• Molecules and Cells
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.254-261
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• 2006

DNA microarray is a powerful tool for high-throughput analysis of biological systems. Various computational tools have been created to facilitate the analysis of the large volume of data produced in DNA microarray experiments. Normalization is a critical step for obtaining data that are reliable and usable for subsequent analysis such as identification of differentially expressed genes and clustering. A variety of normalization methods have been proposed over the past few years, but no methods are still perfect. Various assumptions are often taken in the process of normalization. Therefore, the knowledge of underlying assumption and principle of normalization would be helpful for the correct analysis of microarray data. We present a review of normalization techniques from single-labeled platforms such as the Affymetrix GeneChip array to dual-labeled platforms like spotted array focusing on their principles and assumptions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.111-116
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• 2018

Thermal fusion bonding is a method to enclose open microchannels fabricated on polymer chips for use in lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is utilized in various biomedical-microelectromechanical systems (bio-MEMS) applications, such as medical diagnostic kits, biosensors, and drug delivery systems. These applications utilize PMMAs biochemical compatibility, optical transparency, and mold characteristics. In this paper, we elucidate both the conformational entanglement of PMMA molecules at the contact interfacial regime, and the qualitative nature of the thermal fusion bonding phenomena through systematic molecular dynamics simulations.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.779-788
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• 2005

Purpose : Echinacea, a traditional plant medicine has been used as immune-stimulant. Recent studies have revealed that extract of Echinacea has immunostimulatory effects on human blood mononuclear cells. This study was designed for the purpose of screening the genes associated with immunologic effects of Echinacea on monocytes and dendritic cells using a cDNA microarray chip. Methods : $CD14^+$ monocyte cells were cultured for one day with Echinacea extract(final concentration : $50{\mu}g/mL$) in experiment 1, but were cultured without Echinacea in experiment 2. The gene expression of these cultured monocytes was analyzed using the cDNA microarray chip. Dendritic cells produced from $CD14^+$ monocyte were cultured for five days with GM-CSF and IL-4, and then cultured for one day with Echinacea in experiment 3, but were done without Echinacea in experiment 4. Results : In experiments 1 and 2, there were 17 significantly expressed genes with average expression ratios above 2.5, including interferon gamma-inducible protein 30(IFI 30), CDC(cell-division-cylcle)-like kinase 2(CLK 2), syndecan binding protein(syntenin), superoxide dismutase 2, etc. In experiments 3 and 4, there were 24 gene, with significantly expressed genes were 24 genes, which were insulin-like growth factor 2(somatomedin A), methyl-CpG binding domain protein 3, IFI 30, small inducible cytokine subfamily A, member 22, etc. The genes encoding CD44, IFI 30, mannose receptor C type 1(MRC 1), chemokine receptor 7(CCR 7), CLK 2, syntenin and cytochrome C oxidase subunit VIII were significantly expressed in both monocytes and dendritic cells cultured with Echinacea. Conclusion : This study employed a cDNA microarray chip to elicit the immune-associated gene profile; the expression was enhanced by Echinacea in CD14+ monocytes and dendritic cells. Thus we laid the basis for the quantitative and functional analysis of genes induced by Echinacea in monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.292-299
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• 2022

This study was conducted to analyze physical and chemical properties of horticultural substrates and response of hydroponically grown two cultivars of 'Namcheon' and 'Somirang' perilla by four different substrates: coir (chip:dust = 5:5), perlite, granular rockwool, and commercial mixed substrate (cocopeat:peatmoss:vermiculite:perlite: zeolite = 50:25:10:10:5). There were no significant differences in EC and pH according to substrates. Container capacity was the greatest in granular rockwool, and it showed appropriate levels in mixed substrate and coir. Air space was higher in coir and perlite than the other treatments. Bulky density reached a proper standard in all substrates excepting coir. The leaf length and width of 'Namcheon' indicated the most in mixed substrate, though the value of 'Somirang'was greatest in coir substrate. The leaf weight of both cultivars was highest in mixed substrate, and relatively low in coir and perlite. The total yield of leaves was separated by two groups: higher group, which are mixed substrate and granular rockwool, and lower group, which are coir and perlite. There was a large gap by 28% between these two groups. Therefore, this study suggests that substrates with high water holding capacity such as mixed substrate or granular rockwool are most suitable for the hydroponic cultivation of perilla, which require sufficient moisture supply to the root zone.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.13-18
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• 2013

In this paper design a 8 bit Current Steering D/A Converter for stimulating neuron signal. Proposed circuit in paper shows the conversion rate of 10KS/s and the power supply of 3.3V with 0.35um Magna chip CMOS process using full custom layout design. It employes segmented structure which consists of 3bit thermometer decoders and 5bit binary decoder for decreasing glitch noise and increasing resolution. So glitch energy is down by $10nV{\bullet}sec$ rather than binary weighted type DAC. And it makes use of low power current stimulator because of low LSB current. And it can make biphasic signal by connecting with Micro Controller Unit which controls period and amplitude of signal. As result of measurement INL is +0.56/-0.38 LSB and DNL is +0.3/-0.4 LSB. It shows great linearity. Power dissipation is 6mW.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4814-4821
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• 2012

An e-passport is equipped with bio information by adding the non-attachable IC chip with a smart function. In order to solve such a problem, the user's privacy is protected by using the BAC, PA, AA and EAC mechanisms. However, the password key used in the BAC mechanism is made of the combination of the MRZ values. As a result, it is possible to decode the password by using the indiscriminate attacking program after finding out the combined rules of MRZ. This thesis suggests the mechanism with an improved level of efficiency through the time-stamp values by using the information of images and fingerprints and checking the forge or falsification of the e-passport when establishing a safe channel between the chip of the e-passport and the decoding system.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.645-651
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• 2018

Lung cancer has the highest death rate of any cancer diseases in Koreans. However, patients often feel difficult to recognize their disease before facing the terminal diagnosis due to the absence of any significant symptoms. Furthermore, the clear detection of an early cancer stage is usually obscure with existing diagnostic methods. For this reason, extensive research efforts have been made on introducing a wide range of biochemical diagnostic tools for the molecular level analysis of biological fluids for lung cancer diagnoses. A chip-based biosensor, one type of the analytical devices, can be a great potential for the diagnosis, which can be used without any further expensive analytical equipments nor skilled analysts. In this mini review, we highlight recent research trends on searching biomarker candidates and bio-chip sensors for lung cancer diagnosis in addition to discussing their future aspects.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.670-681
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress is caused by reactive oxygen species and free radicals that accelerate inflammatory responses and exacerbate fatigue. Tormentic acid (TA) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, the aim of present study is to determine the fatigue-regulatory effects of TA in H₂O₂-stimulated myoblast cell line, C2C12 cells and treadmill stress test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) animal models. MATERIALS/METHODS: In the in vitro study, C2C12 cells were pretreated with TA before stimulation with H₂O₂. Then, malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) activity, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glycogen, and cell viability were analyzed. In the in vivo study, the ICR male mice were administered TA or distilled water orally daily for 28 days. FST and TST were then performed on the last day. In addition, biochemical analysis of the serum, muscle, and liver was performed. RESULTS: TA dose-dependently alleviated the levels of MDA, LDH, CK activity, TNF-α, and IL-6 in H₂O₂-stimulated C2C12 cells without affecting the cytotoxicity. TA increased the SOD and CAT activities and the glycogen levels in H₂O₂-stimulated C2C12 cells. In TST and FST animal models, TA decreased the FST immobility time significantly while increasing the TST exhaustion time without weight fluctuations. The in vivo studies showed that the levels of SOD, CAT, citrate synthase, glycogen, and free fatty acid were increased by TA administration, whereas TA significantly reduced the levels of glucose, MDA, LDH, lactate, CK, inflammatory cytokines, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, and cortisol compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: TA improves fatigue by modulating oxidative stress and energy metabolism in C2C12 cells and animal models. Therefore, we suggest that TA can be a powerful substance in healthy functional foods and therapeutics to improve fatigue.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

In order to investigate genetic stability and gene expression profile after cloning procedure, two groups of cloned pigs were used for swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) gene nucleotide alteration and microarray analyses. Each group was consist of cloned pigs derived from same cell line (n=3 and 4, respectively). Six SLA loci were analyzed for cDNA sequences and protein translations. In total, 16 SLA alleles were identified and there were no evidence of SLA nucleotide alteration. All SLA sequences and protein translations were identical among the each pig in the same group. On the other hand, microarray assay was performed for profiling gene expression of the cloned pigs. In total, 43,603 genes were analyzed and 2,150~4,300 reliably hybridized spots on the each chip were selected for further analysis. Even though the cloned pigs in the same group had identical genetic background, 18.6~47.3% of analyzed genes were differentially expressed in between each cloned pigs. Furthermore, on gene clustering analysis, some cloned pigs showed abnormal physiological phenotypes such as inflammation, cancer or cardiomyopathy. We assumed that individual environmental adaption, sociality and rank in the pen might have induced these different phenotypes. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that SLA locus genes appear to be stable following SCNT. However, gene expressions and phenotypes between cloned pigs derived from the same cell line were not identical even under the same rearing conditions.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate how the gut microbiome shifts when pigs were exposed with low concentrations of mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in feed. Fifteen of pigs, 15 kg in weight which were negative for PRRSV and PCV2 were purchased, acclimatized until 20 kg in weight, and randomly divided into 3 groups; the DON group (DON treated), the ZEN group (ZEN treated) and the CTL (untreated negative control). DON and ZEN administered to each group for 30 days at 0.8 mg/kg (800 ppb) and 0.20 mg/kg (200 ppb) in feed, respectively. After extraction of microbial DNA from intestine and fecal samples, sequencing procedures were performed in the Ion PGM using an Ion 316 V2 chip and Ion PGM sequencing 400 kit. The results suggested that the bacterial communities in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of the DON and ZEN groups presented low-abundant OTUs compared with the CTL group. OTUs in cecum, colon and feces were determined more than in small intestine of all three groups. However, the CTL group yielded more OTUs than other two groups in inter-group comparison. It is not fully clarified how the richness and abundance in microbiome functions in the health condition of animals, however, the exposure to DON and ZEN has caused microbial population shifts representing microbial succession and changes following the diversity and abundance of porcine gut microbiome. The metabolomic analysis correlate with microbiome analysis is needed for further study.