• 생명과학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.975-985
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• 2004

발생기 횐쥐 대뇌피질 발생의 형태적 변화와 이에 미치는 ECEE 영향을 구명하기 위해, 태생 14일, 태생 18일, 생후 수유기 및 이유기와 성체 대뇌를 각 부위로 나누어 H-E 염색으로 관찰하였다. EGEE 투여시 태생 14일에 대뇌피질의 두께는 두정엽피질이 제일 두꺼웠으나$(95{\pm}12.7\;{\mu}m)$, 대조군$(102{\pm}14.0\;{\mu}m)$에 비해 얇았고, 다른 피질에 비해 후두엽피질$(57{\pm}10.5\;{\mu}m)$이 제일 얇았다. 각 엽의 두께는 수유기 때에 급성장하는 경향을 나타내었으나, 이유기 이후 성장이 둔화되어 성체기 때와 유사했으며, 성체기 때는 두정엽피질$(93.4{\pm}21.6\;{\mu}m)$에서 가장 많이 성장하였다. EGEE 투여시 대뇌피질내 신경모세포의 수는 태생 14일 두정엽피질의 외투층에서 제일 많았으나$(207.7{\pm}11.4/10^{-2}\;mm$, 대조군에 비해 감소되었고$(224.2{\pm}13.8/10^{-2}\;mm$, 크기는 출생후 3일 후두엽피질의 뇌실막세포층에서 제일 크게 나타났으나$(7.5{\pm}1.3\;{\mu}m)$), 대조군$(9.0{\pm}1.2\;{\mu}m)$에 비해 감소되었다. 대조군과 같이 과립세포와 추체세포의 수는 두정엽피질의 II층과 III층에서 가장 많았으나, 대조군에 비해 감소되었고, 크기는 후두엽피질의 IV층과 V층에서 가장 컸으나, 대조군에 비해 감소되었다. EGEE 투여시 대조군과 같이 태생기와 출생후 3일까지의 대뇌피질은 뇌실막세포층, 외투층, 연변층의 3층으로 분화되나, 조직내 빈 강소와 공포가 나타나고, 신경모세포가 합착된 양상이 나타났다. 출생후 5일이후 수유기 때 대뇌피질층은 대조군과 동일하게 4층으로 나눌 수 있으나, 과립세포와 추체세포 내에 빈 강소나 공포가 나타났고, 신경세포의 수는 감소하였다. 이유기와 성체기 때는 대뇌피질의 세포층 구분이 뚜렷하지 않고, 외과립세포, 외추체세포들이 섞여 조직내 빈 강소나 공포가 형성되며, 신경세포 주위 혈관의 내강이 확대되거나 합착되어 나타났다.

• 산업융합연구
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2022

본 연구는 미혼 남녀의 출산의도에 영향을 주는 요인을 파악하기 위해 계획된 행위이론을 적용한 서술적 조사연구이다. 자료 수집은 미혼 남녀 168명을 대상으로 2021년 4월 5일부터 4월23일까지 이루어졌다. 연구결과 일반적 특성에서 남성이 여성보다 출산의도가 통계적으로 유의하게 높았으며, 연령과 학력이 높을수록, 직업이 있는 경우, 비정규직인 대상자의 출산의도가 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다. 계획적 행위이론(TPB)을 구성하는 변수 간의 상관관계를 살펴 본 결과, 출산에 대한 태도가 긍정적일수록, 주관적 규범이 클수록, 지각된 행위통제가 클수록 출산의도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 츨신의도에 미치는 요인을 남성, 여성으로 나누어 분석한 결과, 남성의 경우 출산 태도만이 출산의도에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 출산의도에 대한 설명력은 62.2%이었다. 여성의 경우 출산 태도와 지각된 행위통제가 출산의도에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치며 이들 변수들의 출산의도에 대한 설명력은 69.0%이었다. 미혼남녀의 출산의도를 높이기 위해서는 장기적이며 포괄적인 접근이 필요하고, 향후 저출산 관련 정책 및 교육 프로그램 개발에 있어 본 연구결과가 기초자료를 제공하였다는 점에서 연구의 의의가 있다고 본다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.153-173
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• 1990

One of the important tasks for new parents. especially mothers, is to establish warm, mutually affirming interpersonal relationships with the new baby in the family, with the purpose of promoting the healthy development of the child and the wellbeing of the whole family. Nurses assess the quality of the behavioral characteristics of the maternal-infant interaction. This study examined the relationships between primiparas pereptions of their delivery experience and their maternal infant interaction. It compared to delivery experience of mothers having a normal vaginal delivery with those having a casearean section. The purpose was to explore the relationships between the mother's perceptions of her delivery experience with her maternal infant interaction. The aim was to contribute to the development of theoretical understanding on which to base care toward promoting the quality of maternal-infant interaction. Data were collected directly by the investigator and a trained associate from Dec. 1, 1987 to March 8, 1988. Subjects were 3 random sample of 62 mothers, 32 who had a normal vaginal delivery and 30 who had a non-elective cesarean section (but without other perinatal complications) at three general hospitals in Seoul. Instruments used were the Stainton Parent -infant Interaction Scale(1981) and the Marut and Mercer Perception of Birth Scale(1979). The first observations were made in the delivery room (for vaginally delivered mothers only), followed by day 1, day 2, day 3, and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks after birth, for a total of 7-8 contacts(Cesarean section mothers were observed on days 4 and 5 but the data not used for analysis). Observations in the hospital were made during the hour prior to scheduled feedings. The infant was placed beside the mother. Later contacts were made at home. Data analysis was done by computer using as SPSS program and indulded X² test, paired t-test, t-test, and Pearson Correlation coefficient ; the results were as follows. 1. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery tended to perceive the delivery experience more positively than cesarean section mothers(p＝0.002). The finding supported the hypothesis I that perception of delivery would vary according to the method of delivery. Mothers' perceptions of birth were classified into three dimensions, labor, delivery and the bady. There was a significantly different and positive perception by the vaginally delivered mothers to the delivery experience(p＝0.000) but no differences for labor or the bady according to the delivery method(p＝0.096, p＝0.389), 2. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery had higher average maternal-infant interaction scores(p＝0.029) than mothers who had a cesarean section. There were similar higher scores for the 1st day(p＝0.042), 2nd day (p＝0.009), and the 3rd day(p＝0.006) after delivery but not for later times. The findings supported the hypothesis Ⅱ that there would be differences in maternal-infant interaction for mothers having vaginal and cesarean section deliveries. However these differences deccreased section deliveries. However these differences decreased over time . by eight weeks the scores for vaginal delivery mothers averaged 8.1 and for cesarean section mothers, 7.9. 3. The more highly positive the pereption of the delivery experience, the higher the maternal-infant interaction score for all subjects(F＝.3206, p＝.006). The findings supported the hypothesis Ⅲ that there would be correlations between perceptions of delivery and maternal-infant interaction. The maternal infant interaction was highest when the perception of the bady and deliery was positive(r＝.4363, p＝.000, r＝.2881, p＝.012). No correlations between perceptions of labor and maternal-infant interaction were found(p＝0.062). 4. The daily maternal-infant interaction score for the initial contact after birth to 8 weeks postpartum had the lowest average score 5.20 and the highest 7.98(in a range of 0-10). This subjects group of mothers needed nursing intervention to promote their maternal- infant interaction. The daily scores for the maternal-infant over the period of eight weeks. However, there were significantly different increases in maternal-infant interaction only from the first to second day(p＝0.000) and from the fourth to sixth weeks after birth(P＝0.000). 5. When the eight items of maternal-infant interaction were evaluated separately, “Expresses feelings about her role as mother” had the highest average score, 1.64(ina range of 0-3)and “Speaks to baby” the lowest, 0.9. All items, with the possible exception of “Expresses feelings about her role as mother”, suggested the subjects' need of nursing intervention to promote maternal-infant interaction. 6. There were positive correlations between certain general charateristis, namely, both a higher economic status(p＝0.002) and breast feeding(p＝0.202) and maternal - infant interaction. There were positive correlations between a mother's confidence in her role as a mother and the perception of the birth experience(p＝0.004). For mothers who had a cesarean section, a positive perception of the birth experience was related to the duration of her marriage(p＝0.010), a wanted pregnancy (P＝0.030) and her confidence in her role as a mother(p＝0.000). Pereptions of birth for mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery were positive than those for mothers who had a cesarean section. The level of maternalinfant interaction for mothers delivered vaginally was higher than for cesarean section mothers. The relationship between perception of birth and materanalinfant interaction was confirmed. Cesarean section has an impact on the mother's perceived experience of birth which, in turn, is positively related to maternal-infant in turn, is positively related to maternal-infant interaction. Nursing intervention to enhance maternal-infant interaction should begin in prenatal classes with an exploration of the potential impact of cesarean section on the perceptions of the birth experience and continue throughout the perinatal and post-natal periods to promote the mother's ability to control with this crisis experience and to mobilize social support. Nursing should help transform a relatively negatively perceived experience into an accepted, positively perceived and self affirming experience which enhances the maternal-infant relationship.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.401-418
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• 1995

Aging process can be explained by many factors. In this study, we counted complete Blood Cells (CBC) such as WBC, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Granulocytes, RBC, HGB, and HCT of both SAM P6 and SAM P1 during the aging process. Plasma albumin, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, creatinine, inorganic phosphate, urea concentrations were also measured at the same time. In addition to these, plasma concentrations of cortisol, total T3, and total T4 were analyzed by Chemiluminescent Immunoassay. There were no change in CBC counts of SAM R1 and SAM P6 during this study. Plasma concentratins of albumin and glucose decreased significantly in SAM R1. However, plasma alkaline phosphatases and creatinine concentration in SAM P6 decreased significantly at 16 week after birth comparing to the control. Total T4 levels were siginificantly increased although cortisol and total T3 concentrations were the same in SAM R1 groups. Especially, the after birth of creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, T4 of SAM P6 at 16 week were significantly different form those of SAM R1. At 12 week after birth, pilose antler extract was given 5g/kg/day p.o. for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days each in both SAM R1 and SAM P6. The RBC, HGB, and HCT levels started to increase significantly from 7 days after the dose at SAM P6 only. Total T4 conectrations were elevated gradually during the study although the antler extract administration did not prevent or inhibit the increase in total T4 concentration during the study. Therefore, the elevation of erythrocytes after administration of the extract needs to be studied in future.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.149-155
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• 2013

Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) is a member of the TGF-${\beta}$ (transforming growth factor-${\beta}$) family whose members play key roles in development, suppression of tumour growth, and feedback control of the pituitary-gonadal hormone axis. MIS is expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner in which it is restricted to male Sertoli cells and female granulose cells. The serum levels of MIS in prenatal and postnatal ICR mice were measured using the enzyme-linked immuno-solvent assay (ELISA) using the MIS/AMH antibody. Mice were grouped by age: the significant periods were at the onset of development. During sex organ differentiation, no remarkable difference between female and male foetus MIS serum levels (both<0.1 ng/ml) was observed. However, MIS serum levels in pregnant mice markedly changed (4.5~12.2 ng/ml). After birth, postnatal female and male mice serum MIS levels changed considerably (male: <0.1~138.5 ng/ml, female: 5.3~103.4 ng/ml), and the changing phase were diametrically opposed (male: decreasing, female: fluctuating). These findings suggest that MIS may have strong associations with not only develop-ment but also puberty. For further studies, establishing the standard MIS serum levels is of importance. Our study provides the basic information for the study of MIS interactions with reproductive organ disability, cancer, and the effect of other hormone or menopause. We hypothesise that if MIS is regularly injected into middle-age women, meno-pause will be delayed. We detected that serum MIS concentration curves change with age. The changing phase is different between males and females, and this difference is significant after birth. Moreover, MIS mRNA is expressed during the developmental period (prenatal) and also in the postnatal period. This finding indicates that MIS may play a significant role in the developmental stage and in growth after birth.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2013

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of new management policies on the incidence of invasive Candida infections Methods: This observational study involved a retrospective analysis of the patients' medical records. In total, 99 very low birth weight infants, who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at Ajou University Hospital from January 2010 to December 2011, were enrolled for the study. Period I, defined as the period before the revision of management policies, comprised 57 infants; whereas, period II, defined as the period after the implementation of new management policies, comprised 42 infants. The new management policies entailed a reduction in antibiotic and histamine type 2 receptor blocker (H2 blocker) use, duration of central venous catheterization, and duration of endotracheal intubation. Results: There was a significant overall decrease in the use of antibiotics including 3rd generation cephalosporin and H2 blockers (P<0.05), and a significantly lower incidence of invasive Candida infections in period II as compared to period I (0/42 vs. 6/57, respectively; P=0.037). Comparison between infants with invasive Candida infections (n=6) and those without (n=93) showed that gestational age (odds ratio [OR], 0.909; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.829 to 0.996; P=0.042) and the duration of 3rd generation cephalosporin use (OR, 1.093; 95% CI, 1.009 to 1.183; P=0.029) were statistically significant risk factors. Conclusion: The new management policies effectively decreased overall use of antibiotics, especially 3rd generation cephalosporin, and H2 blockers, which led to a significantly lower incidence of invasive Candida infections.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.177-193
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• 2006

This study analyzes marriage and fertility rates in Korea and makes recommendations for family policy. Based on the 'The Report of Marriage & Divorce Statistics in 2005' and data from the Korea Statistical Information System (KOSIS) of the National Statistics Organization, the trends, reasons for marriage rates changes, and future expectations were critically reviewed. In addition, the relationship between marriage and fertility rates was analyzed. The principle characteristics of marriage rates are as follows: 1) the M-shape of the longitudinal crude marriage rates; 2) the increased age of individuals entering their the first marriage; 3) the increase in remarriage rates; 4) the changes in the patterns of remarriage; 5) the increased in the age at which individuals remarry and; 6) the increase in marriage to non-Koreans. The marriage and fertility rates changes are a permanent normative shift because of 1) later marriage because of women's increased education and labor force participation 2) rational choices about birth control 3) reduced population because of the aging of baby boomers 4) structural changes in the marriage market and 5) egalitarian changes in women's attitudes toward marriage and family. The recommendations for future family policy were as follows: 1) the need for a realistic, long-term family policy because the current marriage patterns will continue; 2) the need to develop new statistics such as fertility rates that are based on marriage cohort or birth cohort because family behavior is a mixture of personal, social and political responses; 3) the need for impact analysis of current family policy about increasing fertility rates; 4) the need for a new family perspective that encompasses diverse marriage and family patterns; 5) the need to focus on men's role in families because of women's changing roles and family interaction patterns and; 6) the need for preventive family policies such as family life education.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.300-305
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• 2020

Objective: The feasibility of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) trigger in normal responders is still a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to compare the number of mature oocytes, the number of good-quality embryos, and the live birth rate in normal responders triggered by GnRHa alone, GnRHa and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; a dual trigger), and hCG alone. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the infertility clinic of a university hospital. Data from 200 normal responders who underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection with a GnRH antagonist protocol between January 2016 and January 2017 were reviewed. The first study group consisted of patients with cycles triggered by GnRHa alone. The second study group consisted of patients with cycles triggered by both GnRHa and low-dose hCG (a dual trigger). The control group consisted of patients with cycles triggered by hCG alone. Results: The groups were comparable in terms of demographics and cycle characteristics. The numbers of total oocytes retrieved and metaphase II oocytes were similar between the groups. The total numbers of top-quality embryos were 3.2±2.9 in the GnRHa group, 4.4±3.2 in the dual-trigger group, and 2.9±2.1 in the hCG group (p=0.014). The live birth rates were 21.4%, 30.5%, and 28.2% in those groups, respectively (p=0.126). Conclusion: In normal responders, a dual-trigger approach appears superior to an hCG trigger alone with regard to the number of top-quality embryos produced. However, no clinical benefit was apparent in terms of live birth rates.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.503-509
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• 2010

목 적: 신생아 폐출혈은 드물긴 하나, 일단 발생한 환아는 높은 사망률을 보인다. 급성 좌심실 부전, 호흡 곤란 증후군, 동맥관 개존증, 패혈증, 혈소판 감소증 등이 폐출혈 발생에 영향을 미칠 수 있다고 보고되고 있다. 저자는 출생 체중에 따라 신생아의 폐출혈 발생에 영향을 줄 수 있는 위험 인자를 규명하고 예후를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 1995년 1월부터 2008년 12월까지 본원 신생아 중환자실에 입원한 재태 기간 37주 미만의 미숙아 117명을 대상으로 출생 체중에 따라 두 군으로 구분하였다. 폐출혈의 정의는 임상적인 정의를 적용하였고, 각 군에서 폐출혈의 발생에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알고자 병력지를 기초로 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결 과: 대상 환아 총 117례 중 폐출혈은 39례(33.3%)에서 발생하였으며, 출생 체중에 따라 극소 저체중 출생아군에서는 대상환아 총 48례 중 17례(35.4%)에서 폐출혈이 있었고 산전 산모의 스테로이드 치료 여부는 환아의 폐출혈 발생과 유의한 관련이 있었다($P$=0.001). 1분 APGAR 점수가 3점 이하인 경우, 혈소판 감소증도 폐출혈 발생과 유의한 관련이 있었다($P$<0.05). 저체중 출생아군에서는 대상 환아 총 69례 중 22례(31.9%)에서 폐출혈이 있었고 1분 APGAR 점수가 3점 이하인 경우는 폐출혈 발생과 유의한 관련이 있었다($P$=0.025). 저혈압, 산혈증, 혈소판 감소증도 폐출혈 발생과 유의한 관련이 있었다($P$<0.05). 다변수 분석에서 극소 저체중 출생아군에서는 산전의 산모 스테로이드 치료가 환아의 폐출혈 발생을 의미있게 감소시켰으며(OR=0.203, 95% CI=0.044-0.934), 저체중 출생아군에서는 1분 APGAR 점수가 3점 이하인 경우(OR=5.992, 95% CI=1.145-31.351)와 산혈증(OR=4.434, 95% CI=1.279-15.376)이 환아의 폐출혈 발생과 유의한 관련이 있었다. 결 론: 출생 체중이 적은 군에서 비교적 폐출혈이 늦게 발생하나, 일단 발생하면 사망률은 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 극소 저체중 출생아군에서는 산전의 산모 스테로이드 치료가 환아의 폐출혈 발생을 의미있게 감소시켰으며, 저체중 출생아군에서는 1분 APGAR 점수가 3점 이하인 경우와 산혈증이 환아의 폐출혈 발생과 유의한 관련이 있었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권9호
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• pp.959-965
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• 2006

목 적 : 신생아 중환자실에서 환자 치료의 질적, 양적 성장으로 인해 초극소 저출생체중아의 생존률은 많은 향상을 보였음에도 불구하고 동맥관개존증 및 뇌실내출혈과 연관된 이환율 및 사망률은 높은 실정이다. 이에 저자들은 초극소 저출생체중아에서 동맥관개존증과 뇌실내출혈을 예방하기 위한 시도된 약물 중 indomethacin의 예방적 투여에 대한 효과와 부작용을 분석하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2004년 6월부터 2006년 4월까지 삼성서울병원 신생아 집중치료실에 입원한 재태연령 29주, 출생체중 1,000 g 미만의 초극소 저출생체중아 84명을 대상으로 후향적으로 의무기록을 조사하였다. Indomethacin을 생후 6시간 이내에 24시간 간격으로 0.1 mg/kg를 투여받은 예방군 28명과 대조군 56명으로 분류하여 두 군의 인구학적 및 주산기 인자, 동맥관개존증과 뇌실내출혈의 발생율 및 합병증과 사망률에 대해서 비교하였다. 결 과 : 인구학적 및 주산기 인자로서 재태연령과 출생체중은 각각 예방군에서 $25.1{\pm}1.3$주, $746{\pm}132g$이었으며 대조군에서는 $25.2{\pm}1.6$주, $738{\pm}142g$으로 두 군간에 차이가 없었다. 그 외에 성 비, 부당경량아, 쌍생아의 비율, 1분 및 5분 아프가 점수, 분만 방법, 임신성 고혈압, 임신성 당뇨, 산전 스테로이드 투여, 호흡곤란증후군의 유무, 융모양막염의 여부에서도 두 군간에 차이가 없었다. Indomethacin의 예방효과가 있을 것이라 기대했던 동맥관개존증과 3도 이상의 고도의 뇌실내출혈의 발생 비율에서는 두 군간에 의미 있는 차이는 없었다. 그러나 첫 번째 치료적 indomethacin이 투여된 빈도는 예방군에서 더 많았고 indomethacin 투여된 시간은 예방군에서 유의하게 늦었다. 사망률은 두 군 사이에 차이가 없었고 합병증과 관련된 인자로 폐출혈, 기흉, 기관지폐이형성증, 미숙아 망막증, 괴사성 장염의 발생에서는 유의한 차이는 없었다. 그러나 자발성 회장 천공의 발생은 대조군에서는 없었던 반면에 예방군에서는 10.7%로 나타났고, 괴사성 장염에서 천공된 경우를 합한 경우에도 예방군에서 의미있게 증가하였다. 또한 완전장관영양에 도달한 시기는 예방군에서 $31.5{\pm}17.1$일이었고, 대조군에서는 $22.1{\pm}7.6$일로 예방군에서 유의하게 늦었다. 태변이 배출되는 데까지 걸린 기간과, 위장관 출혈의 발생빈도, 신 기능의 손상 정도의 평가에서는 두 군간의 의미있는 차이는 없었다. 결 론 : 초극소 저출생체중아에서 출생 후 저용량 indomethacin을 예방적으로 사용하여 뇌실내출혈이나 동맥관개존증의 비율을 감소시키진 못하였고, 오히려 장관 천공의 비율을 증가시키고 장관영양의 진행이 늦어지는 부작용을 초래할 수 있다.