• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1653-1658
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• 2012

We have reported previously that a recombinant Escherichia coli co-expresses aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase, an NADP-dependent malic enzyme, and a dicarboxylate transporter-produced heme, an iron-chelated porphyrin, in a succinate-containing complex medium. To develop an industrially plausible process, a chemically defined medium was formulated based on M9 minimal medium. Heme synthesis was enhanced by adding sodium bicarbonate, which strengthened the C4 metabolism required for the precursor metabolite, although a pH change discouraged cell growth. Increasing the medium pH buffering capacity (100mM phosphate buffer) and adding sodium bicarbonate enabled the recombinant E. coli to produce heme at rates 60% greater than those in M9 minimal medium. Adding growth factors (1 mg/l thiamin, 0.01 mg/l biotin, 5 mg/l nicotinic acid, 1 mg/l pantothenic acid, and 1.4 mg/l cobalamin) also induced positive heme production effects at levels twice of heme production in M9-based medium. Porphyrin derivatives and heme were found in the chemically defined medium, and their presence was confirmed by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS). The formulated medium allowed for the production of $0.6{\mu}M$ heme, $29{\mu}M$ ALA, $0.07{\mu}M$ coproporphyrin I, $0.21{\mu}M$ coproporphyrin III, and $0.23{\mu}M$ uroporphyrin in a 3 L pH-controlled culture.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1997

Adult male rats were exposed to a whole body with a single dose of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0 Gy. The animals were sacrificed 48, 72, 96 and 216 hours following exposure. A competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) with antigen immobilized on the solid phase has been developed to measure ceruloplasmin in rat serum and complete dose response curves. Ceruloplasmin was purified from the plasma of turpentine treated male rats. Coating of ceruloplasmin had more effectiveness in 10 mM Tris-HCI, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 7.4 than in 50 mM carbonate/bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.6. The coating range for ceruloplasmin was $70{\sim}140ng$/well. Levels of ceruloplasmin increased to maximum on the $72{\sim}96$ hours after irradiation. Slope of between response and dose was greatest value 96 hours following irradiation. Normal ceruloplasmin levels were not recorded 216 hours following exposure. In 0.1 Gy irradiated group, levels of ceruloplasmin also increased to maximum on the $72{\sim}96$ hours following irradiation. The concentration of this protein remained significantly different from control value, 196 hours after exposure. Ceruloplasmin was identified as one of the major acute phase protein following irradiation and further studies about gene expression and regulation would be necessary for radiation protection.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.17-22
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• 1981

In the electrically stimulated guinea-pig ileum, which was incubated in the modified Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer solution containing various concentrations of electrolytes at $4^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, the effect of naloxone on the inhibitory action of morphine was investigated. Incubation potentiated the inhibitory action of morphine. In the incubated preperation, the inhibitory action of morphine was potentiated in the $Na^+\;75mM$, and $K^+\;2.9mM$ groups, while that action of morphine was reduced in the $Ca^{++}\;3.6mM,\;Mg^{++}$ free and $Mn{++}\;0.2mM$ groups. Naloxone in incubation media potentiated in the inhibitory action of morphine. In the preparations which were incubated in various concentrations of electrolytes plus naloxone, the action of morphine was reduced in $Na^+\;75mM,\;K^+\;2.9mM$, and $Ca^{++}\;3.6mM$ groups, while that action of morphine was potentiated in $Mg^{++}$free and $Mn{++}\;0.2mM$ groups. Naloxone antagonised those actions of morphine. However, $pA_2$ values for naloxone (index for affinity for antagonist) was not changed. Thus changes in the inhitory action of morphine caused by incubation are probably not the result of changes in the affinity of receptor, but due to the alterations in the events which precede or follow the receptor binding by incubations.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 1996

The study was carried out for the preparation and evaluation of a buoyant hydrogel matrix (BHM), which is buoyant in a neutral or in pH 2.0 buffer solution, by the aspects of buoyancy, swelling, and drug release. Physical mixtures of HPC and CP in various molar ratio were employed as a mucoadhesive polymer which swells and controls the rate of drug release. Anhydrous citric acid and sodium bicarbonate in the molar ratio of 1:3 were employed as effervescing agents which provide a buoyancy for the mucoadhesive polymeric matrix. The buoyancy in vitro was expressed as both floating time$(T_{fl})$ and surfing time$(T_{sf})$, which are the time required for floating from the bottom to the surface of the medium and the time to keep the floated state at the surface of medium during release studies, respectively. A close relationship was observed between the buoyancy and the amount of effervescing agent added. $T_{fl}$ of the buoyant hydrogel matrices were decreased to about 10 seconds linearly with increasing the amount of effervescing agent in the range of 5 to 15%. $T_{sf}$ of the buoyant hydrogel matrices were varied from 1 to 3 hr depending on the amount of effervescing agent. The swelling was observed by changes in diameter of the buoyant hydrogel matrices in distilled water or acidic buffer solution, resulted in dependences on pH and the amount of effervescing agents. The release of hydrochlorothiazide from the buoyant hydrogel matrices were followed by apparent zero-order kinetics, while the buoyant hydrogel matrices were floated at the surface and maintaining their swollen shapes.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.471-475
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• 1997

Livers isolated from 18 hours fasted rats were subjected to N$_{2}$ hypoxia (for 45 min) followed by reoxygenation (for 45 min). The perfusion medium used was Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (KHBB, pH 7.4). Lactate and alanine were added as gluconeogenic and ureagenic substrates and Trolox C was also added to perfusate. Oxygen consumption, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine transaminase (ALT), total glutathione, oxidized glutathione, bile flow, glucose and urea were measured. After hypoxia oxygen consumption significantly dropped but Trolox C had no influence on this decrease. ALT and LDH were significantly increased by hypoxia/reoxygenation. This increase was markedly attenuated in the presence of Trolox C. The total glutathione and oxidized glutathione efflux increased following hypoxia, which were prevented by the treatment of Trolox C. Bile flow rate decreased following hypoxia/reoxygenation but did not continue to decrease in the reoxygenation phase by Trolox C. Following hypoxia/reoxygenation glucose and urea releases decreased. Trolox C had no influence on inhibition of glucose and urea production. These results suggest that Trolox C protected the liver cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, yielding further evidence for a causative role of oxidative stress in this model.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.165-177
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• 1990

In order to study the effects of HWA GAE SAN known clinically for their effects of treatment for cough and asthma, the study was carried out to investigate the effect of HWA GAE SAN extract on the contractile force of isolated guinea pig trachea smooth muscle and elucidate its mechanism. The results were obtained as follows. 1. Preparation of isolated guinea pig trachea smooth muscle was suspended in the oxygeneted Kreb's Henseleit bicarbonate buffer solution at $37^{\circ}C$ and recorded the developed tension by the drug with the isometric transducer (Nacro F-60). The restin tension was approximately 0.5g. 2. The trachea smooth muscle in normal state showed a significant atony to the increase of density of HWA GAE SAN. 3. The atonic effect of the trachea smooth muscle was restricted after prescription of Pyrilamine& Cyproheptadine. Hireceptor broker, which were prearranged. 4. After 5, 15, 50& $150{\mu}l/ml$ of HWA GAE SAN were prescribed, the atony of trachea smooth muscle was caused by Histamine. 5. After 50& $150{\mu}l/ml$ of HWA GAE SAN were prescribed, the atony of trachea smooth muscle was remarkably dwindled which was caused by Acetylcholine. 6. After $150{\mu}l/ml$ of HWA GAE SAN were prescribed, the atony of trachea smooth muscle was remarkably dwindled which was caused by 5-Hydroxytryptamine.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.77-91
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Jasoeumja extract on the contractile force of the isolated guinea pig trachea smooth muscle and elucidate its mechanism. The results were obtained as follows: 1. The isolated trachea smooth muscle was suspended in the Organ bath with oxygenated Kreb's Henseleit bicarbonate buffer solution at $37^{\circ}C$, and the developed tension by the drug was recorded with Isometric transducer (Nacro F-60). The resting tension was approximately 0.5g. 2. The trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig was significantly relaxed by the administration of Jasoeumja extract. 3. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to histamine $10^{-4}M$ was significantly inhibited by Jasoeumja extract. 4. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to acetylcholine $10^{-4}M$ was considerably inhibited by Jasoeumja extract. 5. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to 5-hydroxytryptamine $10^{-4}M$ was considerably inhibited by Jasoeumja extract.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.68-79
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Heapyoyangjintang and Haepyoejintang extract on the contractile force of the isolated guinea pig trachea smooth muscle and elucidate its mechanism. The results were obtained as follows : 1. The isolated trachea smooth muscle was suspended in the organ bath with oxygenated kreb's Henseleit bicarbonate buffer solution at $37^{\circ}C$, and the developed tension by the drug was recorded with Isometric transducer(nacro F-60). The resting tension was approximately 0.5g. 2. The trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig was significantly relaxed by the administration of Haepyoyangjintang and Haepyoejintang extract. 3. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to histamine$10^4M$ Was significantly inhibited by Heapyoyangjintang and Haepyoejintang extract. 4. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to acetylcholine$10^4M$ was considerably inhibited by Haepyoyangjintang and Haepyoejintang extract. 5. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to 5-hydorxytrtrypptamine $10^4M$ was considerably inhibited by Haepyoyangjintang and haepyoejintang extract.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.84-94
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• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of samyootang and shinchulsan extract on the contractile force of the isolated guinea pig trachea smooth muscle and elucidate it's mechanism The isolated were obtained as follows ; 1. The isolated trachea smooth muscle was suspended in the organ bath with oxygenated kreb's Henseleit bicarbonate buffer solution at $37^{\circ}C$, and the developed tension by the drug was recored with Isometric transducer (nacro F-60) The resting tension was approximately 0.5g 2. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to histamine $10^{-4}M$ was significantly inhibited by samyootang and shinchulsan extract. 3. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to acetylcholine $10^{-4}M$ was considerably inhibited by samyootang and shinchulsan extract. 4. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to histamine $10^{-4}M$ was significantly inhibited by samyootang and shinchulsan extract. 5. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the isolated guinea pig to acetylcholine $10^{-4}M$ was significantly inhibited by samyootang and shinchulsan extract.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

Lead and cadmium are potent environmental toxicants that affect populations living in Europe. Americas, and Asia. Identifying transporters for lead and cadmium could potentially 1 help us better understand possible risk factors. The iron transporter, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), mediates intestinal transport of cadmium, and lead in yeast and fobroblasts overexpressing DMT1. In human intestinal cells knocking down expression of DMT1 attenuated uptake of cadmium and iron but not lead. A possible explanation is the expression of a second transporter for lead in intestine. In astrocytes, however, DMT1 appears to transport lead in an extracellular buffer at pH value. At neutral pH, transport was not mediated by DMT1 but rather by a transporter that is stimulated by bicarbonate and inhibited by 4,4'-diisothiocyanatodihydrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. The identity of this lead transporter will beverified by future study.