• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권2_spc호
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• pp.356-363
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• 2022

This paper is a review of some experiments using black soldier fly (BSF) and its by-product to explore their nutritional value, production potential in Indonesia and its application in the ration of ruminants. Evaluation on the effect of milk replacer, creep feed containing BSF, BSF frass and the possibility to use lactic acid bacteria from BSF as probiotics are presented. Utilization of BSF larvae in milk replacer as skim and cream milk substitute showed that there were similarity on physiological, hematological status and performance of goat kids compared to those offered goat milk or commercial milk replacer. In addition, BSF larvae can be used to substitute soybean meal in the creep feed for post weaning goat kids without any differences in weight gain and blood profiles. However, utilization of BSF frass in the fattening goat ration resulted lower digestibility of dry matter and organic matter due to the chitin content in the frass. Black soldier fly larvae grown on chicken manure harbour lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which have potential as probiotics for ruminants. In general, BSF larvae has potential as ingredient for milk replacer, creep feed, fattening ration, and source of LAB for probiotics.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.900-908
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• 2020

This study was conducted to partially replace fish meal with black soldier fly (BSF) larvae or mealworm (MW) larvae in the diet for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. A tuna by-product meal (27%) was used as the protein source in a control (Con) diet, which was replaced with 20%, 40%, or 60% BSF (designated as BSF20, BSF40, and BSF60, respectively), or MW (MW20, MW40, and MW60, respectively). The shrimp (average body weight, 0.09 g) were randomly stocked in 28 acrylic tanks and quadruplicate groups were fed one of the experimental diets six times daily. After 57 days of the feeding trial, growth and feed efficiency were significantly higher in shrimp that were fed the BSF40 and BSF60 diets than those in shrimp fed the Con diet. Phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and gene expression of crustin were significantly higher in shrimp fed BSF or MW diets than those in shrimp fed the Con diet. The results indicate that BSF or MW could be used as a fish meal replacement or as a functional protein source in diets and can help improve the growth, feed utilization, innate immunity and antioxidant capacity of Pacific white shrimp.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.185-187
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• 2010

Most studies of the black soldier fly, Hermitia illucens, widely distributed throughout Southeast Asia and America focused on the use of larvae for recycling various organic materials and feed for fish and livestock. To recognize the instars of the soldier fly's larvae, we examined the number of exuviae originated from each larva from 1st instar to pupa. The weight and the head capsule width of the black soldier fly larvae also confirmed that the black soldier fly was passed through 6th instars. In addition, we found that the black soldier fly larvae had a well developed mandibular-maxillary complex, similar to those reported from the larvae of scavengers including Odontomyia cincta, Neopachygaster maculicornis, Ptecticus brunettii and Stratiomys ruficornis.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.386-393
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• 2020

최근, 환경오염의 심화, 식량·에너지 부족, 지구온난화 문제에 대한 대안으로 곤충산업이 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 환경정화 곤충 및 사료용 곤충으로 각광받고 있는 동애등에(Black soldier fly, Hermetia illicens)의 고부가 가치화를 위해, 생육시기별로 유충(2령~6령), 번데기, 용각 및 성충을 회수하여 이의 에탄올 추출물을 조제하고, 이의 유용성분 함량, 혈액응고저해 및 혈소판 응집저해 활성을 평가하였다. 동애등에 유충은 15일 사육(2령~6령) 동안 25배 무게가 증가하였으며, 흰색-미색-흑갈색으로 변화하였으며, 에탄올 추출수율은 생육시기에 따라 1.0~18.5%로 다양하였다. 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 용각(17.2 mg/g)에서 가장 높았으며, 번데기, 성충, 2령 순으로 나타났으며, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 번데기(3.4 mg/g), 용각, 6령 순으로 나타났다. 반면 총당 함량은 6령(37.6 mg/g)에서 특이하게 높게 나타났으며, 용각, 번데기, 5령순으로 나타났다. 혈액응고 저해 활성 평가결과, 용각 추출물에서 가장 우수한 트롬빈저해, 내인성 및 외인성 응고 저해를 나타내었으며, 6령 및 번데기 추출물에서도 우수한 항응고 활성을 확인하였다. 혈소판 응집저해 활성 평가에서는 3령, 용각 및 성충 추출물에서 우수한 응집저해능이 나타났으며, 4령 및 5령 추출물은 오히려 혈소판 응집을 촉진함을 확인하였다. 현재까지 동애등에의 항혈전 활성은 보고된 바 없으며, 특히 생육시기별 활성 평가도 보고된 바 없다. 본 연구결과는 동애등애 번데기 및 용각을 이용한 항혈전 소재 개발이 가능함을 제시하고 있다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.624-633
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• 2021

This study was conducted to determine the supplemental effects of two insect meals, mealworm (MW) and black soldier fly (BSF), with high or low lipid levels in diets, on Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Sardine and tuna by-product meals were used as the fish meal source in a control (Con) diet. The fish meals were replaced with MW, defatted MW (deMW), BSF or defatted BSF (deBSF), respectively. The shrimp (body weight: 0.47 g) were stocked into 20 acryl tanks (215 L) and fed the diets six times a day. After 45 days of the feeding trial, the shrimp that were fed insect meals had significantly higher phenoloxidase and superoxide dismutase activities than the shrimp fed Con diet. The gene expressions of prophenoloxidase, crustin and penaeidine-3c in shrimp hepatopancrease were also higher in shrimp that were fed the insect diets, regardless of defatting than those in shirmp that were fed Con diet. The survival against Vibrio parahaemolyticus was higher in shrimp that were fed the diets containing defatted insect meals than in shrimp that were fed Con diet. These results indicate that MW and BSF, regardless of lipid levels, could be good protein sources for the enhancement of innate immunity and anti-oxidant capacity of the shrimp.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.300-308
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• 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the utilization of low fish meal (LFM) diet and black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens meal supplementation in LFM diet as a fish meal (FM) replacer or functional additive for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Three LFM diets were prepared to contain 30, 25, and 20% FM, respectively (designated as F30, F25, and F20). Three BSF diets were prepared by adding 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0% BSF in the LFM diets, respectively (designated as F30B2.0, F25B2.5, and F20B3.0). A total of 540 fish (initial mean body weight: 22.3±0.01g) were randomly distributed into 18 tanks (240 L) in triplicate groups and fed the experimental diets twice daily for 12 weeks. Results showed that there were no significant differences in the growth performance, feed utilization and survival among all the groups. Lysozyme activity significantly increased in F30B2.0 and F25B2.5 groups compared to their respective LFM groups. Total immunoglobulin was significantly higher in F30 group than in F20 group. Anti-protease and myeloperoxidase activities were significantly higher in F30B2.0 group than in F20 group. Innate immunity gradually decreased with decreasing FM level in all the groups. BSF supplementation significantly improved immunity compared to their respective LFM diets. Therefore, BSF could be used as an immuno-stimulant supplement in LFM diets for P. olivaceus.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.1399-1409
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• 2019

바이오디젤은 신재생연료이면서 환경 친화적인 수송용 액상 바이오연료이다. 곤충은 새로운 바이오디젤 원료로 여겨지고 있다. 특히, 동애등에는 높은 지질을 함유하고 있어 재생가능한 바이오디젤 원료이다. 동애등에 유래 바이오디젤은 포화지방산 함량이 높고 다불포화지방산 함량이 낮아 품질이 좋은 바이오디젤을 만들 수 있다. 동애등에 유래 바이오디젤은 EN 14214의 대부분 품질기준을 만족한다. 동애등에는 기존의 식물성 원료, 미세조류에 비해 지질 수율이 높아 바이오디젤 생산성이 높다. 본 논문에서는 곤충 유래 바이오디젤의 전반적인 생산 방법과 품질 특성에 대해 서술하였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.861-869
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• 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the effectivity of full-fat black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (BSF) and defatted mealworm Tenebrio molitor (MW) larvae meal as a fish meal (FM) substitute in a low-fish meal (LFM) diet for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The LFM diet comprising 45% FM with tankage meal, poultry byproduct meal, soy protein concentrate and wheat gluten was the control diet. Three experimental diets were 10% FM in Con with BSF, MW and a mixture of both at the same ratio (designated as B10, M10 and B5M5, respectively). Four hundred and forty-fourth juvenile P. olivaceus (34.3±0.1 g) were randomly distributed into 12 tanks (425 L) in three replicate groups per treatment and fed the experimental diets for 15 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance, survival, biological indices (condition factor, viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index), non-specific immune responses (lysozyme, myeloperoxidase) and intestinal histology (villi length and goblet cells) were not significantly affected by treatments. Feed utilization was significantly decreased in M10 compared to the control group. Alanine aminotransferase level was significantly higher in M10 than in the control group. Glucose level was significantly lower in B10 than in the control group. These results suggest that BSF and MW can be used as FM substitutes. However, considering feed conversion ratio and AST level, MW availability is thought to be lower than that of BSF, and feeding fish with a diet containing MW for an extended period is thought to adversely affect fish growth.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.95-98
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• 2013

본 시험은 붕어에 대하여 동애동에의 살아있는 유충과 건조된 유충 및 번데기의 공급 사육시 성장에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 약 16주간 사육하면서 어체의 증체율 및 길이성장을 비교 조사하였다. 사료로 사용하기 위한 성분분석에서 건조 유충과 번데기의 조단백질 함량은 43% 이상 수준으로 나타났으며, 지방산 분석결과에서 불포화 지방산의 함량이 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 이는 양어사료의 단백질 및 필수 지방산 공급원으로 좋은 원료로 사용 가능 할 것으로 사료된다. 약 16주간 동애등에를 붕어먹이로 공급하여 어체의 증체율과 길이에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과는 살아있는 동애등에 유충을 공급한 실험구에서 증체율과 길이의 증가가 가장 크게 나타났다. 양어사료만을 공급한 실험구와 양어사료에 건조한 유충과 번데기를 50% 혼합하여 공급한 실험구의 증체율 및 길이의 증가를 비교해 보았을 때 건조한 유충과 번데기를 혼합하여 공급하는 것이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.34-40
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• 2023

As agricultural production increases due to population growth, agricultural by-products that are generated at all production stages increase commensurately. Black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) treatment has potential as an environmentally friendly process to combat the environmental pollution caused by agricultural by-products. This study examined the utilization of BSF larvae in the decomposition of the by-products of apples and mandarins, fruits commonly produced in South Korea. The BSF test larvae were fed apple pomace or mandarin waste, and the control larvae were fed calf feed. Larval weight and size were measured at 4-day intervals until larvae reached the pre-pupal stage. Larval development time, survival rate, and BSF fecundity rate were calculated for all three substrates. Waste reduction and bioconversion ratios were also calculated. The developmental time of larvae fed with apple pomace and mandarin waste was greater than that of the control larvae. The average weight of larvae fed with the fruit by-products was less than that of the control. There was no significant difference in the survival rate of BSF larvae or the fecundity rate of BSF between the substrates used in this study. BSF larvae decomposed 48.0% and 61.5% of apple pomace and mandarin waste, respectively. The bioconversion efficiency rates of BSF larvae fed with apple pomace and mandarin waste were 9.1% and 12.1%, respectively. These results indicated that decomposition of single fruit by-products by BSF larvae is an environmentally friendly and effective bioconversion process.