• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.58 no.3
• /
• pp.197-199
• /
• 2015

The composition of the essential oil of Ligustrum japonicum leaves was determined by GC-MS analysis. The major constituents of L. japonicum leaf oil were germacrene D (40.50%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (13.63%), (-)-${\beta}$-elemene (6.42%), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (5.73%), and $\delta$-cadinene (5.47%). The acaricidal activities of L. japonicum oil were evaluated against acaridae and pyroglyphid mites. In the fumigant bioassay, the $LD_{50}$ values of L. japonicum oil were 16.48, 12.38, and $15.63{\mu}g/cm^3$ against Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Dermatophagoides farinae, and D. pteronyssinus, respectively. In the contact bioassay, the $LD_{50}$ values of L. japonicum oil were 8.02, 5.02, and $7.67{\mu}g/cm^2$ against T. putrescentiae, D. farinae, and D. pteronyssinus, respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.93-97
• /
• 1986

Fourteen volatile components including eight allypyrocatechol analogs were isolated and identified from the essential oil and ether soluble fraction of Philippine Piper bettle leaves (Piperaceae). The major constituents of Philippine Piper betle oil were chavibetol and chavibetol acetate. Capilary GC analysis of the oil showed chavibetol (53.1%), chavibetol acetate (15.5%), caryophyllene (3.79%), allypyrocatechol diacetate (0.71%), campene (0.48), chavibetol methylether (=methyl eugenol, 0.48%), eugenol (0/32%), $\alpha$-pinene(0.21%), $\beta$-pinene(0.21%), $\alpha$-limonene(0.14%), safrole (0.11%), 1.8-cineol(0.04%), and allylpyrocatechol monoacetate. The major component of the ether soluble fraction was allylpyrocatechol (2.38% of the leaves).

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.81-91
• /
• 2019

Marrubium vulgare, plant species belonging to Marrubium genus, is widespread in the Mediterranean areas, introduced elsewhere and also cultivated in many countries. Its oil is recognized to possess a considerable biological activities with varied chemical composition. This paper aims to overview the chemical composition and biological activities of M. vulgare essential oil's considered as a medicinal plant, widely used in folk medicine overall the world. In essential oils of M. vulgare, germacrene D, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, ${\beta}$-bisabolene, bicyclogermacrene and carvacrol are generally considered as either mains or minor constituents and each species presents its own composition. Sesquiterpenoids were the dominant fraction while monoterpenoids were present in appreciable or in trace amount. Oxygenated fractions dominated in monoterpenes however, hydrocarbon fraction overpowered in sesquiterpenes. These oils are biologically active, they exhibit an antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and other activities. Due to the variability of composition of essential oil, further studies are necessary, particularly regarding their chemical's which may cause an important change in the biological activities of oils and probably defined different chemotype.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.44-49
• /
• 2009

Seven monoterpenes, three sesquiterpenes, three phenolics and one flavonoid were isolated from the MeOH extract of Amomum xanthioides. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods to be caryophyllene oxide (1), bornyl acetate (2), nerolidol (3), spathulenol (4), (-)-borneol (5), (+)-5-endohydroxycamphor (6), vanillic acid (7), protocatechuic acid methyl ester (8), betulabuside A (9), (1R,4S,6R)-6-hydroxyfenchan-2-one-6-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (10), (1S,4R,6S)-6-hydroxybornan-2-one-6-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (11), (1R,2S,4S,5R)-angelicoidenol 2-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (12), 1-O-vanilloyl-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (13), and quercetin-3-rhamnopyranoside (14). Compounds 6-14 were isolated for the first time from this plant source. Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines in vitro using a SRB bioassay.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.28-33
• /
• 2004

Quality and flavor compounds of perilla loaves cultivated in greenhouse(May) and field (August) in Geumsan province were investigated and compared. All perilla leaves contained 4.0％ crude protein and 0.8％ crude lipid. Crude flavonoid contents of perilla leaves cultivated in greenhouse and field showed 25.2％ and 26.5％, respectively and each crude saponin content was 2.7％ and 2.8％. Pretense activity were showed 11.8 unit in ethanol extracts and 7.1 unit in water extracts of perilla leaves cultivated in field. Hardness and chewness of bottom parts of field-perilla leaves were higher than those of top and middle part, whereas the cohesiveness of top parts and middle parts of perilla leaves were higher than that of bottom part. Furthermore, texture properties of greenhouse-perilla leaves were similar with those of field-perilla leaves except chewness. Nine kinds of flavor compounds such as 1-octen-3-ol, linalool, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, ${\alpha}$-caryophylene, ${\alpha}$-farnesene, perilla ketone, nerolidol, eugenol, ${\alpha}$-cadinol were identified in greenhouse-perilla and field-perilla leaves, showing that main flavor compound was perilla ketone.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.102-107
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to establish an optimum method for identifying the volatile components of Magnolia ovobata Thunb. using the dynamic headspace (Purge & Trap) and simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) method. Between the two different identification analysis, the volatile components were more easily detected in the SDE than the Purge & Trap method. Among the identified volatile components, the 12 compounds were detected to have similar retention times and match quality within the 45 minutes in both identification methods. The maximum values of the major volatile components were detected differently by SDE and (Purge & Trap) method such as ${\alpha}-pinene$ (3.4, 18.2%), ${\beta}-pinene$ (3.5, 10.3%), l-limonene (5.2, 15.4%). These results indicated that the Dynamic Headspace (Purge & Trap) was much more reliable method for identifying the volatile components of Magnolia ovobata Thunb. as compared to the SDE method.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.195-201
• /
• 2012

Seasonal variations in the profile and concentrations of essential oil in Zanthoxylum piperitum were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Seasonal changes in the percentages of the main constituents of the essential oil of both leaves and fruits from Z. piperitum varied. Variations in essential oil yield and the amount of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in leaves and fruits at different developmental stages were significant. The characteristic content of essential oil in leaves was determined mainly due to the content of monoterpenes, and that in fruits was determined largely due to the sesquiterpenes. Twenty-nine compounds in the oil from Z. piperitum leaves were detected; the major compounds were ${\beta}$-phellandrene (26.90%), citronella (15.32%), ${\beta}$-myrcene (3.24%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (2.79%), trans-caryophyllene (2.66%), and fanesyl acetate (2.30%). The highest yield of oil (43.89%) in Z. piperitum leaves was obtained in May but decreased gradually beginning in June. The yield of essential oil from Z. piperitum leaves during early periods was higher than that during later periods and usually decreased from early maturation stages to subsequent stages. However, in contrast to leaves, the oil yield in Z. piperitum fruit increased in June, and oil yield later in the season was higher than that earlier in the season. These results indicate that the essential oil produced from Z. piperitum leaves at the early developmental stages was stored in leaves, and might be transferred to fruit at the final developmental stages.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.42-48
• /
• 1996

This study was carried out to determine the differences of essential oil components among Korean, Chinese and Japanese red ginseng, and Korean white ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A Mayer) , American and Canadian ginseng (P. Quinquefolium), and sanchi ginseng (P notoginseng). The steam distilled oils of these ginsengs were analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and 22 sesquiterpenes, 8 sesquiterpene alcohols, 8 monoterpenes, 5 aldehydes, 4 esters, 3 acids, 2 alcohols and 5 miscellaneous components were identified. The major oil components of Korean, Chinese and Japanese red ginseng were $\beta$-panasinsene, $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\alpha$-panasinsene, $\alpha$-neoclovene, selina-4,11-diane, bicyclo-ger-macrene and spathulenol. The contents of $\beta$-panasinsene, $\alpha$-neoclovene, $\alpha$-basabolene and spathulenol were higher in Korean red ginseng than Chinese and Japanese red ginseng. The contents of $\alpha$-cubebene, selina-4,11-diene and ledol were higher in Chinese red ginseng than Korean and Japanese red ginseng, but those of selina-4,11-diene and spathulenol were lower in Japanese red ginseng than Korean or Chinese red ginseng. On the other hand, the GC patterns of the oils from American, Canadian and sanchi ginseng were different from that of Korean white ginseng.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.53-59
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate whether pine needle extracts can be used as tobacco flavors. Yield of essential oil, absolute and oleoresin extracted from pine needles is 0.07%, 1.20% and 6.08% respectively. The volatile compounds isolated from the three types of extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC) and mass selective detector(MSD). Total 72 components were identified in the three type of extracts including 26 hydrocarbons, 16 alcohols, 13 esters, 9 acids, 4 phenols, 2 aldehydes and 2 ketones compounds. The major components were $\beta$-pinene, $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\delta$-cadinene and 4,5-dimethyl-1,3 -dioxol-2-one. There were 49 volatile components in the absolute, 44 components in the essential oil and 26 components in the oleoresin. The content of hydrocarbons and alcohols was higher in the essential oil extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE) than in others, while that of esters and acids was higher in the absolute than in others. Especially, phenols and ketones were identified only in the oleoresin. The components such as $\beta$-pinene, bornyl acetate, $\alpha$-terpineol and oxygenated terpenes have characteristic piney and fresh green odor. The contents of these components was higher in the essential oil and the absolute than in the oleoresin. Therefor, the essential oil and the absolute are expected to be more useful than the oleoresin as tobacco flavor.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.610-616
• /
• 2002

The growth-inhibiting effects of Pinus densiflpora leaf-derived materials on nine human intestinal bacteria were investigated using the impregnated paper disk method, and their activities were compared with those of 13 commercially available terpenes. The biologically active constituent of the extract of P densiflora leaf was characterized as the monoterpene (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene by various spectroscopic analyses. Responses varied according to bacterial strain, chemicals, and dose. At 10 mg/disk, limonene and (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene strongly inhibited the growth of Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, without adverse effects on the growth of five lactic acid-bacteria (Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. bifidum, B. longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and L. casei). Little or no inhibition against seven bacteria was observed with anethole, borneol, camphor, caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole, estragole, linalool, and $\alpha$-terpineol. Structure-activity relationship revealed that (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene had more growth-inhibiting activity against C. perfringens than (1R)-(+)-$\beta$-, (1S-(-)-$\alpha$-, and (1S-(-)-$\beta$-pinenes. Furthermore, the growth-inhibition against L. casei was much more pronounced in (1R)-(+)-$\beta$- and (In-(-)-$\beta$-pinenes than (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$- and (1S)-(-)-$\alpha$-pinenes. These results indicate that the (+)-$\alpha$ form seems to be required against C. perfringens and $\beta$ form against L. casei for growth-inhibiting activity. Morphologically, most strains of C. perfringens were damaged and disappeared at 5 and 2 mg/disk of (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene. Morphological study revealed that (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene had more growth-inhibiting activity against C. perfringens than (1R)-(+)-$\beta$-, (1S)-(-)-$\alpha$-, and (1S)-(-)-$\beta$-pinenes. As naturally occurring growth-inhibiting agents, the Pinus leaf-derived materials described above could be useful preventive agents against diseases caused by harmful intestinal bacteria such as clostridia.