Results : The color of extract with glass beads (GB) is yellowish brown, and the iron beads (IB) is blackish brown. Polyphenol and chlorogenic acid levels were reduced in IB extracts. Conclusions : The color of extract was change to blackish brown, and polyphenol and chlorogenic acid levels were reduced in CL extract with iron. Therefore, iron pots is not suitable for CL extraction.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.spc1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1996

The edible natural pigments extracted from plant organs become steadly popular to consumer because of those physiological functions desirable for food preservation and human health in recent years. There are a number of colored rice genotypes from light brown to blackish purple via reddish brown and purple. Some researchers reported their results on extraction recipes and identification of chemical structure of the pigments from the colored rice. The pigments extracted from colored rices can be largely divided into two types of anthocyanin and tannin pigments. Anthocyanin pigments are mainly contained in purple or blackish purple rice while tannin pigments are mainly contained in brown or reddish brown rice. Some brownish purple rices showed two peaks of tannin and anthocyanin pigments simultaneously. Purple rices showed better extraction of pigments in $0.1\%$ HCl-contained $80\%$ methanol or $0.5\%$ malic-acid-contained $80\%$ ethanol, while red rices revealed better extraction of pigments in $0.01\%$ citric-acid-contained $80\%$ ethanol. The anthocyanin pigments are generally unstable to heat, light and acidity of solution. The pigments extracted from colored rice can be preserved stably under the dark and cool(<$5^{\circ}C$) condition and at pH $2.0\~4.0$. The anthocyanin pigments of purple rice are mainly composed by cyanidin-3-glucoside (chrysanthemin). The other pigment fractions in purple rice were identified to peonidin-3-gluco-side, malvidin-3-galactoside(uliginosin) and cyanidin-3-ramnoglucoside(keracyanin). The pericarp coloration of purple rices is controlled by three complimentary genes C (anthocyanin), A(activator) and $Pl^{w}$(purple leaf) genes, while the red rices are expressed by complimentary interaction between Rc(basic substance of pigment) and Rd(distribution of pigment) genes or C and $Pl^{w}$ genes. Recently, the antioxidation and antimutagenic activity in main component of anthocyanin pigments extracted from colored rice were identified. The natural pigments from colored rice can be useful for beverages, cakes, ice scream, cosmetic and so on.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.122-127
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• 2015

The subfamily Ennominae is one of the most species-rich taxa of Geometridae that include more than 9,700 species worldwide and over 280 species in South Korea. Herein, we present the first report of five species of Ennominae. Abraxas flavisinuata can be characterized by the white wings, a thick black postmedial line that is medially and dorsally broken with an orange band, large rounded black discal dots on the forewing, and a black dotted postmedial line on the hindwing. Lomographa claripennis can be characterized by the whitish wings, the black undulating postmedial line as well as the minute blackish discal dot on the forewing, and the black undulating postmedial line with a minute black discal dot on the hindwing. Arichanna tetrica can be characterized by the grayish forewings, thick black transverse ante- and postmedial lines, a large blackish discal dot, whitish apical streak on the forewing, and scattered black dots on the whitish hindwing. Apocleora rimosa can be characterized by the brown ground color of the fore- and hindwings, the black slanted ante- and postmedial lines of the forewing, and two black medial lines on the hindwing. Ourapteryx japonica can be characterized by the white wings, the dark brown transverse ante- and postmedial lines with a long discal dot on the forewing, and the dark brownish transverse antemedial line as well as a termen that has a sharp white tail with one large dark reddish dot and one small black dot on the hindwing.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.92-95
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• 2013

Two ennomine species, Amblychia angeronaria Guen$\acute{e}$e and Peratostega deletaria (Moore), are reported for the first time from Korea. Amblychia angeronaria was collected from Isl. Gageo-do, in the south west of Korea. The species is distinguished by the large wingspan, the ochreous forewing with a row of large white dots on the postmedian and a grayish apical dot, and the grayish or dark ochreous hindwing with undulating postmedial line and dark grayish subterminal line. Peratostega deleraia was collected from Isl. Jeju-do, and can be distinguished by the dark brown forewing with a blackish dentate postmedian and a light brown apical dot, and the dark brown hindwing with the light brown subtermen and angulate termen. Diagnosis and description of the species are given along with figures of the male and female genitalia.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.322-329
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• 2021

A depressariid moth, Agonopterix issikii Clarke, 1962, feeing on Orixa japonica was newly recorded from Korea. Agonopterix issikii can be characterized by the brownish forewing mottled dark brown and black scales that show a dentate line at the base and three minute blackish dots in triangular at the median, and the basally pale gray hindwing. Agonopterix issikii is similar to A. ocellana Fabricius in external appearance but can be distinguished by the presence of brownish forewing with three blackish triangular dots at the median. The male genitalia of Agonopterix issikii can be characterized by the elliptic gnathos, the triangular socius, the rectangular valva with rather straight cuiller, and the stout phallus with a short basal process and the absence of cornutus. The female genitalia can be characterized by the funnel-shaped ostium bursae, the long ducuts bursae, and the ovate corpus bursae with a rounded patch of signa. To date, 12 species of the genus Agonopterix have been recorded in Korea.

• Mycobiology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.249-255
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• 2010

We identified Lacrymaria velutina of the Coprinaceae in Korea. The unusually large and sturdy fruiting body, fibrillose to fibrillose-scaly cap and stalk without a volva with an obscure superior hairy ring zone or hairy annulus, and blackish brown, warted spores distinguished this species from closely related Psathyrella species. An illustrated account of the microscopic traits is presented. Fruiting bodies with obtusely hemispherical caps, 2.5~6 cm, becoming convex with age; surface dry, densely fibrillose-scaly with split margin; stipe, 4.5~6 cm, equal, hollow, fibrillose, dry, whitish above the superior ring zone, light brown below; crowded gills, adnexed, dark black at maturity. Pileipellis typically cellular with the gill edge appearing white and beaded. Blackish brown basidiospores that discolor in concentrated sulfuric acid. Spores elliptical, warted, $9\sim11{\times}6\sim8{\mu}m$, with prominent snout-like germpores. Cheilocystidia abundant, $57\sim68{\times}19\sim25{\mu}m$, and narrowly elongated clavate, often clustered in threes or fours. Pleurocystidia rarely present, $45\sim47.5{\times}12\sim13{\mu}m$, and clavate to utriform. This trait distinguishes our sample as L. velutina from other Psathyrella spp. of the Coprinaceae, which have smooth spores. This taxon was clarified by the observation that Psathyrella spores fade in concentrated sulfuric acid. A molecular phylogenetic study revealed that our specimen was Lacrymria velutipes, which is closely related to Lacrymaria lacrymabunda. Moreover, those two species are clearly distinguishable from other Psathyrella species, which agreed with the morphologically distinctive traits described above. We believe that this is the first report of this taxon, which has not been described in Korea.