• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1541-1546
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• 2015

The objective of this research was to evaluate the toxicity of the industial xenobiotic Aroclor 1248 (A) and natural origin substances~elemental sulfur (S80) and oleic acid (OA) and their binary mixtures to V. fischeri bioluminescence during the prolonged exposure time (up to 60 min). The bioluminescence quenching test was used to determine the toxic effects. Full factorial experiment design and multiple regression analysis and the comparison of binary mixture effect with the sum of effects of individual chemicals were used for the evaluation of combined effects of toxicants. The analysis of general trend of mixture toxicity to bioluminescence showed that mixture toxic effects were reversible up to 60 min. Data analysis revealed different joint effects, which were depended on mixture composition. S80 enhanced toxic effect of A and acted additively with synergistic interaction. Hydrophobic OA in mixture with A acted antagonistically and in mixture with sulfur caused an additive effect with antagonistic component of interaction. It was concluded that low concentrations of natural toxic substances present in environmental samples as mixtures of chemicals can define the toxicodynamic character of industrial xenobiotics.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.201-211
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• 2024

Background: Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are widely used in sunscreen products and have been identified as an emerging contaminant. Organic UV filters co-exist with multiple components, but their mixture toxicity remains largely unknown. Objectives: We investigated the toxicity of single and binary mixtures of commonly used UV-filters using the human adrenocarcinoma (H295R) cell line. Methods: After exposure to non-cytotoxic concentrations of avobenzone (AVO), homosalate (HS), octisalate (OS), octinoxate (OMC), and octocrylene (OC), the levels of testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) were measured. The median effective concentration (EC₅₀) values for the E2 of the individual substances were used to determine the mixture effect of four binary combinations: OMC+AVB, OMC+HS, OMC+OS, and OMC+OC. The synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effects of the mixture were determined by calculating toxic units (TU). To examine the mechanism of mixture toxicity, eight genes involved in steroidogenesis were analyzed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The significant increase in E2 in H295R cells exposed to AVO, HS, OS, OMC, and OC suggest an estrogenic effect of the tested UV-filters. A significant decrease in T was observed in cells exposed to HS and OS. EC₅₀ values for E2 increase were 105 nM for AVO, 110 nM for HS, 120 nM for OS, 55 nM for OMC, and 80 nM for OC. Both binary mixtures consisting of OMC+HS and OMC+OS have synergistic effects. Conclusions: Our results showed that five types of UV-filter substances increase E2 in H295R cells. We examined the mixture toxicity in terms of increased estrogenicity and confirmed that E2 significantly increased when OMC was mixed with a salicylate-based UV-filters. These findings highlight the importance of determining the impact of UV filter mixtures.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2003년도 Challenges and Achievements in Environmental Health
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• pp.158-161
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• 2003

Toxicity evaluations of 3-tert-butyl-, 2-isopropyl-, 3-isopropyl- and 4-propyl-phenol and their binary mixtures were performed with the Microtox$\^$(R) / assay and compared to invertebrates and fish. The single chemical, 4-isopropylphenol, exhibited the greatest relative toxicity to the Microtox organism (Vibrio fischeri). The relative electrophilicity (LUMO) of the phenols, in contrast to the lipophilicity (Log P), was strongly correlated with toxicity to V fischeri (r$^2$=0.96, p<0.01). In contrast, relative electrophilicity alone could not explain variances in toxicity of the phenols to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Results suggest that electrophilicity in conjunction with lipophilicity provide better correlation with toxicity to C. dubia and Pimephales promelas. Microtox results from the binary mixture toxicity tests of selected phenolics indicate a mechanism of interaction governed by suppression/antagonism.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2007

Cyanides and dichlorophenols were important pollutants in industrial effluents of steel, petroleum, plastics, pesticides, synthetic dye and/or fiber manufacturing. The toxic effects of cyanide and 3, 5-dichlorophenol in the unary and binary solutions to Vibrio fischeri were determined using the newly developed $N-tox^{(R)}$ bioassay system. This bioassay system relies upon the attenuation of light intensity emitted by Vibrio fischeri exposed to various pollutants including metals and organic compounds. Most of studies dealing with toxicity of pollutants concerned single chemical species, while the organisms were typically exposed to pollutant mixtures. The present study showed that the toxicity of some binary combinations of cyanide and 3, 5-dichlorophenol significantly was lower than the predicted toxicity from the addicted model. This antagonistic interaction was well explained by chemical interaction model presented in this study.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.241-246
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Recently, the widespread distribution of pesticides in the hive has been of concern about pesticide exposure on honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) health. Larval toxicity was adapted to assess the synergistic and antagonistic interaction of cumulative mortality to the honeybee larvae of the four most common pesticides detected in pollen. METHODS AND RESULTS: Acetamiprid($3.0{\mu}l/L$), chlorothalonil ($803.0{\mu}l/L$), coumaphos ($128.0{\mu}l/L$), and tau-fluvalinate ($123.0{\mu}l/L$) were tested in combination; binary, ternary and four component mixture. Larvae were exposed to four pesticides mixed in diet at the average levels detected in pollen. As a result, synthetic toxicity was observed in the binary mixture of acetamiprid with coumaphos. The binary and ternary component mixtures of tested pesticides have mostly demonstrated additive effect in larval bees. The significant antagonistic effects were found in four parings of mixtures including chlorothalonil added to acetamiprid/tau-fluvalinate or acetamiprid/coumaphos/tau-fluvalinate, and tau-fluvalinate added to acetamiprid/chlorothalonil or acetamiprid/coumaphos/chlorothalonil. CONCLUSION: Interactions between combinations of four pesticides showed mostly additive or antagonistic effects in larval bees. Therefore, predicting the larval mortality of pesticides mixtures on the basis of the results of single pesticide may actually overestimate the risk. We suggest that pesticide mixture in pollen be evaluated by adding their toxicity together for complete data on interactions.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2023

Background: Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are a group of chemical substances used in building materials and plastic products to suppress or mitigate the combustion of materials. Although OPFRs are generally used in mixed form, information on their mixture toxicity is quite scarce. Objectives: This study aims to elucidate the toxicity and determine the types of interaction (e.g., synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effect) of OPFRs mixtures. Methods: Nine organophosphorus flame retardants, including TEHP (tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate) and TDCPP (tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate), were selected based on indoor dust measurement data in South Korea. Nine OPFRs were exposed to the luminescent bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri for 30 minutes and the human hepatocyte cell line HepG2 for 48 hours. Chemicals with significant toxicity were only used for mixture toxicity tests in HepG2. In addition, the observed EC_x values were compared with the predicted toxicity values in the CA (concentration addition) prediction model, and the MDR (model deviation ratio) was calculated to determine the type of interaction. Results: Only four chemicals showed significant toxicity in the luminescent bacteria assays. However, EC₅₀ values were derived for seven out of nine OPFRs in the HepG2 assays. In the HepG2 assays, the highest to lowest EC₅₀ were in the order of the molecular weight of the target chemicals. In the further mixture tests, most binary mixtures show additive interactions except for the two combinations that have TPhP (triphenyl phosphate), i.e., TPhP and TDCPP, and TPhP and TBOEP (tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate). Conclusions: Our data shows OPFR mixtures usually have additivity; however, more research is needed to find out the reason for the synergistic effect of TPhP. Also, the mixture experimental dataset can be used as a training and validation set for developing the mixture toxicity prediction model as a further step.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.945-956
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• 2021

In this study, the effects of single and binary heavy metals toxicity on the growth and phosphorus removal ability of Bacillus sp.. known as be a phosphorus-removing microorganism, were quantitatively evaluated. Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni were used as heavy metals. As a result of analysis of variance of the half of inhibition concentration and half of effective concentration for each single heavy metal treatment group, the inhibitory effect on the growth of Bacillus sp. was Ni < Pb < Zn < Cu < Cd. And the inhibitory effect on phosphorus removal by Bacillus sp. was Ni < Pb < Zn < Cu < Cd. When analyzing the correlation between growth inhibition and phosphorus removal efficiency of a single heavy metal treatment group, a negative correlation was found (R² = 0.815), and a positive correlation was found when the correlation between IC₅₀ and EC₅₀ was analyzed (R² = 0.959). In all binary heavy metal treatment groups, the interaction was an antagonistic effect when evaluated using the additive toxicity index method. This paper is considered to be basic data on the toxic effects of heavy metals when phosphorus is removed using phosphorus removal microorganisms in wastewater.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 합성 항균제로 이용되는 Triclosan이 $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Cr^{6+}$, $Cd^{2+}$, $Hg^{2+}$, $Pb^{2+}$ 등과 같은 중금속과 공존할 경우의 독성영향을 발광박테리아인 Vibrio fischeri를 이용하여 평가하였다. 우선, Triclosan과 상기 6종 중금속의 단일물질별 Vibrio fischeri에 대한 독성을 평가한 결과, $Hg^{2+}$의 독성이 가장 높았으며 뒤이어 Triclosan > $Pb^{2+}$ > $Cu^{2+}$ > $Cr^{6+}$ > $Zn^{2+}$ > $Cd^{2+}$순의 독성민감도가 나타났다. 각 물질의 독성평가결과를 바탕으로 Triclosan과 중금속 혼합물질의 독성작용분석을 위해 유사한 독성작용을 가정하여 독성치를 예측하는 Concentration Addition (CA)모델과 독립적인 독성작용을 가정하여 독성치를 예측하는 Independent Action (IA)모델에 대한 상관도분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 Triclosan + Cu, Triclosan + Zn, Triclosan + Pb, Triclosan + Hg, Triclosan + Cd, 그리고 Triclosan + Cr 등 모든 조합에서 CA모델보다는 IA모델과 상관성이 높은 것으로 나타나 Triclosan과 대상 중금속들은 서로 독립적인 독성작용을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 Triclosan과 중금속의 혼합독성영향은 IA모델로 예측된 $EC_{50mix}$기준으로 Triclosan + Cu, Triclosan + Zn, Triclosan + Pb, Triclosan + Hg, Triclosan + Cd, 그리고 Triclosan + Cr의 실측 $EC_{50mix}$이 IA모델로 예측한 농도보다 각각 191%, 226%, 138%, 137%, 209% 그리고 138%로 나타나, Triclosan과 시험 중금속이 공존하는 경우, 모두 길항작용이 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2024

살충제 저항성 목화진딧물 집단(완주, 춘천, 고성)에 대한 3종(afidopyropen, chlorfenapyr, cyantraniliprole) 약제별 감수성과 혼용에 따른 방제효과를 평가하였다. 3개 야외집단에 대해서 3약제 모두100배 이상의 저항성비를 보였다. 혼합제의 협력작용을 평가하기 위해 반수치사농도(LC₅₀)을 이용한 조합지수(CI), %M_(synergism), 연합독성계수(CTC), 와들리 비율(WR), 상승비율(SR)와 사충률을 이용한 아보트 비율(AR)로 비교하였다. Afidopyropen + chlorfenapyr은 모든 야외집단에 대해서 살충활성의 증가를 보였고, chlorfenapyr + cyantraniliprole, afidopyropen + cayntraniliprole은 완주, 춘천 집단에 대해서 살충활성의 증가를 보였다. 그러나 chlorfenapyr + cyantraniliprole (CI, 1.63; %M_(synergism), 30; CTC, 64.0; WR, 0.6, AR, 0.54)과 afidopyropen + cyantraniliprole (CI, 6.7; %M_(synergism), 1; CTC, 19.8; WR, 0.2, AR ≤ 0.55)은 고성 집단에서 길항작용을 나타내었다. 포장조건에서도 afidopyropen + chlorfenapyr, chlorfenapyr + cyantraniliprole, afidopyropen + cyantraniliprole은 99% 이상의 높은 방제가를 보여 향후 살충제 저항성 목화진딧물 방제용 혼합제 개발에 유용하게 활용될 것이다.