• Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.144-151
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• 2016

Background: Immunoregulatory elements have emerged as useful immunotherapeutic agents against cancer. In traditional medicine, Mori folium, the leaf of Morus alba L. (Moraceae), has been used for various medicinal purposes; however, the immunomodulatory effects have not been fully identified. We evaluated the immunoenhancing potential of water extract of Mori folium (WEMF) in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Methods: RAW264.7 cells were treated with WEMF for 24 hours and cell viability was detected by an MTT method. Nitric oxide (NO) levels in the culture supernatants were assayed using Griess reagent. The productions of prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and immune-related cytokines was measured using ELISA detection kits. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Inducible NO synthase, COX-2, and cytokines were assayed by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The effect of WEMF on phagocytic activity was measured using a Phagocytosis Assay Kit. Results: WEMF significantly stimulated the production of NO and $PGE_2$ as immune response parameters at noncytotoxic concentrations, which was associated with the increased expression of inducible NO synthase and COX-2. The release and expression of cytokines, such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-10, were also significantly increased in response to treatment with WEMF. Moreover, WEMF promoted the macrophagic differentiation of RAW264.7 cells and the resulting phagocytosis activity. Conclusions: WEMF has the potential to modulate the immune function by regulating immunological parameters. Further studies are needed to identify the active compounds and to support the use of WEMF as an immune stimulant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2019

In electric agricultural machine the gearbox is used to increase torque and lower the output speed of the motor shaft. The gearbox consists of several shafts, helical gears and spur gears works in series. Optimization plays an important role in gear design as reducing the weight or volume of a gear set will increase its service life and improve the bearing capacity. In this paper the basic design parameters for gear like shaft diameter and face width are considered as the input variables. The bending stress and material volume is considered as the objective function. ANSYS was used to investigate the bending stress when the variable was changed. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used to obtain the mathematical model of the system based on the bending stress behaviour. The ANN was used since the output system is nonlinear. The Genetic Algorithm (GA)　technique of optimization is used to obtain the optimized values of shaft diameter and face width on the pinion based on the ANN mathematical model and the results are compared as that obtained using the traditional method. The ANN and GA were performed using MATLAB. The simulation results were shown that the proposed algorithm was successfully calculated the value of shaft diameter and face width to obtain the minimal bending stress and material volume of the gearbox.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1562-1570
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• 2014

The effects of Lactobacillus mucosae (L. mucosae), a potential direct fed microbial previously isolated from the rumen of Korean native goat, on the rumen fermentation profile of brewers grain were evaluated. Fermentation was conducted in serum bottles each containing 1% dry matter (DM) of the test substrate and either no L. mucosae (control), 1% 24 h broth culture of L. mucosae (T1), or 1% inoculation with the cell-free culture supernatant (T2). Each serum bottle was filled anaerobically with 100 mL of buffered rumen fluid and sealed prior to incubation for 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h from which fermentation parameters were monitored and the microbial diversity was evaluated. The results revealed that T1 had higher total gas production (65.00 mL) than the control (61.33 mL) and T2 (62.00 mL) (p<0.05) at 48 h. Consequently, T1 had significantly lower pH values (p<0.05) than the other groups at 48 h. Ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N), individual and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and acetate:propionate ratio were higher in T1 and T2 than the control, but T1 and T2 were comparable for these parameters. Total methane ($CH_4$) production and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) were highest in T1. The percent DM and organic matter digestibilities were comparable between all groups at all times of incubation. The total bacterial population was significantly higher in T1 (p<0.05) at 24 h, but then decreased to levels comparable to the control and T2 at 48 h. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile of the total bacterial 16s rRNA showed higher similarity between T1 and T2 at 24 h and between the control and T1 at 48 h. Overall, these results suggest that addition of L. mucosae and cell-free supernatant during the in vitro fermentation of dried brewers grain increases the VFA production, but has no effect on digestibility. The addition of L. mucosae can also increase the total bacterial population, but has no significant effect on the total microbial diversity. However, inoculation of the bacterium may increase $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ in vitro.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.464-468
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• 2011

Halocynthia roretzi is one of the most important cultured marine species on the southern coast of Korea. Samples were extracted using methanol (ME), ethanol (EE) and water (WE) to evaluate the antioxidant activities and antilipase activity in Halocynthia roretzi extracts. Antioxidant potentials of the samples were determined by poly-phenol content, flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activity, reducing potential, and chelating activity. The ME showed significant scavenging activity (1176 ${\mu}g/mL$ IC50 for DPPH, and 895 ${\mu}g/mL$ IC50 for ABTS assay). The IC50 for lipase inhibition activity was 12,021, 6,004, and 14,979 ${\mu}g/mL$ in the ME, EE, and WE, respectively. In conclusion, Halocynthia roretzi extracts exhibited antioxidant activities and anti-lipase activity. These results suggest that Halocynthia roretzi extracts can be potentially used as a source of antioxidant and antiobesity agents.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.899-905
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• 2016

In this study, beauty food activities were determined for extracts of Saurus chinensis as functional beauty food. Tyrosinase inhibitory effect was increased as more 4 folds by ultra-fine grind technology than normal grind technology in ethanol extracts from Saurus chinensis. A ultra-fine ground technology was used to increase the extraction yield for bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity, which is related to skin-whitening, was confirmed to be 100% for ethanol extracts at 1,000 ppm of phenolics. Anti-wrinkle activity was determined showing 30% of inhibition effect at above 1,000 ppm phenolic concentration. The elastase inhibitory activity of water and ethanol extracts from ultra-fine ground Saurus chinensis showed higher inhibition activity than compared to extracts from normal ground Saurus chinensis. Astringent activity in ethanol extracts was determined showing over 70% at 250 ppm of phenolics. Based on these results, Saurus chinensis extracts can be used as a functional beauty food and cosmetic with whitening, anti-wrinkle and pore contraction effects.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2017

Fish species composition in eelgrass bed of Bongam on Hansando island, Korea was determined using monthly samples collected by a surf net from August 2009 to July 2010. A total of 30 species, 3,237 individuals and 6,850.1g of fish were collected. The dominant species were Gymnogobius heptacanthus, Rudarius ercodes, Takifugu niphobles, Chaenogobius annularis, Pterogobius elapoides and Syngnathus schlegeli which accounted for 86.7% of total number of individuals of fish collected. Eelgrass started growing from May ($DW61.9g/m^2$) showing a peak biomass in August ($DW81.6g/m^2$), and low values in November ($DW57.23g/m^2$) to February ($DW15.41g/m^2$). The fish assemblages in the eelgrass beds showed clear seasonal changes; the number of fish species and individuals were low from September to December 2009, and high from December 2009 to July 2010. Seasonal variation in species composition and abundance was related to the water temperature and standing crops of eelgrass.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1083-1095
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• 2019

Butyrate is known to play a significant role in energy metabolism and regulating genomic activities that influence rumen nutrition utilization and function. Thus, this study investigated the effects of an isolated butyrate-producing bacteria, Clostridium saccharobutylicum, in rumen butyrate production, fermentation parameters and microbial population in Holstein-Friesian cow. An isolated butyrate-producing bacterium from the ruminal fluid of a Holstein-Friesian cow was identified and characterized as Clostridium saccharobutylicum RNAL841125 using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. The bacterium was evaluated on its effects as supplement on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population. Supplementation with $10^6CFU/ml$ Clostridium saccharobutylicum increased (p < 0.05) microbial crude protein, butyrate and total volatile fatty acids concentration but had no significant effect on $NH_3-N$ at 24 h incubation. Butyrate and total VFA concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in supplementation with $10^6CFU/ml$ Clostridium saccharobutylicum compared with control, with no differences observed for total gas production, $NH_3-N$ and propionate concentration. However, as the inclusion rate (CFU/ml) of C. saccharobutylicum was increased, reduction of rumen fermentation values was observed. Furthermore, butyrate-producing bacteria and Fibrobacter succinogenes population in the rumen increased in response with supplementation of C. saccharobutylicum, while no differences in the population in total bacteria, protozoa and fungi were observed among treatments. Overall, our study suggests that supplementation with $10^6CFU/ml$ C. saccharobutylicum has the potential to improve ruminal fermentation through increased concentrations of butyrate and total volatile fatty acid, and enhanced population of butyrate-producing bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria F. succinogenes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1077-1082
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• 2007

In this study, killer yeasts were isolated from traditional Nuruk to improve storage and suppress contaminant in food industry. Among killer yeasts, yeast K15 showed strong killer toxin activity and inhibited growth of Salmonella Typhimurium and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Killer yeast K15 was identified with Pichia anomala by the Microlog TM 4.0 identification system and homology of the ITS sequence. Killer toxin generated from P. anomala K15 was inactivated by pronase E and suggested to be a protein. Therefore killer toxin of P. anomala K15 was thought to be safe in human such as bacteriocin. P. anomala K15 was sufficient for growth in 50% glucose and could be used to prevent contaminant in initial stages of alcohol beverage fermentation.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

Objectives : Gossypium arboreum (cotton) is traditionally used to treat various health disorders. However, anti-amnesic effect of G. arboreum has not been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate in-vivo the anti-amnesic effects along with in vitro antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition potential in G. arboreum seed essential oil. Methods : The essential oil of G. arboreum obtained by solid phase microextraction (SPME) techniques were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay were performed to determine the antioxidant activity at various concentrations (312.5, 625, 1250, 2500, 5000, 10000 ㎍/㎖. Y-maze, passive avoidance and Morris water maze tests were carried out to evaluate improved effect on scopolamine (1 mg/kg)-induced memory dysfunction at the dose level of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. Donepezil (5 mg/kg) was used as a positive drug control. We performed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity assay in ex vivo. Results : Five volatile compounds were identified in G. arboreum. The assays of DPPH and ABTS revealed that G. arboreum increased antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. G. arboreum ameliorated the percent of spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test, shortened step-through latency in the passive avoidance test, and increased swimming time in the target zone in the Morris water maze test. In addition, G. arboreum inhibited the AChE activity. Conclusions : Based on these findings, G. arboreum may aid in the prevention and treatment of learning and memory-deficit disorders through antioxidant and AChE inhibitory activities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Magnestics Society Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.125-125
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• 2015