• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.131-145
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• 2020

Objectives : This paper discusses Normal Birth in the Korean Medical context with a focus on bodily phenomena, with an aim to shed new light on what happens to mothers and the fetuses at the time of birth. Methods : Based on contents in the medical classics, changes that happen to the mother's body and their mechanisms were examined, followed by changes that happen in the fetus. The developments that happen to the fetus in the final month of pregnancy were studied in relation to aforementioned findings on the mother. Results : Signs of birth presented in the mother's body are manifestations of bodily changes that happen in a network with certain channels/meridians and viscera/bowels surrounding the uterus. The fetus prepares for birth as well, moving downwards into the mother's pelvis and his/her shen(神) getting prepared for separation from the mother's body. Conclusions : The birth process is not a race towards a finish line that ends with the birth of the fetus. It is rather a time wherein necessary changes in both the mother and the fetus takes place for a smooth and healthy birth.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.23-31
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• 1991

In this paper, based on the thought of the place, I tried to define the meaning of th place and interprete its landscape. The landscape of the mt. Toham with its Grotto-temple "Sokgulam" is the major object of it. The "matter and form" of the Sokgulam realizes the archetypal meaning of the grotto, birth or place of the birth, in a concrete picture. The aesthetics of the Sokgulam, the mater and form in the work of arts, comes out light harmonious with the elements: "grotto", the new foreign element of the architectural style and "orientation", the old domestic one of the Shilla that presented itself at the Chomsongdae, a kind of observatory. The interrelation of the old and new elements in work of the Sokgulam shows us also a thought as an opinion of the transference to say: the matter of the traditional subject, "grotto" and the form makes the abstract matter concretely in sight, by receiving the natural happening of the sunrise at the winter solstice.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2015

Korea has shown the lowest birth rate among OECD countries for over 10 years. This caused various social tensions and problems including negative impacts on national economy. To deal with these problems and to cope with future risk, diverse strategies must be actively explored. The purpose of this research is to delineate the characteristics of Toronto Birth Centre in Canada which was established currently to support families. Field visit study was the major methodology which includes interview with a staff and walk-through guided observation accompanied by visual recording. As a result, the specific functions and the logic of utilizing the center along with its spatial characteristics were delineated. The result has significant implication in developing coping strategies to release the social tension. The birth center can be an efficient strategy to include as a public strategy to Korean Society who has suffered from long lasting lowest birth rate.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.44-52
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• 1986

Maternal and child health(MCH) status is considered as an important indicator of the level of health and civilization of a community and a country. MCH services for the rural population in the remote ar deserves priority by the government, since more than half(52.9%) of the delivery was occured at home and almost half (45.5%) of the delivery was assited by family members or neighbors. The purpose of the study was to analyse the health fare behavior related to pregnancy and delivery, which can be contributed maternal health care policy mating for the rural people. Specifically, it was intended to analyze the variables which affect the health care behavior in selecting birth places and birth attendants. This study utilized the data which had been already collected for an experimental study on primary health program model in Korean rural communities, funded by the USAID. 184 sample households with women who had delivered a baby during March 1982 to February 1983 were selected. Discriminant Analysis was employed for statistical analysis by utilizing SPSS computer package program. Birth places and birth attendants were considered as dependent variables. Among 12 independent variables in 5 groups considered, 7 independent variables were found statistically significant to affect the selection of birth place. Significant variables by the order of importance are mother's age, order of baby, number of prenatal care, accessibility of emergency medical care, coverage of medical insurance, mother's membership in community organization and husband's educational level. The degree of correct classification of the grouped cases by employing a discriminant . analysis was significantly improved to 78.2％ in comparison to Cmax（56%) and Cpro(51%). Policy implications for each significant variable were discussed to improve the maternal and child health. in Korean ruralarea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.506-510
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• 1999

A study was made of the effects of genetic and environmental factors on ultrasonic estimates of carcass traits of Japanese Brown cows. The M. longissimus thoracis area (MLTA), Subcutaneous (SFT) and Inter Muscular (IMFT) Fat Thickness, Rib Thickness (RT) and Beef Marbling Score (BMS) were scanned at the $7^th$ rib by ultrasound. Significant differences between sires, raising place, birth year and season were found for all traits. The heritabilities estimates for sire or Maternal Grand Sire (MGS) on ultrasonic estimates of carcass traits ranged from 0.05~0.14. Genetic and phenotypic correlations among the ultrasonic estimates were positive (0.13~0.88 and 0.24~0.75). Raising place effects were significant for all traits and the differences were between $30.8{\sim}33.5cm^2$ for MLTA and 0.46~0.67 for BMS. Cows born in 1988 tended to have high MLTA, SFT, IMFT and RT but low BMS. Cows born in spring tended to have high MLTA. Cows born in winter or autumn tended to have high BMS. The interaction effects of birth year with birth season were significant for both. MLTA and BMS.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.171-194
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• 2003

The present study investigates the effects of lopsided regional policy and social prejudice on homeownership disparities by household's place of birth of household head in Seoul. The present study utilizes individual household-level census data (2% sample) to evaluate households' residential well-being denoted by homeownership status during the period of 1980-2000. Decomposition techniques based on tenure choice models were used to provide evidences of the home-ownership disparities caused by regional policy and prejudice. We found that households from Gangwon and Honam provinces represent a disproportionately small percentage of homeownership compared with those originated from other provinces. In the statistical analysis, the present study found that having controlled for the factors traditionally thought to influence households' choice of housing tenure, as well as other housing market characteristics in Seoul, place of birth has played a primary role in determining whether or not households become a homeowner. Most strikingly, while most of the disparity in homeownership ratios between households from Youngnam and households from Gangwon in the housing market is due to the endowment differences in human capitals they bring to the market, those between households from Youngnam and households from Honam is largely due to residual differences explained mainly by social discrimination and prejudice against people from Honam. The present study summarized that place of birth has played a primary role in determining whether or not households become a homeowner in Korea. The present study concluded with some policy issues relevant to this study and suggested some future studies.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.81-94
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• 2011

Buddhism that has arisen in India began to build the Stupa to enshrine body and Sari of Buddha as an object of worship. The stupa existed as a tome of holy leaders even before the birth of Buddha, which was called stupa or tupa in the Sanskrit and the Pali, the ancient language of India. The stupa was renamed accordingly in each Buddhism transmitted countries such as Ceylon, Tibet, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand and China and also reshaped according to their own formative style. But its original meaning and type are kept unchanged. The stupa was established in the 4 holy places including the birth place of Buddha, the place where Buddha found enlightenment, the place where Buddha preached for the first time, and the place where Buddha died. Thus, a pagoda to commemorate holy ancient places is called Chaitya, which became differentiated from the stupa in which Sari is enshrined. The stupa means Nirvana, the eternal body of Buddha, and also a place filled with teaching and preaching of Buddhism. It signifies the symbol of Buddha who escaped from the death and rebirth, to achieve complete extinction, i.e. parinirvana, and to reach ultimate eternal world, rather than simply means death. During the non-statue of th Buddha period, people built the stupa to embody Nirvana of the Buddha, and worshipped the tomb where body of holy saints was enshrined. On the other hand, they also sanctified memorial things such as tools that holy saints used, the Bo tree under which one achieved Nirvana, Dharma cakra that implied words, footprint that carried out mission work, and a way to reach to heaven.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.117-143
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• 2009

The community of women into society in various fields is expanding, and married late, and accordingly, the first child birth is increasing age. Accordingly, dystocia has also increased. Listed in the literature that the traditional method of birth seemed to oriental medical interpretation of one of the ancient wisdom of the predecessors to explore. The result of this study is summarized as follows. 1. Child birth custom divide into childbirth preparation, childbirth and postpartum care. Postpartum care divide into preparation of the birthplace, food for pregnant woman and birth preparation of the necessary things. 2. Preparation of the birthplace of the court case and that qeen is three months, one month before that in the case of concubines were installed. The difference in manners, and actual number but the configuration of the same item was prepared. In the private, birthplace is installed husband's home or parent's home. 3. Rice and seaweed is food for pregnant woman. San Miguel (产 米), sangwak (山 藿) specifically called was selected by Keep elaborate. 4. 1 month before birth to baby clothing is usually prepared. For the safe of a paturient woman and a baby, magical prescription was practiced in so-guk-so(昭格署) in early chosun dynasty. After so-guk-so(昭格署) abolished magical practice was stopped. Then Wore old clothes based on dong-ui-bo-gam(東醫寶鑑) 5. Im-san-ye-zi-bub(臨产豫智法) specifically to instruct the royal birth is the birth of guidelines. Im-san-ye-zi-bub(臨产豫智法) cosist of birth place, abdominal pain Precautions, food, care after childbirth, remove the plecenta posion, method of cut navel, bath, protection. Through various court records of the situation, according to the guidelines are properly applied based on dong-ui-bo-gam(東醫寶鑑).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.478-483
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• 2008

Records of a Northeastern Thai indigenous cattle line population were used to estimate genetic parameters and annual trends for calf weights. The data set comprised records of 1,922 and 1,489 animals for birth and weaning weight, respectively born from 1993 to 2004. A bivariate analysis was carried out for variance and covariance components estimations using average information restricted maximum likelihood procedure. Average estimated breeding value and maternal breeding value of the animals born in 1993 were set to zero as a base group. Genetic trends of each trait were calculated by regressing average estimated breeding values and maternal breeding values on birth year of calves. Phenotypic trends for each trait were calculated by regressing the yearly adjusted weight on birth year of calves. The results revealed that the estimate of direct heritability, maternal heritability and maternal permanent environmental variance as a proportion of phenotypic variance for birth and weaning weight was 0.40, 0.14 and 0.04; 0.27, 0.05 and 0.23, respectively. Direct heritability was moderately heritable and genetic improvement through selection can be achieved. The estimate of phenotypic, direct genetic, maternal genetic and maternal permanent environmental correlation between birth and weaning weight was 0.48, 0.65, 0.98 and 0.73, respectively. The phenotypic trend, genetic trends of estimated breeding value and maternal breeding value for birth weight was 0.18, 0.04 and 0.01 kg/year, respectively. The phenotypic trend, genetic trends of estimated breeding value and maternal breeding value for weaning weight was -1.36, 0.32 and 0.03 kg/year, respectively. As maternal genetic effect was considerably less important than direct genetic effect, selection for improved weaning weight of this Northeastern Thai indigenous cattle line can place more emphasis on the direct genetic effect.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.181-184
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• 2016

The aim was to report a healthy live birth using re-vitrified-warmed cleavage-stage embryos derived from supernumerary warmed embryos after frozen embryo transfer (ET) in a patient with recurrent implantation failure (RIF). The case was a 39-year-old female with a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome and adenomyosis, along with RIF. After ovarian hyperstimulation, 33 cumulus-oocyte complexes were retrieved and fertilized with conventional in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Because of the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, 16 grade B and C embryos were vitrified. After 3 and 6 months, 3 and 4 B-C warmed embryos were transferred to the uterus, respectively. However, implantation did not take place. Ten months later, four embryos were warmed, two grade B 8-cell embryos were transferred, and two embryos were re-vitrified. One year later, the two re-vitrified cleavage-stage embryos were warmed, which resulted in a successful live birth. This finding showed that following first warming, it is feasible to refreeze supernumerary warmed embryos for subsequent ET in patients with a history of RIF.