• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.306-316
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• 2006

In this study, the effect of the shade level, water flow rate applied to the shades and the temperature of water on the greenhouse cooling was investigated depending on the shade level of 0, 35, 55, 75%, and water flow rate and water temperature by the test on the small wooden frames to find out the low cost cooling method. With increasing of the dry bulb temperature of outside air, the dry bulb temperature in the wooden frames increased. For the frames with the shade and water, inside temperatures of the frames were lower of -0.2$\sim$-1.2$^{\circ}C$ than the temperature of the outside air and higher than the water temperature. For the frames without water, inside temperatures of the frames were higher of 1.7$\sim$4$^{\circ}C$ than the outside and not affected by the shade level very much. The water flow rate and the temperature of the water were not the important factors to decrease the inside temperatures in the frames. The black globe temperature became lower with increasing of shade level. The shade frames with water curtain showed the best cooling effect because of reducing thermal radiation and cooling the plastic film cover. The surface temperatures of the plastic film cover for the water supplied modules became lower with increasing of the shade level. The relative humidity was decreased with the dry bulb temperature in the frame increasing and not affected by the dry bulb temperature of the outside air for the frames with the shade and water.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.spc
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• pp.30-36
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• 2022

A sensor is needed to continuously and automatically measure the change in HNS concentration in industrial facilities that directly discharge to the sea after water treatment. The basic function of the sensor is to be able to detect ppb levels even at room temperature. Therefore, a method for increasing the sensitivity of the existing sensor is proposed. First, a method for increasing the conductivity of a film using a conductive carbon-based additive in a nanoparticle thin film and a method for increasing ion adsorption on the surface using a catalyst metal were studied.. To improve conductivity, carbon black was selected as an additive in the film using ITO nanoparticles, and the performance change of the sensor according to the content of the additive was observed. As a result, the change in resistance and response time due to the increase in conductivity at a CB content of 5 wt% could be observed, and notably, the lower limit of detection was lowered to about 250 ppb in an experiment with organic solvents. In addition, to increase the degree of ion adsorption in the liquid, an experiment was conducted using a sample in which a surface catalyst layer was formed by sputtering Au. Notably, the response of the sensor increased by more than 20% and the average lower limit of detection was lowered to 61 ppm. This result confirmed that the chemical resistance sensor using metal oxide nanoparticles could detect HNS of several tens of ppb even at room temperature.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.16-33
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• 2004

Up to now, image of femme fatale has undergone constant transformation to be inherited and developed through various genres of movies. With few exceptions such cases have represented sensuality of women by costumes with the most distinctive and exaggerated sexuality. Temptresses in movies are mostly drawn as extravagant and gorgeous one or a gloomy and dreary woman. Such an image is reinforced with make-up, hair style, accessories, attitude and manner of talking. The movie 'Chicago' is a musical film that crosses the boundaries of reality and fantasy with dancing and singing. Its lighting, stage setting, powerful and sexy dancing augmented already exaggerated and sensual costumes. Following is the analysis of costumes for two heroines as images of femme fatale. Strong contrast of color among black, red and blue on see-through & stickingly tight body suit signifies liberal mind and arrogant charisma of Velma. The contrast, haughty gestures, cropped black hair and thick makeups represent sex appeal, aggressive image, and fearlessly determined character of femme fatale. Roxie wears decent dresses in front of public and gorgeous stage costume in fantasy to convey two images of bad girl and angel. Her body suit, showing off lustering materials and dazzling bead decoration, is rather loose but still displays her bodyline to emphasize sexiness for representation of desire in fantasy. Chastity and innocence are implied with the decency of dresses in reality. They were specially chosen to draw public sympathy and indicate cunning disguise of Roxy who desperately wants to realize her desire. These dauntless costumes, which sufficiently express inside aspirations of Velma and Roxie later denote open and realistic social yearning rather than fatal desire hidden behind sensual beauty. It doesn't exist as imperfect, unrealistic and socially disdainful ambition as the image of femme fatale of paintings and movies did before in history. Femme fatale is expressed with deep cleavage, silk dresses that explicitly display bodyline, sexiness of mesh stockings with garter belts. All of these won't be utilized as a negative tool to seduce and destroy someone anymore but rather, they should represent rightful and fair nature of humans such as men's curiosity who secretly steal a look at them or female sexuality that women spontaneously want to show off.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.422-427
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• 2007

Semiconducting layers are thin rubber film between electrical cable wire and insulating polymer layers having a volume resistivity of ${\sim}10^2{\Omega}cm$. Commercial semiconducting layers ire composed of polymer composites reinforced with more than 30 wt% of carbon blacks. A new semiconducting material was suggested in this study based on the carbon nanotube(CNT)-reinforced polymer nanocomposites. CNT-reinforced polymer nanocomposites were prepared by solution mixing and precipitation with various polymer type and dual filler system. The mechanical, thermal and electrical properties were investigated as a function of polymer type and dual filler system based on CNT and carbon black. The volume resistivity of composites was strongly related with the crystallinity of polymer matrix. With the decreased crystallinity, the volume resistivity decreased linearly until a critical point, and it remained constant with further decreasing the crystallinity. Dual filler system also affected the volume resistivity. The CNT-reinforced nanocomposite showed the lowest volume resistivity. When a small amount of carbon black(CB) was replaced the CNT, the crystallinity increased considerably leading to a higher volume resistivity.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.525-530
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• 2019

The performance and stability of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) depend on the microstructure of the electrode and electrolyte. In anode, porosity and pore distribution affect the active site and fuel gas transfer. In an electrolyte, density and thickness determine the ohmic resistance. To optimizing these conditions, using costly method cannot be a suitable research plan for aiming at commercialization. To solve these drawbacks, we made high performance unit cells with low cost and highly efficient ceramic processes. We selected the NiO-YSZ cermet that is a commercial anode material and used facile methods like die pressing and dip coating process. The porosity of anode was controlled by the amount of carbon black (CB) pore former from 10 wt% to 20 wt% and final sintering temperature from $1350^{\circ}C$ to $1450^{\circ}C$. To achieve a dense thin film electrolyte, the thickness and microstructure of electrolyte were controlled by changing the YSZ loading (vol%) of the slurry from 1 vol% to 5 vol. From results, we achieved the 40% porosity that is well known as an optimum value in Ni-YSZ anode, by adding 15wt% of CB and sintering at $1350^{\circ}C$. YSZ electrolyte thickness was controllable from $2{\mu}m$ to $28{\mu}m$ and dense microstructure is formed at 3vol% of YSZ loading via dip coating process. Finally, a unit cell composed of Ni-YSZ anode with 40% porosity, YSZ electrolyte with a $22{\mu}m$ thickness and LSM-YSZ cathode had a maximum power density of $1.426Wcm^{-2}$ at $800^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.211-222
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• 1995

This experiments were carried out to investigate the growth responses of spinach to temperature controlling by shading treatments at different times during the summer, and the effects of environmental parameters on the growth and yield were evaluated. The fourth cultivation was showed maximum temperature at air temperature of 33.1$^{\circ}C$ and soil temperature of 28.6$^{\circ}C$, followed by third, second, fifth and first cultivation. Among the tested temperature decreasing by shading, shading with silver - coated PE film strips was the most effective in lowering greenhouse air temperatures by showing 1.1$^{\circ}C$ decrease as compared to the outside air temperature and 3.1$^{\circ}C$ decrease as compared to the air temperatures inside the non-shaded PE house and 2.3$^{\circ}C$ decrease as compared to the air temperaturese shading with black- coated PE film strips, the soil temperature was showing 2$^{\circ}C$ decrease in both shading treatments than non-shaded PE and outdoor. In first cultivation, difficult cultivated as compared to others period owing to bolting of spinach. This first period was cultivated used two domestic cultivars and six imported cultivars, significantly better growth and higher yield of spinach were recorded in glory, manchuparuk and sunlighr cultivars. The effectiveness of shading on spinach, as expressed by the crop yield increase, was the highest in the planting from July 1 to August 24.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.150-156
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• 2001

To explore the feasibility of recycled paper mulching in spring-grown potato the changes of soil environments and the growth and yield of potato under non-mulched control and three mulching treatments of recycled paper (RPM), transparent polyethylene film (TPFM), and black polyethylene film (BPFM) were examined over two spring seasons in 1998 and 1999 at Suwon, Korea. The mulching materials were a recycled mulch paper with 110 g/$m^2$ and a thickness of 0.1mm, which was manufactured from old corrugated containers for this experiment and the commercial polyethylene films with a thickness of 0.01mm. RPM lowered the average soil temperature at 5-cm depth during the potato growing period by 03$^{\circ}C$ compared with the control, whereas TPFM and BPFM raised it by 2.$0^{\circ}C$, and 1.8$^{\circ}C$, respectively. On a sunny day during sprout emergence, RPM reduced the maximum soil temperature by about 5$^{\circ}C$, while TPFM and BPFM enhanced it by about 11$^{\circ}C$ and 6.$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The temperature difference between the control and the mulching treatments decreased with the development of canopy. All the mulching treatments had an advantage in preserving the soil moisture over the control. RPM and BPFM resulted in the effective control of weed by obstructing light transmission onto soil surface, but TPFM had no control effect of weed. Sprout emergence started two to three days earlier in TPFM and BPFM, but one day later in RPM than in the control due to the altered soil temperature by the mulching treatments. However, the final percentage of emergence was notably lower in TPFM than that in the control because of too high soil temperature during daytime, but was not different among the control, RPM, and BPFM. During the early stage of potato growth, the shoot and root growth under RPM was lower compared with the control, but afterwards, RPM outpaced the control. In 1998 experiment, the tuber yield under RPM and BPFM were significantly higher than those of the control and TPFM. In 1999 experiment, there was no significant difference in tuber yield between RPM and the control.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 1990

A sweet corn hybrid, Golden Cross Bantam 70, was grown at 5 plant populations (5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, and 9,000 plants/10a) under the transparent P .E. film mulch to find the best yield evaluation method. Plant population did not affect early plant growth, culm length, ear height, and silking date. However, number of tillers at harvest decreased but leaf area index increased with increased plant population. Marketable ears were divided into two classes; the first grade of which husked ear weight over l50g (unhusked ear weight 230g) and the second grade of which husked ear weight between 100 and 150g (unhusked ear weight between 180 and 230g) according to the whole sale market price. Average length, thickness, and weight of marketable ears over 100g of husked ears decreased with increased plant population. The proportion of ears over 150g decreased with increased plant population. However, total number and weight of marketable ears and gross income per 10a calculated considering weight and number of ears increased with plant population. There were highly positive correlations between gross income and ear number or ear weight per unit area. At high plant populations the number of marketable ears was overestimated but ear weight underestimated compared with gross income. Dry matter yield of stover increased with increased plant population and ranged 755-944kg/10a with 20.7-24.5% dry matter content. Rice black-streaked dwarf virus infection rate was 10.6-14.9%, but it was not related to plant population.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.334-340
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• 2007

A super sweet corn hybrid, "Cambella 90", was grown at 5 plant populations (35,000, 45,000, 55,000, 65,000, 75,000 plants/ha) on 1 April, 1 May, and 1 June in 2004 under black polyethylene (P. E.) film mulch to find out the optimum plant populations at different planting dates. Emergence rate and percent stand increased as planting dates delayed. Culm length and ear height were highest at the planting on 1 May and increased with increased plant population. Soluble solids content was highest at the planting on 1 May and decreased as plant population increased. Ear length, seed set ear length, ear diameter, and ear weight decreased as plant population increased. Seed set ear length could not substitute for ear weight to evaluate marketable ears. The optimum plant population of "Cambella 90" was $65,000{\sim}75,000$ plants/ha at the planting on 1 April when emergence rate was low due to low temperature, $55,000{\sim}65,000$ plants/ha at the planting on 1 May, and 65,000 plants/ ha after the planting on 1 June.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 1999

A numerical model using soil surface energy balance and soil heat flow equations to estimate mulched soil temperature was developed. The required inputs data include weather data, such as global solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed, atmospheric water vapor pressure, the optical properties of mulching material, and soil physical properties. The observed average soil temperature at 50 cm depth was used as the initial value of soil temperature at each depth. Soil temperature was simulated starting at 0 hour at an interval of 10 minutes. The model reliably described the variation of soil temperature with time progress and soil depth. The correlation between the estimated and measured temperature yielded coefficient values of 0.961, 0.966 for 5cm and 10cm depth of the bare soil, respectively, 0.969, 0.965 for the paper mulched soil, and 0.915, 0.938 for the black polyethylene film mulched soil. The percentages of absolute differences less than 2$^{\circ}$C between soil temperatures measured and simulated at 10 minute interval were 97.4% and 98.5% for 5 cm and 10cm for the bare soil, respectively, and 95.8% and 97.4% for the paper mulched soil, and 70.1% and 92.5% for the polyethylene film mulched soil. The results indicated that the model was able to predict the soil temperature fairly well under mulched condition. However, in the night time, the model performance was a little poor as compared with day time due to the difficulty of accurate determination of the atmospheric long wave radiation.