• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.31-36
• /
• 1981

Heavy metals which are present as trace elements in human body have been known to modify various enzymatic reaction. These metals can be essential or non-essential. Zinc, copper and calcium are essential in maintaining some biological processes, whereas non-essential metals such as cadmium, lead and mercury produce accumulatve toxic effect. Cadmium accumulated in pancreas can cause toxicity and damage of pancreatic cells, thereby influencing CHO metabolism. Lead compounds are known to produce toxic effects on the kidney, digestive system and brain fellowed by inhibition of activity of ${\rho}-aminolevulinic$ acid and biosynthesis of hemoproteins and cytochrome. Evidence has been accumulated that zinc not only acts as a cofactor in enzyme reaction but also prevents toxic effect induced by heavy metal such as copper and cadmium. To demonstrate the effect of heavy metals on pancreatic secretion, part of uncinate pancreas was taken and incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with heavy metals used. Additional treatment with CCK-OP was performed when needed. After incubation during different period of time, medium was analyzed for amylase activity using Bernfeld's method. The present study was attempted in order to elucidate the effect of several kinds of heavy metal on exocrine pancreatic secretion in vitro. The results obtained are as follows: 1) CCK-OP stimulated significantly amylase release from pancreatic fragments in vitro. 2) CCK-OP response of amylase release from pancreatic fragments was inhibited by treatmant with cadmium, especially high doses of cadmium. 3) CCK-OP response of amylase release from pancreatic fragments was inhibited when pretreated with $10^{-4}M$ copper chloride. 4) Lead chloride at the concentration of $10^{-3}M\;and\;10^{4}M$ stimulated the basal amylase release in vitro but CCK-OP response did not augment by lead chloride. 5) Zine chloride did not affect amylase release from pancreatic fragment in vitro. From the results mentioned above, it is suggested that CCK-OP response was inhibited it the amylase release from pancreatic fragments pretreated with cadmium and copper chloride.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.88-95
• /
• 2003

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of exogenous bovine somatotropin on the mammary function in late lactating crossbred Holstein cows. Twelve 87.5% late lactating Holstein cows, approximately 30 weeks postpartum, were divided into two groups of 6 animals each. Animals in the control group were given sodium bicarbonate buffer by subcutaneous injection, while animals in the treated group were given recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) by subcutaneous injection with 500 mg of bST (14 day prolonged-release bST). After bST injection, milk yield significantly increased from the control level on day 8 to day 20 (p<0.05) with a concomitant increase in mammary blood flow (p<0.01). An increase in mammary blood flow in response to bST treatment was greater than an increase in milk production. An increased plasma concentration of IGF-I coincided with an increase in mammary blood flow in animals treated with bST. There were no significant changes in the concentration of arterial plasma glucose concentration, the arteriovenous concentration difference (A-V difference) and mammary extraction ratio while the mammary glucose uptake increased when compared to the control group. The concentration of arterial plasma triglyceride decreased throughout the experimental period in animals give bST. The plasma concentration of acetate, and the mammary uptake for acetate significantly increased (p<0.05) after bST treatment. The action of bST did not affect the plasma concentration, A-V difference and extraction ratio across the mammary gland for $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate. The concentrations of milk fat and lactose tended to increase during bST treatment. Milk protein concentration initially increased in the first few days and decreased after bST injection when compared to the pretreated period. The present results indicated that bST could affect the mammary function in late lactating cows by increase in milk yield involving changes in both extra-mammary and intra-mammary mechanisms. The exogenous bST exerted its galactopoietic action through an increase in circulating IGF-I of the late lactating Crossbred Holstein cattle.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.74-88
• /
• 1991

In order to study the effects of Goosunsan known clinically for their effects of treatment for cough and asthmas the study was carried out to investigate the effect of Goosunsan extract on the contractile force of the isolated guinea pig's vaviovs kinds smooth muscles and elucidate its mechanism The result were obtained as follows: 1. The isolated trachea & ileum smooth muscles of guinea pig was suspended in the organ bath with oxygenated kreb's Henselsite bicarbonate buffer solution at $37^{\circ}C$, and the developed tension by the drug was recorded with Isometric transducer (nacro F-60). The resting tension was approximately 0.5g. 2. The isolated trachea & ileum smooth muscles of guinea pig was remakably relaxed by the administration of Goosunsan. 3. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to histamine 10-4 M was remakably by Goosunsan extract. 4. The contractile response of the ileum smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to histamine 10-4 M was remakably by Goosunsan extract. 5. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to acetylcholine 10-4 M was remakably by Goosunsan extract. 6. The contractile response of the ileum smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to acetylcholine 10-4 M was remakably by Goosunsan. 7. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to 5-hydroxytryptamine 10-4 M was remakably by Goosunsan. 8. The contractile response of the ileum smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to 5-hydroxytryptamine 10-4 M was remakably by Goosunsan.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Oyootang and Shinchulsan extract on the contractile force of the isolated guinea pig trachea smooth muscle and elucidate its mechanism The result were obtained as follow: 1. The isolated trachea smooth muscle was suspended in the organ bath with oxygenated kerb's Henseleit bicarbonate buffer solution at $37^{\circ}C$, and the developed tension by the drug was recorded with isometric tranducer(Nacro F-60). The resting tension was approximately 0.5g 2. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig by histamine $10^{-4}M$ was significantly inhibited by Oyootang and Shinchulsan extract. 3. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig by acetylcholine $10^{-4}M$ was considerably inhibited by Oyootang and Shinchulsan extract. 4. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig by histamine $10^{-4}M$ was significantly inhibited by Oyootanghabshinchulsan extract. 5. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig by acetylcholine $10^{-4}M$ was significantly inhibited by Oyootanghabshinchulsan extract. 6. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the iso-lated guinea pig by histamine $10^{-4}M$ was significantly inhibited by Oyootang, Shinchulsan and its constituent herbs extract. 7. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the iso-lated guinea pig by acetylcholine $10^{-4}M$ was significantly inhibited by Oyootang, Shinchulsan and its constituent herbs extract.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.166-171
• /
• 1982

A laboratiory experiment incubated at about $30^{\circ}C$ for 34 days was conducted in order to learn the effect of liming materials and rice straw on the volatilization of ammonia from flooded soils applied with urea. 1. The application of calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate increased buffer action of flood soil, though it resulted in increase in the volatilization of ammonia through raising flooded soil pH containing bicarbonate. 2. The mixing of rice straw powder to soil lowered pH of flooded soil, and decreased the volatilization of ammonia. The effect was particulary large when noliming material was used. 3. Calcium hydroxide depressed the evolution of $CO_2$ in the early days of incubation after flooding, while calcium silicate promoted the ammonification of soil nitrogen from the begining of flooding giving slow change in soil chemical properties. The rice straw was also effective in providing a favorable soil condition for the ammonification rather quickly.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
• /
• v.4 no.1 s.6
• /
• pp.17-28
• /
• 1989

Having studied the production of monoclonal antibodies for developing a diagnosis medicine which shall be detected by a high-sensitivity test by using Rhodotorula rubra as a fungi-host which had been extracted through biochemical tests and follow-up examinations on Yeast-like fungi obtained from pulmonary tissues of pulmonary tuberculosis patients who had been in Kong ju National Tuberculosis Hospital from Jun. to Dec. in 1987, I. have gained such results as follows: 1. The fusion rate was influenced by feeder cell layers, cell density and time required to the cell fusion with cells in myelona subculture. 2. The fusion rate did not show any significant difference when the cell was applyed with two molecular weights, i.e., 1500 and 4000, of polyethylene glycol. 3. Fused cells after the addition of HAT selection media were bright and round, whereas unfused myelona cells and spleen cells were shrunk and granulated. 4. The cell fusion rate turned out to be about $57.2\%$(150 wells / 264 wells). 5. $10\%$(15 wells / 150 wells) of the positive reaction was detected in monoclonal antibody screening. 6. The titer which had reacted positively to Rhodotorula rubra fungal-host was 800 times in density after the gradual dilution of the produced monoclonal antibodies with Indirect ELISA method. 7. The Strongest specific reaction came out after the peroxidase labelled anti-human Immunogobulin had been applyed to Rhodotorula rubra for activating its nature after making drift with Carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6) and drying completely.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 1998.11a
• /
• pp.191-191
• /
• 1998

It has been hypothesized that formation of oxygen-derived free radicals may play an important part in ischemically induced tissue injury. In this study, the effects of vitamin C treatment on hepatic reperfusion model were investigated. Livers isolated from 18 hrs fasted rats were subjected to low flow hypoxia (1 $m\ell$/g liver/min, for 45min) followed by reoxygenation (for 30min). The perfusion medium used was Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (KHBB, pH 7.4) and vitamin C (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) was added to perfusate. 7-Ethoxycoumarin was used as substrate of phase and metbolism. After hypoxia oxygen consumption significantly dropped but vitamin C 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mM treatments restored oxygen consumption to the level of control group. LDH and lipid peroxidation were not changed in all experimental groups. Oxidation, phase metabolism, significantly decreased following hypoxia but improved during reoxygenation. Vitamin C 0.25 mM treatment significantly improved the oxidation of 7-ethoxycoumarin during hypoxia and reoxygenation, but the oxidation significantly decreased by vitamin C 2.0 mM treatment. Similarly, sulfate conjugation decreased in hypoxic group, but this decrease was inhibited by vitamin C 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mM treatments. Our findings suggest that hypoxia/reoxygenation diminishes hepatic drug metabolizing function, vitamin C at concentration of 0.25-1.0 mM ameliorates but at higher concentration aggravates these hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced changes.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.159-167
• /
• 2018

Objectives: Myocardial reperfusion is the only logical cure for ischemic heart disease. However, ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the underlying factors facilitating and accelerating the apoptosis in the myocardium. This study set to investigate the impact of Teucrium polium (TP) hydro-alcoholic extract on I/R induced apoptosis in the isolated rat heart. Methods: Isolated rat hearts were classified into six groups. The control samples were subjected to 80 min of perfusion with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate (KHB) buffer; in control-ischemia group, after primary perfusion (20 min) the hearts were exposed to global ischemia (20 min) and reperfusion (40 min). Pretreated groups were perfused with $500{\mu}M$ of vitamin C and various TP concentrations (0.5, 1, 2 mg/ml) for 20 min, and then the hearts were exposed to ischemia and reperfusion for 20 min and 40 min, respectively. Cardiodynamic parameters including rate pressure product (RPP), heart rate (HR), the maximum up/down rate of left ventricular pressure (${\pm}dp/dt$), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), and coronary artery flow (CF) were achieved from Lab Chart software data. The Bax and BCl-2 gene expressions were measured in heart samples. Results: Hearts treated with TP extract and vit C represented a meaningful improvement in cardiac contractile function and CF. The overexpression of Bcl-2, downregulation of Bax, and improvement of apoptotic index (Bax/Bcl-2) were observed in pretreated TP extract and vit C hearts. Conclusion: The TP extract was found to ameliorate the cardiac function in the reperfused myocardium. Also, it can hinder apoptotic pathways causing cardioprotection.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.441-448
• /
• 2007

In this study, the fiber-optic fluoro-immunosensor was designed to detect foodborne pathogens. The fabricated system is composed of the multimode optical fiber on which antibodies are immobilized. Then, a sandwich immunoassay is applied to the fabricated the fiber-optic fluoro-immunosensor. In the "sandwich" binding format, a primary or "capture" antibody is immobilized on the core surface of the multimode optical fiber and a secondary or named as "tracer" antibody is added to the bulk solution. A tracer is labeled FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate; ${\lambda}ex$=492 nm, ${\lambda}em$= 520 nm). Different concentrations of antigens are tested in different fibers. The detection limit of the fabricated system is 5.08×103 cfu/ml for Vibrio antigen and $0.1{\mu}g/ml$, $0.05{\mu}g/ml$ in non-labeled monolayer phosphate buffered saline (NMP), non-labeled monolayer carbonate bicarbonate buffer (NMC), respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.55-59
• /
• 1976

Most investigators have come to stress two different concepts of mechanism controlling renin release; intrarenal baroreceptor theory and the macula densa theory(Vander 1967, Thurau and Masson 1974). In the macula densa theory, the specific macula densa parameter, most commonly suggested as a possible signal, is either the osmolality or the concentration of sodium in the tubular fluid (Thurau 1964, Vander and Miller 1964, Reeves and Sommers 1965). It has been shown that sodium plays an important role in the release of renin either in vivo (Thurau 1964, Vander and Miller 1964, Thurau et al 1972) or in vitro experiments(Oelkers et al 1970, Hammerson et al 1971, Michelakis 1971). On the other hand the osmolality appears to have no effect on the release of renin in vivo (Vander 1967, Thurau and Masson 1974). However, there has been little attempt to study the effect of osmolality on in vitro renin release. We therefore undertook the present investigation to elucidate the effect of osmolality on renin release and to further test the sodium influence upon the release of renin from isolated kidney slice preparations. Isolated renal cortical slices were washed with normal Krebs-Hensenleit bicarbonate buffer solution and incubated for 30 minutes in a medium containing an appropriate concentration of sodium and osmolality. The renin released into the medium was measured by the method of radioimmunoassay(Haber et al 1969). The results obtained are as follows; 1. The release of renin from renal cortical slices was progressively inhibited as the sodium concentration in the medium increased. 2. No significant alteration in renin release was observed when osmolality of the medium was changed. These results suggest that the release of renin from the renal cortical slices is directly affected by the changes in sodium concentration in the medium, but is not influenced by the alterations in osmolality.