• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.64 no.9
• /
• pp.480-488
• /
• 2021

Background: An adequate large-scale pediatric cohort based on nationwide administrative data is lacking in Korea. Purpose: This study established the National Investigation of Birth Cohort in Korea study 2008 (NICKs-2008) based on data from a nationwide population-based health screening program and data on healthcare utilization for children. Methods: The NICKs-2008 study consisted of the Korean National Health Insurance System (NHIS) and the National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children (NHSPIC) databases comprising children born in 2008 (n=469,248) and 2009 (n=448,459) in the Republic of Korea. The NHIS database contains data on age, sex, residential area, income, healthcare utilization (International Classification of Diseases10 codes, procedure codes, and drug classification codes), and healthcare providers. The NHSPIC consists of 7 screening rounds. These screening sessions comprised physical examination, developmental screening (rounds 2-7), a general health questionnaire, and age-specific anticipatory guidance. Results: During the 10-year follow-up, 2,718 children (0.3%) died, including more boys than girls (hazard ratio, 1.145; P<0.001). A total of 848,048 children participated in at least 1 of the 7 rounds of the NHSPIC, while 96,046 participated in all 7 screening programs. A total of 823 infants (0.1%) weighed less than 1,000 g, 3,177 (0.4%) weighed 1,000-1,499 g, 37,166 (4.4%) weighed 1,500-2,499 g, 773,081 (91.4%) weighed 2,500-4,000 g, and 32,016 (5.1%) weighed over 4,000 g. There were 23,404 premature babies (5.5%) in 2008 compared to 23,368 (5.6%) in 2009. The developmental screening test indicated appropriate development in 95%-98% of children, follow-up requirements for 1%-4% of children, and recommendations for further evaluation for 1% of children. Conclusion: The NICKs-2008, which integrates data from the NHIS and NHSPIC databases, can be used to analyze disease onset prior to hospitalization based on information such as lifestyle, eating habits, and risk factors.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.317-327
• /
• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to identify small for gestational age (SGA) infants' growth patterns, nutritional status, and associated factors. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at primary-care child health clinics in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The sample consisted of infants who fulfilled the criteria and were born in 2019. The anthropometric data of infants were assessed at birth and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Results: A total of 328 infants were analysed. In total, 27.7%(n=91) of the subjects were SGA infants, and 237 of them were not. Significant differences in the median weight-for-age and length-for-age z-scores were observed between SGA and non-SGA infants at birth, 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months. There was a significant difference between the growth patterns of SGA and non-SGA infants. Birth weight and sex significantly predicted the nutritional status(stunting and underweight) of SGA infants during their first year of life. Conclusion: SGA infants can catch up to achieve normal growth during their first year of life. Even though the nutritional status of SGA infants trends worse than non-SGA infants, adequate infant birth weight monitoring and an emphasis on nutritional advice are crucial for maintaining well-being.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.53-88
• /
• 2006

The major aim of this paper is to develop a hypothetical set of age-specific fertility rates which are logically derived and reasonably accurate in the projection of future population. The first procedure is to select a generalized log-gamma distribution model, which includes Coale-McNeil nuptiality model, in order to estimate and project a set of age-specific fertility rates by birth cohort and birth order. The second is to apply the log-gamma model with an empirical adjustment to the actual data to estimate and project the future fertility rates for relatively young birth cohorts who did not complete their reproductive career. This study reconstructs or translates a set of cohort age-specific fertility rates into a set of period age-specific fertility rates which must be hypothesized in order to establish the broader framework of future population projection. For example, the fertility at age 20 in the year of 2020 is the fertility at age 20 for the cohort born in 1990, while the fertility at age 21 in the year of 2020 is the fertility at 21 for the cohort born in 1989. In turn, once a set of age-specific fertility rates for the cohorts who were born up to the year of 2010, it is possible for one to establish an hypothetical set of period age-specific fertility rates which will be needed to project the future population until the year of 2055. The difference in the hypothetical system of age-specific fertility rates between this study and the 2005 special population projection comes from the fact that the fertility estimation/projection model used in this study was skillfully exploited to reflect better actual trend of fertility decline caused by rise in marriage age and increasing proportion of those who remain single until their end of reproduction. In this regard, this paper argues that the set of age-specific fertility rates derived from this study is more logical and reasonably accurate than the set of those used for the 2005 special projection. In the population projection, however, the fundamental issue of the hypothetical setting of age-specific fertility rates in relation to the fertility estimation/projection model is about how skillfully one can handle the period effects. It is not easy for one to completely cope with the problem of period effects except for the a minor period adjustment based on recent actual data, along with the given framework of a cohort-based fertility estimation/projection model.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.93-112
• /
• 2013

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the incidence rate of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in Korean youths using the National Health Insurance Data Methods: We obtained the case of NIHL with the National Health Insurance Data and calculated the incidence rate of NIHL after classifying them by year (from 2005 through 2008), age, gender, birth cohort. Results: The age-adjusted incidence rate by year of NIHL per 100,000 population increased by 40.6% from 13.8 persons in 2005 to 19.4 persons in 2008, which showed a increasing trend every year. In particular, the incidence rate per 100,000 population among the adolescents (15-19 years of age) shot up by 78.2% from 8.7 persons in 2005 to 15.5 persons in 2008. According to the incidence rate by birth cohort of NIHL, the birth cohorts showed the gradually increase in incidence rate as time passed by. Adolescents in early 20s (20-24 years of age) had a higher incidence rate than teenage and men had a higher incidence rate than women. Conclusions: The results suggest that incidence rate of NIHL in Korean youths has rapidly increased among adolescents. Therefore, it is required to educate adolescents about the risk of hearing loss due to noise, establish program to prevent NIHL among adolescents and provide them with health education on hearing loss prevention.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.24 no.6 s.84
• /
• pp.177-193
• /
• 2006

This study analyzes marriage and fertility rates in Korea and makes recommendations for family policy. Based on the 'The Report of Marriage & Divorce Statistics in 2005' and data from the Korea Statistical Information System (KOSIS) of the National Statistics Organization, the trends, reasons for marriage rates changes, and future expectations were critically reviewed. In addition, the relationship between marriage and fertility rates was analyzed. The principle characteristics of marriage rates are as follows: 1) the M-shape of the longitudinal crude marriage rates; 2) the increased age of individuals entering their the first marriage; 3) the increase in remarriage rates; 4) the changes in the patterns of remarriage; 5) the increased in the age at which individuals remarry and; 6) the increase in marriage to non-Koreans. The marriage and fertility rates changes are a permanent normative shift because of 1) later marriage because of women's increased education and labor force participation 2) rational choices about birth control 3) reduced population because of the aging of baby boomers 4) structural changes in the marriage market and 5) egalitarian changes in women's attitudes toward marriage and family. The recommendations for future family policy were as follows: 1) the need for a realistic, long-term family policy because the current marriage patterns will continue; 2) the need to develop new statistics such as fertility rates that are based on marriage cohort or birth cohort because family behavior is a mixture of personal, social and political responses; 3) the need for impact analysis of current family policy about increasing fertility rates; 4) the need for a new family perspective that encompasses diverse marriage and family patterns; 5) the need to focus on men's role in families because of women's changing roles and family interaction patterns and; 6) the need for preventive family policies such as family life education.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.11-23
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study is to explore cohort changes in first-time homeownership in Korea. The study collected qualitative data from individual interviews to explore the housing trajectories of different birth cohorts. As a result, Individual interviews facilitated an exploration of the decision making process of first-time homeowner with in a cohort context. The cohorts born in the 1950s seek a sense of security through homeownership, and have strong Korean sentiments of ownership. They tried various means to buy a house, and real estate market boom at that time played a role in the driving force. The cohorts born in the 1960s have less insecurity of tenure than the previous cohorts, but they still feel the need for homeownership. Since the currency crisis in 1997 caused the fluctuation of housing price, the 1960s cohort experienced a dramatic decline and rebound of assets while the previous cohorts had experienced a steady rise in housing prices. Finally, the attitude towards housing in the group of 1970s cohorts has changed from ownershiporiented to use-oriented.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
• /
• v.12 no.8
• /
• pp.33-39
• /
• 2021

Purpose: The influence of age on time preference is not identified in the usual cross-sectional analysis. This study aims to test whether age affects time preference after controlling for the effects of individual heterogeneity including cohort effects. Research design, data and methodology: Drawing on a nationally representative panel dataset of Indonesians, we estimate the effects of age on time preference after controlling for unobserved individual heterogeneity as well as potential cohort effects. We measure time preference exploiting information on two sets of multiple price lists: one for a one-year delay, and the other for a five-year delay. Results: When we controlled for time-invariant individual characteristics, including birth cohort effects in a fixed effects model, the older men and women were more patient in a linear fashion, particularly when the delay was longer. To highlight the importance of controlling for individual fixed effects, we repeated the specification without controlling for individual fixed effects in OLS or censored maximum likelihood regression; we found no relation between age and impatience in men or women and for a one or five-year delay. Conclusions: The older men and women are more patient, and time preferences are correlated with unobserved individual heterogeneity.

• Neonatal Medicine
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.153-160
• /
• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the tolerability and effect of early high-dose amino acid administration in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWIs). Methods: This retrospective cohort study included ELBWI (birth weight <1,000 g, n=142). Biochemical, nutritional, and neurodevelopmental data were compared between infants who received conventional low amino acid (LAA; 1.5 g/kg/day) and those who received high amino acid (HAA; 3 g/kg/day) within the first 48 hours after birth. Neurodevelopmental data included weight, height, and head circumference at discharge, 12 to 14 and 18 to 24 months of corrected age and the Korean Bayley Scale of Infant Development II (K-BSID-II) score at 18 to 24 months of corrected age. Results: The HAA group demonstrated higher peak plasma albumin ($3.0{\pm}0.4$ vs. $3.2{\pm}0.5$, P<0.05) and lower serum creatinine ($1.7{\pm}0.9$ vs. $1.4{\pm}0.8$, P<0.05) during the first 14 days than the LAA group. Full enteral feeding was achieved significantly earlier in infants in the HAA group than in infants in the LAA group ($46.2{\pm}23.0days$ vs. $34.3{\pm}21days$, P<0.01). There was no difference between the two groups in the z score changes in all growth indicators from birth to discharge and at 12 to 14 and 18 to 24 months of corrected age, as well as in the K-BSID-II score at 18 to 24 months of corrected age. Conclusion: Aggressive administration of amino acids during the first 2 days of life in ELBWI was well tolerated and correlated with earlier full enteral feeding, but did not improve growth and neurodevelopment.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2004.10a
• /
• pp.81.1-81.1
• /
• 2004

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.97-116
• /
• 1988

This study examines the socioeconomic determinants of fertility behavior in Korea by developing a model which simultaneously takes into account both individual and community-level differences. It especially focuses on the micro-macro nexus of fertility behavior depending on social contexts. This study utilizes micro data obtained from the 1974 Korean National Fertility Survey(KNFS), and macro data obtained from Korean government statistics. The framework of the model is formalized as a set of structural equations modelling the fertility process. The model is formed on a cohort-specific processual basis and is restricted to five-year birth cohorts. Three cohorts of women are studied : those aged 30-34, 35-39, and 40-44. The model includes three fertility-process components : age at first birth, early fertility, and later fertility, which are defined by reference to the age of the mother. The results of this study indicate that socioeconomic development in Korea results in increased age at first birth and reduced numbers of children per couple. In addition to the developmental change, Korea's fertility decline is found to be facilitated by family planning programs. As expected, the effect of family planning on fertility is greater among better-educated women than among poorly educated women. The inconsistent but suggestive result, however, is that the effect of socioeconomic development on fertility is greater among less-privileged women than among more-previleged women.