• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2019

Objective: Ligament laxity and hypotonia are characteristics of Down syndrome patients. The aim of this study was to compare the landing pattern between Down syndrome patients and typically developing subjects. To compare the landing pattern, variables related to ligament laxity and hypotonia i.e. vertical stiffness and lower extremities kinematics were investigated. Method: Five subjects with Down syndrome (age: $14.6{\pm}1.8years$, mass: $47.6{\pm}6.94kg$, height: $147.9{\pm}6.0cm$) and six able-bodied subjects (age: $13.2{\pm}0.4years$, mass: $54.7{\pm}6.7kg$, height: $160.1{\pm}9.8cm$) participated in this study. Results: The vertical displacement of the center of mass, vertical reaction force, leg stiffness and range of ankle angle range among Down syndrome patients were significantly different than typically developing group. The youth with Down's syndrome appeared to receive greater vertical impact force at landing than normal youth. Conclusion: The differences in the biomechanical characteristics suggest the delay in motor development among Down syndrome patients and an increased risk of injury to the lower extremity during movement execution such as drop landing.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences of landing strategy between people with or without chronic ankle instability (CAI) during double-leg drop landing. Method: 34 male adults participated in this study (CAI = 16, Normal = 18). Participants performed double-leg drop landing task on a 30 cm height and 20 cm horizontal distance away from the force plate. Lower Extremities Kinetic and Kinematic data were obtained using 8 motion capture cameras and 2 force plates and loading rate was calculated. Independent samples t-test were used to identify differences between groups. Results: Compared with normal group, CAI group exhibits significantly less hip internal rotation angle (CAI = 1.52±8.12, Normal = 10.63±8.44, p = 0.003), greater knee valgus angle (CAI = -6.78±5.03, Normal = -12.38 ±6.78, p = 0.011), greater ankle eversion moment (CAI = 0.0001±0.02, Normal = -0.03±0.05, p = 0.043), greater loading Rate (CAI = 32.65±15.52, Normal = 18.43±10.87, p = 0.003) on their affected limb during maximum vertical Ground Reaction Force moment. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that CAI group exhibits compensatory movement to avoid ankle inversion during double-leg drop landing compared with normal group. Further study about how changed kinetic and kinematic affect shock absorption ability and injury risk in participants with CAI is needed.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.56-66
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• 1999

Shoulder joint is the most movable joint in human body with, at least, three degrees of freedom, since there are at least three bones and five joints involved in shoulder movement. Due to the complexity of the shoulder joint and the lack of appropriate anatomical data, modeling of the shoulder joint has been known to be extremely difficult. In many biomechanical models being used, shoulder joint is considered as a fixed point and it is also assumed that the shoulder joint does not noticeably move during the shoulder movement. However, such an assumption is not valid in real applications and causes inaccuracy, especially, in the area of workspace evaluation. The reachable area generated by a human becomes somewhat different from that of current models for those models fail to appropriately reflect the movement of shoulder joint's center of rotation. In this study, the location of the shoulder joint's center of rotation was obtained in relation to the location of humerus, on which a new model for reach envelope generation was developed for workspace evaluation. From the experiments conducted for three subjects, the initial location of the center of rotation was determined for each subject and subsequent changes in the instantaneous center of rotation were drawn as a function of flexion and abduction of the shoulder. Based on the regression analysis, the study suggested a new method for the generation of reach envelope. Comparisons were also made among real reach envelopes obtained from the experiment, the ones from the model, and the ones from the new method suggested in the study. As a result, the prediction errors incurred from the new method were significantly reduced when compared to the ones from the current approach.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.285-293
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• 2000

나이에 의한 외부의 환경조건의 변화는 이에 적응하려는 척추의 구조적인 변화를 가져온다. 이러한 구조적인 변화는 척추의 biomechanical 거동에 영향을 미칠 것이다. 이러한 구조적인 변화의 효과를 연구하기 위하여, 나이에 의한 척추의 재료 및 기계적인 물성의 변화는 제외되었다. 유한요소법 (finite element method)에 의한 lumbar spine model (L3-L4)에 있어서, Annulus 의 유한요소 모델은 laminate composite elements로서 16개의 layer와 6개의 물성으로 구성되어있다. Spinal stiffness 와 facet reaction은 나이가 들수록 증가했다. 나이가 들수록 inner annulus의 fiber/layer tensile strains, cancellous bone stress 및 end-Plate stress는 감소했다. Fiber/layer compressive strains, facet reaction, ligament reaction and end-plate rigidity는 나이에 의한 척추의 구조적인 변화에 의하여 증가했다. 따라서 나이에 의한 척추의 정상적인 쇠퇴과정에 있어서 척추의 구조적인 변화는 spinal stiffness를 증가 시켜서 척추 및 disc의 지나친 변형을 감소시킬 것이다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.171-182
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 의료 영상과 유한요소 해석을 이용하여 골절된 척추체의 치료를 위해 골 시멘트를 주입하는 추체 성형술(vertebroplasty)에 영향을 미치는 여러 인자들에 대해 생체 역학적으로 분석하여 평가하고자 하였다. 의료 영상을 통해 구현된 모델들은 분석하고자 하는 인자에 대하여 크게 단분절과 다분절 유한요소 모델의 2 가지 형태로 구분하였다. 단분절 유한요소 모델을 통해 골다공증의 정도, 주입된 골 시멘트의 양, 골 시멘트의 주입량 및 환자에게 주입된 골 시멘트 양의 적절성을 평가하였으며, 골 시멘트의 주입이 척추체의 구조적 안정성에 미치는 효과를 분석하기 위하여 척추체 상종판에 수직 압축하중을 가하여 이때의 최대 수진 변위량을 분석하였다. 또한 단분절 척추체의 강성도(stiffness) 값을 산출한 뒤, 정상 상태의 척추체의 강성도 값으로 정규화 하였다. 다분절 유한요소 모델의 경우, 압박 골절 상태를 적용하여 척추 만곡의 변화가 인체에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 골절의 정도를 3 가지로 구현하였으며, 모델의 최상부에 압축 하중을 가한 후의 척추 만곡의 변화 정도를 분석하였다. 추체 성형술에 대한 다양한 인자들에 대한 분석 결과, 추체 성형술을 통해 환자의 골밀도가 상대적으로 높은 경우(BMD 50mg/$m\ell$이상)와 환자의 척추체 망상골 부피의 약 15%에 해당하는 골 시멘트 주입 시 가장 큰 척추체의 구조적 안정성의 증가 효과를 가져올 것으로 예측되었다. 또한 척추 골절이 미치는 영향에 대한 분석 결과, -2.8$^{\circ}$의 정상적인 후만곡을 가지는 T12∼L2 운동 분절이 골절의 모델링 후 약 9∼17$^{\circ}$의 큰 전만곡을 가지게 되었으며 이러한 척추 만곡의 변화는 동일한 하중 하에서 급격한 척추 만곡의 변화를 야기하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 골절의 정도가 심할수록 척추 변형은 더욱 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과들로부터, 전반적으로 추체 성형술은 골 시멘트의 주입량 또는 골밀도에 상관없이 약화된 척추체의 자체의 구조적 안정성의 증가 효과를 가져왔으며 골절로 인해 추체의 높이가 손상되었을 경우 이를 회복하는 것이 중요한 인자의 하나임을 나타내는 결과로 사료되어진다.

• 한국CDE학회논문집
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.443-455
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• 2012

The configuration of a musculoskeletal (MS) system is closely related to the individual motions of the human body. Many researches have been focused on evaluating the associations between the MS configuration and the individual motion using patient-specific MS models, but it still remains a challenging issue to accurately predict the motion by differed configurations of the MS system. The main objective of this paper is to predict the changes of a patient-specific gait by altering the geometric parameters of the hip joint using function-based morphing method (FBM). FBM is suitable for motion analysis since this method provide a robust way to morph a MS model while preserving the biomechanical functions of the bones. Computed-muscle control technique is used to calculate the muscle excitations to reproduce the targeted motion within a digital MS model without the motion-captured data. We applied this approach to a patient who has an abnormal gait pattern. Results showed that the femoral neck length and the angle significantly affect to the motion especially for the hip abduction angle during gait, and that this approach is suitable for gait prediction.

• 대한인간공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한인간공학회 1995년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.97-105
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• 1995

본 연구의 목적은 드는 작업에 있어서 한국 작업자의 적정하중을 구하여 중량물 안전기준을 정하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 주어진 작업조건하에서 피실험자가 들어올릴 수 있는 적정하중을 결정하기 위 한 기준으로서 피실험자 자신에 의해서 인지되는 스트레스 정도를 이용하는 심리육체적 방법(Psychophysical method), 주어진 작업조건하에서 요추에 가해지는 압력을 이용하는 생체역학적 방법(Biomechanical method), 주어진 작업조건하에서 피실험자의 에너지 소모량을 이용하는 생리학적 접근법등이 이용되었다. 피실험자는 학생(n=3) 두개의 군으로 나뉘어진다. 실험에 들어가기 전에 피실험자에 대한 인체측정과 근력측정을 수행 하였다. 실험은 수직면에서 드는 빈도(1,2, 와 4회/분)와 드는 높이(0-8cm 와 47-102cm)를 조합한 6가지의 작업을 무작위로 선택하여 심리육체적 방법으로 각 작업에 대한 적정하중을 구하였다. 연구결과로서 피실험 자의 신체자료와 근력의 비교로부터 신체조건은 학생이 우수하였으나, 근력은 작업자가 우수하였다. 본 연구 에서 채택된 들기의 빈도가 변함에 따라 최대허용 하중은 변하였다. 작업자군에 대하여는 빈도가 증가할수록 최대허용 하중은 감소하였으며, 학생군에 대하여는 분당 1회와 분당 4회간의 유의한 차이가 있었다. 들기의 시작-종점의 변화에따른 최대허용 하중은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 위의 두 결과는 들기의 빈도가 들기의 시작-종점보다 민감한 변수임을 가리키며 이는 미국 NIOSH의 결과와 일치한다. 심리육체적 방법을 사용하여 우리나라의 젊고 건강한 남성의 대부분(99%)을 고려하여 산출된 최대허용 하중은 미국 NIOSH 안전기준과 큰 차 이가 없음을 발견하였다. 또한 이 최대허용 하중은 인체역학적방법과 생리학적 방법을 사용하여 검토한 결과, 무리가 없는 수준임이 입증되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로우리나라 젊고 건강한 남성에게 적합한 무게상수는 작업자군에 대하여 25.05kg, 학생군에 대하여 20.24kg 으로 나타나 이는 미국 NIOSH 안전기준과 대체로 일치함을 발견하였다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1207-1210
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• 2004

As many humans age, degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (DLSS) becomes a major cause of lower limb discomfort and disability. By surgical treatment method of DLSS, the existing surgical treatment methods using internal fixation have showed degeneration changes of an adjacent vertebrae and loss of lumbar spine lordosis-kyphosis due to eliminating a motion. For solving the problems of internal fixation, a novel interspinous spacer has been developed to treat DLSS by surgical treatment method. In this study, we evaluated the biomechanical effects of the interspinous spacer on the kinematics of the porcine lumbar spine before and after insertion of the implant. For this purpose, a device that is capable of measuring 3-D motions were built based on direct linear transformation (DLT) algorithm written with MATLAB program. Results showed that in extension, a change of the mean angle between the intact and the implanted specimens at L4-L5 was 1.87 degree difference and the implant reduced the extension range of motion of the L4-L5 (p＆lt;0.05). But the range of motion in flexion, axial rotation and lateral bending at the adjacent segments was not statistically affected by the implant. In conclusion, we thought that interspinous spacer may have remedical value for DLSS by flexing human lumbar spine.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1172-1175
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• 2004

At present, CHS(Compression Hip Screw) is one of the best prosthesis for the intertrochanteric fracture. There is nothing to evaluate the CHS itself with the finite element analysis and mechanical tests. They have same ways of the experimental test of the ASTM standards. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the existing CHS and the new CHS which have transformational design factors with finite element analysis and mechanical tests. The mechanical tests are divided into compression tests and fatigue test for evaluating the failure load, strength and fatigue life. This finite element method is same as the experimental test of the ASTM standards. Under 300N of compression load at the lag screw head. There are less differences between Group (5H, basic type) and Group which has 8 screw holes. However, there are lots of big differences between Group and Group which is reinforced about thickness of the neck range. Moreover, the comparison of Group and Group shows similar tendency of the comparison of Group and Group . The Group is reinforced the neck range from Group. After the experimental tests and the finite element analysis, the most effective design factor of the compression hip screws is the reinforcement of the thickness, even though, there are lots of design factors. Moreover, to unite the lag screw with the plate and to analyze by static analysis, the result of this method can be used with experimental test or instead of it.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.243-248
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the kinematical characteristics of somersault with twist in the Lou Yun and Akopian motions and to provide useful information to gymnastic athletes in men's vault. Method: The study subjects were 12 male adult top athletes. After 12 trials (7 Lou Yun and 5 Akopian trials) filmed by using two digital high-speed camcorders set at 90 frames/sec, kinematical data were collected through the direct linear transformation (DLT) method. The mean differences in biomechanical variables were compared during the second flight upward phase. The kinematic characteristics of somersault with twist in the Lou Yun and Akopian motions were identified. Results: In Lou Yun motion, the vertical release velocity through horse breaking was not difficult to obtain, so the athletes had enough time to prepare for the twist. Therefore, the Lou Yun motion has an advantage to make a cat twist in the pike posture. In the Akopian motion, obtaining the horizontal velocity through horse pushing was so easy that the Akopian athletes attained a large angular impulse and angular momentum. Therefore, the Akopian motion has an advantage to making a tilt twist in the body tilting posture. Conclusion: This study suggests that gymnastic athletes should control their body segment movements in order to increase the twisting angular velocity of the whole body, which requires regulation of the longitudinal moment of inertia of the body. Moreover, athletes should prepare for the shoulder and hip twists early in order to make the landing position in advance.