• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.33-43
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• 2022

The number of car crashes increases along with the increasing number of vehicles. Hence, diverse initiatives on traffic accidents have been implemented, targeting zero crash fatalities. According to the 3rd Traffic Safety Master Plan of 2016, the current standard selecting road accident black spots prioritizes locations with the high cumulative death toll. While this standard is suitable for roads that a city government manages to some extent, it is not suitable for roads less than 20 meters that a borough (Gu) handles. The roads under the supervision of a borough do not have enough death toll, and thus improvements on its road accident black spots are highly limited. In addition, discovering the causes of traffic accidents is not easy when the number of car accidents is obtained by considering only fatal accidents, which are relatively low in number. Therefore, including all traffic accidents might identify causes of accidents and result in better advancements. Therefore, this research follows rational decision-making and suggests new National Traffic Safety Master Plan standards. These new standards are obtained by comparing accident costs between the location of fatal crashes and road accident black spots. The analysis result shows that considering all types of accidents yields better results. For example, a Three-way Intersection in front of Zion Day Care Center, one of the selected spots under the current standard, has lower road crash costs than Sinchon Intersection, a selected spot under a new standard. Therefore, the study concludes that the standards to select road accident black spots need to include traffic accident severity and road crash costs.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.213-216
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• 2003

A bacterial disease of tea plants(Camellia sinensis L.) was found in the graftage nursery grown under vinyl house conditions in Suncheon city, Korea, in spring of 2002. The primary symptoms of the disease include small, water-soaked and dark brown spot development on the young leaves. This spot gradually increases in size, especially taking on elongate shape along the midrib or vein of the leaf, and then turns black. The diseased leaves were defoliated easily. Ten strains were isolated from the infected leaf. Inoculation on tea leaf with these isolates produced the same symptoms of naturally infected plants. On the basis of stain reactions, morphological characterization, colony pattern, physiological and biochemical reactions, the bacterium was identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. theae. This is the first report of brown blight of tea plant in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.35-37
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• 2005

Anthracnose symptoms on Spiraea prunifolia were observed around the residential area of Dongbumyon, Geoje City, Gyeongnam Province, Korea in 2002 and 2003. Typical symptoms of the disease were dark red spot on the leaves and black spot on the stem. The pathogen formed gray to dark gray colony on potato dextrose agar. Conidia were single celled, color, ovoid or oblong in shape and $6{\sim}12\;{\times}\;3{\sim}5\;{\mu}m$ in size. Seta were dark brown in color, cone-shaped in shape and $23{\sim}42\;{\times}\;2{\sim}4\;{\mu}m$ in size. The optimum temperature for growth of the isolate was about $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. On the basis of mycological characteristics and pathogenicity test on host plants, the fungus was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. This is the first report on the anthracnose of S. prunifolia caused by C. gloeosporioides in Korea.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.328-332
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• 2002

Wheat samples showing typical spot blotch symptoms on stems and sheaths were collected from the field after physiological maturity, and were sealed in paper bags and stored in the laboratory at room temperature to study the survival of Bipolaris sorokiniana conidia on wheat straw. The materials were observed at monthly intervals to assess the conidia viability during storage. After 4 months, the frequency of individual conidia already present on wheat straw at the time of sampling was reduced and appeared to be progressively replaced by the formation of round structures consist-ing of conidia aggregates. After 5 months, distinct, individual conidia were no longer detected, and only 'clumps of conidia' were observed. These dark black aggregates or 'clumps of conidia’measured 157-170$\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter and were grouped into boat-shaped olivacious conidia showing thick wall and measuring 50-82$\times$20-30$\mu\textrm{m}$. The germination was unipolar and below 0.5%, suggesting the occurrence of dormancy, In contrast, individual conidium produced on wheat during the growing season were 96-130$\times$16-20$\mu\textrm{m}$, slightly curved, hyaline to light pale, and euseptate with a bipolar germination reaching 98-100%. Bipolaris sorokiniana conidia produced on PDA were 55-82$\times$20-27$\mu\textrm{m}$, tapered at both ends, dark brown to olivacious, distoseptate, showed up to 1% germination, and were predominantly unipolar. Results of the present study suggest that B. sorokiniana conidia belonged to two different physiological categories corresponding to the pathogen's infection phase and its survival, respectively. The infection phase is characterized by a high germination percentage as opposed to the survival phase harboring apparent dormancy.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2008

Recently irregular dark-colored patches were found on the Kentucky teeing ground in a golf course in Gyunggi providence. Interestingly, blue-green algae from the leaf tissue sample containing black spot-stained symptoms were largely observed through microscopic study. In general, algae present on the upper soil surface or in the upper layer of root zone form dark brown layers of scum or crust, which invoked harmful effects to turf growth such as poor drainage, inhibition of new root development. In this observation, unlike the algae were sometime found in senescing leaves on contacted soil in July and August, the blue-green algae were detected within black spot-stained Kentucky bluegrass leaf tissues including leaf blade, ligule, auriclea as well as leaf sheath. The blue-green algae were also detected on the leaf and stem tissue adjacent to the symptomatic leaf tissues. Two species of blue-green algae, Phomidium and Oscillatoria, were greatly observed. Oscillatoria species was more commonly notified in all samples. In addition, the two species were found on a putting green showing yellow spot disease at another golf course in Gyunggi providence. The data from chemical control assay revealed that chemicals such as propiconazole, iprodione, and azoxystrobin decreased blue-green algae population and leaf spots, which finally resulted in enhanced leaf quality. All taken together, we strongly suggested that the disease-like phenomenon by blue-green algae might be very closely mediated with infection/translocation process in relation with turfgrass. It indicates that blue-green algae in turf management may play an adverse role as a secondary barrier as well as a pathogenic agent. This report may be helpful for superintendents to recognize and understand the fact that algae control should be provided more cautiously and seriously than we did previously in upcoming golf course management.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1998

The taxonomic revision of the genus Carcharhinus in Korea was made based on the shark specimens collected in the western and southern coasts including Cheju Isl. of Korea from July 1996 to April 1997. Five species were recognized from the Korean waters and they are described herein. Among them, two species of Carcharhinus dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1839) and Carcharhinus sorrah (Valenciennes, 1839) were collected for the first time from the Cheju Isl. coast of Korea. Carcharhinus dussumieri differs from other species of genus Carcharhinus in following morphological characters: a black or dark spot on the sencond dorsal fin but no other markings, a small first triangular dorsal fin and a second dorsal fin with a short inner margin, and Carcharhinus sorrah: conspicuous black tips on the ventral caudal lobe, pectoral and second dorsal fins, and low second dorsal with a inner margin.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2003

Agronomic characters of the 361 Korean adzuki beans(Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi) collected in Korea were examined. Korean adzuki beans had predominantly up right growth habit types, followed by the intermediate types (15.3%) and the climbing types (6.9%). Round leaf type was the majority among the collections and followed by elliptical and xiphoid leaf type. Adzuki beans with yellow, light yellow and dark yellow flowers were 89.5％, 9.4％ and 1.1％, respectively. The 60.6% of the collections had red seeds and 26.9% had gray seeds. And collections with green seeds, white seeds mixed with gray spot, brown spots on red seeds, black spots on red seeds and dark gray spots on black seeds were also observed. Korean adzuki beans whose number of days from planting to flowering were 69∼75 days were the majority among 361 Korean adzuki beans. The number of days from flowering to majority were 41∼50 days and the number of days from planting to maturity were 111-120days. Adzuki beans having the stem length of 41-60 cm, the pod number per plant of 16-20 and the 100 seed weight of 8∼10 g were 50.2％, 40.2% and 30.5％ of collections, respectively.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.99-109
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• 2023

The darknet is frequently referred to as the hub of illicit online activity. In order to keep track of real-time applications and activities taking place on Darknet, traffic on that network must be analysed. It is without a doubt important to recognise network traffic tied to an unused Internet address in order to spot and investigate malicious online activity. Any observed network traffic is the result of mis-configuration from faked source addresses and another methods that monitor the unused space address because there are no genuine devices or hosts in an unused address block. Digital systems can now detect and identify darknet activity on their own thanks to recent advances in artificial intelligence. In this paper, offer a generalised method for deep learning-based detection and classification of darknet traffic. Furthermore, analyse a cutting-edge complicated dataset that contains a lot of information about darknet traffic. Next, examine various feature selection strategies to choose a best attribute for detecting and classifying darknet traffic. For the purpose of identifying threats using network properties acquired from darknet traffic, devised a hybrid deep learning (DL) approach that combines Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM). This probing technique can tell malicious traffic from legitimate traffic. The results show that the suggested strategy works better than the existing ways by producing the highest level of accuracy for categorising darknet traffic using the Black widow optimization algorithm as a feature selection approach and RNN-BiLSTM as a recognition model.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1755-1762
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• 2020

Objective: Thyroid hormone responsive spot 14 alpha (THRSP) has been used to investigate the regulation of de novo lipogenesis because the variation of THRSP mRNA content in the tissue affects directly the ability of that tissue to synthetize lipids. Also, this gene responds to thyroid hormone stimulation and high level of carbohydrate feeding or insulin-injection. This study was carried out to investigate variations within THRSP and their effects on body and carcass weights in Korean native chicken (KNC). Methods: A total of 585 chickens which represent the five lines of KNC (Black, Gray-Brown, Red-Brown, White, and Yellow-Brown) were reared and body weight data were recorded every two weeks from hatch until 20 weeks of age. Polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism, DNA chips for Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer, and Fluidigm Genotyping Technology, were applied to genotype selected markers. A linear mixed-effect model was used to access association between these single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and growth-related traits. Results: A total of 30 polymorphisms were investigated in THRSP. Of these, nine SNPs for loci were selected to perform association analyses. Significant associations were detected between g.-49G>T SNP with body weight at 20 weeks of age (BW20), g.451T>C SNP with growth at 10 to 12 weeks of age (GR10-12), and g.1432A>C SNP with growth at 14 to 16 weeks trait (GR14-16) and body weight at 18 weeks of age (BW18). Moreover, diplotype of the THRSP gene significantly affected body weight at 12 weeks of age (BW12) and GR10-12 traits. Diplotype of ht1/ht2 was favorable for BW12 and GR10-12 traits. Conclusion: These results suggest that THRSP can be regarded as a candidate gene for growth traits in KNC.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2007

English ivy (Hedera helix) in Araliaceae family is an evergreen climbing vine. A severe bacterial disease of English ivy was observed and investigated in January 2005. Initial symptoms on the leaves appeared as small water-soaked lesions on the lower surface. As the spots enlarged, the center became brown to brownish black and greenish-brown water-soaked, irregular margins surrounded the center, The spots developed into large irregular blotches, sometimes 5$\sim$10 mm in diameter, then coalesced. Finally, the water-soaked margins raised, dried out, became corky and broke in the center. A bacterial organism, isolated from the advancing margins of the lesions, was tested for its pathogenicity according to the Koch's postulates and biochemical and physiological tests identified the isolated bacterium as a Xanthomonas. The representative Xanthomonas strains (SL4821 and SL4822) isolated from English ivy were compared with a reference strain X. hortorum pv. hederae for fatty acid profiles, metabolic fingerprints and 16s rDNA sequences, showing that all outcomes were indistinguishable between the representative and reference strains. This is the first report of bacterial leaf spot of English ivy in Korea.