• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1980.09a
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• pp.21-25
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• 1980

Callus culture was initiated from explants of mature root tissues of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) on MS medium enriched with 2, 4-D. The aging callus produced numerious embryoids in the same medium. Reculture of these embryoids in the media (1/2 MS or B5) supplemented with benzyladenine and gibberellic acid resulted in profuse plantlet regeneration.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.247-257
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• 2005

An efficient, rapid and large-scale in vitro clonal propagation of agronomically important Indian cereal crop genotypes (NSH27 & K5) of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. by enhanced shoot proliferation in shoot tip segments was designed. MS medium fortified with plant growth regulators and coconut water markedly influenced in vitro propagation of Sorghum bicolor. In vitro plantlet production system has been investigated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with the synergistic combination of 6-benzyladenine ($22.2\;{\mu}M$), kinetin ($4.6\;{\mu}M$), adenine sulphate ($2.8\;{\mu}M$), 5% coconut water and 3% sucrose which promoted the maximum number of shoots as well as beneficial shoot length. Subculturing of shoot tip segments on a similar medium enabled continuous production of more than 100 healthy shoots with similar frequency. When the healthy shoot clumps were cultured on MS medium fortified with 6-benzyladenine ($22.2\;{\mu}M$), kinetin ($4.6\;{\mu}M$), adenine sulphate ($2.8\;{\mu}M$), ${\alpha}$-naphthaleneacetic acid ($2.7\;{\mu}M$), ascorbic acid ($30.0\;{\mu}M$) and 5% coconut water, a rapid production of axillary and adventitious buds was developed after 8 wk culture. More than 300 shoots were produced 10 wk after culture. Rooting was highest (100%) on half strength MS medium containing 22.8 mM IAA. Micropropagated plants established in garden soil, farmyard soil and sand (2:1:1) were uniform and identical to the donor plant with respect to growth characteristics. These plants grew normally without showing any traits.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.19 no.2 s.43
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• pp.91-95
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• 1980

The experiment was conducted to culture callus tissue induced from foliage leaf of garlic bulb for the production of virus-free stocks and for the reduction of expenses for seeds, The following results were reached. 1. Linsmaier-Skoog basal medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) $10^{-5}M$ and benzyladenine $10^{-5}M$ showed the most effective for the induction for the induction of garlic callus. 2. The growth rate of callus was the highest in Linsmaier-Skoog basal medium containing kinetin $10^{-6}M\;and\;2,4-D\;10^{-6}M$ 3. The results of periodical assay of virus concentration in callus tissues showed that virus was almost eliminated by repeated transfer of translucent and soft tissue for eight generations. 4. When virus-free garlic callus tissues were transfered to Murashige-Skoog basal medium containing kinetin $10^{-5}M$ and naphthaleneacetic acid $5\times10^{-6}M$, the tissues were redifferentiated and formed plantlet.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2007

As the zygotic embryo of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) matured during stratification over 203 days it grew from 0.75 to 5.2 mm. Embryo excision and culturing on media containing different concentrations of two growth regulators, gibberellic acid ($GA_3$, 1 to 10 ${\mu}M$) and benzyladenine (BA, 1 to 5 ${\mu}M$), during stratification, showed that shoot and root number and the shoot, root and cotyledon length increased with increased stratification time. Gibberellic acid was the more effective growth regulator for increasing shoot and root number and shoot, root and cotyledon lengths. Immature embryos (stratified for up to 63 days) needed growth regulators for further development. Cultures on $GA_3$ at the last culture date (stratified for 203 days) when embryos were mature, produced multiple shoots but there was no effect of $GA_3$ concentration. Benzyladenine inhibited shoot and root growth regardless of embryo stratification. Growth regulators had little effect on cotyledon length of mature embryos. Embryos cultured on $GA_3$ combined with BA were green on all culture dates whereas greening in the control and BA treatments increased with culture date. The BA treatments induced 100% swelling of the embryos on the final culture date while in the control and $GA_3$ treatments there was no swelling. There was little or no curling in the control and BA treatments and a linear decrease in curling with culture date in the $GA_3$ and $GA_3$ + BA treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.82-90
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• 2001

This study was carried out to reveal optimum conditions for in vitro propagation of 3 Korean native azalea species, Rhododendron mucronulatum, R. yedonese var. poukhanense, and R. shlippenbachii, which are useful for landscape proposes. Seeds and meristems from three azalea species were cultured on 1/2MS, Hyponex, and Anderson media containing growth of regulators benzyladenine(BA) and 2-isopentenyadenosine(2ip). The results were as follows. 1. In the culture of R. schlippenbachii and R. mucronulatum seeds, in vitro seedlings germinated and grew well on he 1/2MS and Anderson media, while R. yedoense var. poukhanense on Hyponex media containing 6.0mg/$\ell$ 2ip. 2. When the meristems of R. mucronulatum were cultured on Andeson media containing 9.0mg/$\ell$ 2ip, the survival rate of meristems was 23.0% in 6 weeks after culture, and the survival rate of R. schlippenbachii was 46.0% o nthe same media containing 12.0mg/$\ell$ 2ip. The survial rate of R. yedoense var. poukhanense was 92.0% onHyponex media containing 0.5mg/$\ell$ BA and 9.0mg/$\ell$ 2ip. When the meristems of R. mucronulatum and R. yedoense var. poukhanense were cultured on Hyponex media containing 12.0mg/$\ell$ 2ip, they showed the most excellent growth. R. schlippenbachii grew well on Anderson media containing 9.0mg/$\ell$ 2ip. When in vitro shoots of R. yedoense var. poukhanense were subcultured to solid medium, they grew well in shoot growth on Hyponex media containing 6.0mg/$\ell$ 2ip.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 2022

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) protoplasts were isolated from seven-day-old etiolated hypocotyls of 10 A line and four-week-old fully expanded young leaves of PI 441983 line in vitro seedlings using an enzymatic method. Purified protoplasts were collected by filtration and floatation in sucrose solution. Semi-solid protoplast culture was performed using the L4 regeneration protocol with various culture media and plating densities to achieve the highest efficiencies for protoplast culture of hypocotyl and mesophyll protoplasts of 10 A and PI 441983 lines, respectively. The concentrations in liquid L'4M medium and different plating densities were evaluated in two types of cytokinins, the adenine-type 6-benzyladenine (BA) and the phenylurea-type thidiazuron (TDZ). The highest colony formation was achieved in both sunflower lines when 0.5 mgL^-1 BA and 0.5 mgL^-1 TDZ were applied with a high plating density (3 × 10⁵ protoplasts mL^-1). These conditions led to 38.45% and 39.40% colony formation for hypocotyl protoplasts of the 10 A line and mesophyll protoplasts of the PI 441983 line, respectively. Moreover, many hypocotyl protoplast-derived colonies developed into micro-calli. In addition, superior development of both sunflower protoplasts was observed with all plating densities when BA was used in combination with TDZ. This finding will be applicable to future sunflower hybrid production via somatic hybridization.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 1995

The present study performed the isolation of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (APX) isozymes and analyzed the pattern of their activity development and also investigated the change in some other enzyme activities related to the ascorbate-glutathione pathway from the senescing wheat leaves. The aim of this work is to examine the possibility that in the cytoplasm of wheat leaves the ascorbate-glutathione pathway p!ays a significant role in relation to leaf senescence involving an $H_2O_2$ accumulation and then to show the effect of benzyladenine (BA) on that pathway. During the leaf senescence characterized by increases in ChI breakdown and H202 accumulation under the 4-day dark incubation of matured leaf segments; i) no significant increase of total cytosolic APX was observed, ii) a dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activity was decreased rapidly, iii) a slight increase of glutathione reductase (GR) activity occurred. In the BA-treated leaves; however, i) the total activity of APX increased conspicuously, ii) the decrease of DHAR activity was relatively inhibited, iii) the GR activity increase was more enhanced, and iv) the decrease of ascorbate content and the increase of H202 content were retarded as compared with those of control leaves. Three isozymes of cytosolic APX were found by using a native-electrophoretic gel in senescing wheat leaves and two of them occurred with major activity. In the developmental patterns of cytosolic APX isozymes, only two isozyme bands ("a" and "b") appeared with almost constant activity through 4 days of incubation in the control leaves, while one additional weak isozyme band ("c") and a little increase of "b" isozyme activity were detected in the BA-treated leaves. EspeciaUy, the development of "a" isozyme activity increased remarkably compared with that of control leaves. The increased capacity for peroxide scavenging due to the enhanced activity of all 3 enzymes (APX, DHAR, GR) participating in the ascorbate-glutathione pathway in BA-treated leaves suggested that this pathway might playa significant role in the processes related to the wheat leaf senescence.scence.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 1980

These experiments were carried out to define the effects of 2.4-D, NAA and Benzyladenine on the differentiation and growth of the organs and the induction of callus from the potato meristem. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The differentiation and growth of the shoots from the potato meristem was promoted in increased concentration of Benzyladenine but the callus was not induced on the M.S. medium containing Benzyladenine. 2. On the M.S. medium containing NAA 0.5 mg/l or higher concentration of NAA, the shoots were not initiated but the callus were induced from potato meristem. The growth of callus was promoted in increased concentration of NAA. 3. The roots were initiated from 50% of potato meristems planted on the M.S. medium containing more than 0.1 mg/l of NAA but the roots were pot initiated on the medium containing 2.4-D. 4. The shoot growth was significantly increased by increasing of 2.4-D concentration up to 0.1 mg/l, but the shoots were not initiated on the medium containing 2.4-D more than 1.0 mg/l. 5. For the induction and growth of the callus from potato meristem, NAA was more effective than 2.4-D and the most effective medium was M.S. medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l of NAA. 6. The M.S. mediums supplemented with BA 2.0 mg/l and NAA 0.1 mg/l or BA 1.0 mg/l and 2.4-D 0.1 mg/l showed good results for entire plant regeneration from potato meristem.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.143-149
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• 2000

An Efficient in vitro regeneration system and an optimized Agrobacterium mediated transformation protocol are described, based on the use of young seedling cotyledons of Capsicum annuum L. Optimal regeneration efficiency can be obtained by cultivating cotyledon explants on media containing 4 mg/L benzyladenine and 0.1 mg/L indolacetic acid. The effect of antibiotics used to eliminate Agrobacteria, as well as the toxic level of some generally used selection agents (kanamycin, geneticin, hygromycin, phosphinotricin and methotrexate) in regenerating pepper tissues were determined. To enable the comparison of different selection markers in identical vector background, a set of binary vectors containing the marker genes for NPTII, HPT, DHFR and BAR respectively, as well as the CaMV 35S promoter/enhancer-GUS chimaeric gene was constructed and introduced into four different Agrobacterium host strains.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.92-95
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• 2006

A method for plant regeneration via organogenesis from Pelagonium inquinans leaf disc has been developed. Mature leaf explants were collected from field-grown plants and used for the induction of adventitious shoot regeneration on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3% (w/v) sucrose plus plant growth regulators. Maximum shoot organogenesis, with $11.8{\pm}1.5$ shoots (98.6%) per leaf disc, was obtained with $2\;mg/l$ $N^6-benzyladenine$ (BA) and $0.5\;mg/l$ ${\alpha}-naphthyleneacetic$ acid (NAA) in 30 days. For rooting, the in vitro proliferated and elongated shoots were excised into 1.5-2 cm in length microcutting, which were plated individually on an half-strength MS (1/2MS) medium supplemented with 2% (w/v) sucrose plus various concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Shoots rooted with a frequency of 100% following culture on 1/2MS medium containing $0.5\;mg/l$ IBA.