• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.331-342
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• 1998

Nurses evaluate the physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being of a person when conducting an assessment and forming a plan of care. Nursing is a holistic approach to health and well-being. Implication for Nursing Practice : nurses must assess and support intrinsic religiosity and promote spiritual well-being in peoples coping with severe diseaser. The purpose of this study was to investigate spiritual well-being, hope and self-esteem of nursing students, and to identify spiritual well-being, hope and self-esteem the differences between nursing students of christian university and nursing students of non-christian university. The measurment tools for spiritual well-being, hope anf self-esteem were a self-report questionnaire. The collected data was prepared for computer analysis and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. General characteristics, spiritual well-being, hope and self-esteem are analyzed by descriptive statistical methods. For hypothesis testing t-test, Pearson correlation are used. The result of this study can be summarized as follows ; 1. The mean score for spiritual well-being in the nursing students was 79.52 of a possible range of 20-120. And the mean score for hope was 58.18 of a possible range of 29-116, the mean score for self-esteem was 112.29 of a possible range of 30-150. 2. 'Nursing students of christian university will demonstrate higher spiritual well-being than the nursing students of nonchristian university' was rejected(t=1.01, p=.96). 3. 'Nursing students of christian university will demonstrate higher hope than the nursing students of nonchristian university' was rejected(t=1.71, p=.05). 4. 'Nursing students of christian university will demonstrate higher self-esteem than the nursing students of nonchristian' was rejected(t=1.53, p=.12). 5. 'The higher spiritual well-being, the higher hope' was rejected(r=-.664, p=.000). 6. 'The higher spiritual well-being score, the higher self-esteem' was supported(r=.487, p=.000).

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.49-58
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• 2019

Purpose - Previous studies on the influence of appeal types of advertising messages on pro-social behavior have shown inconsistent results. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the appeal type of advertising affects consumer's prosocial behavior. In particular, the authors investigated whether the social exclusion moderates the relationship between the appeal type of advertising and prosocial behavior. Research design, data and Methodology - To verify the hypothesis, two experimental study were conducted. The experimental study was 2(appeal type : self-benefit vs. other-benefit) by 2(social exclusion : being ignored vs. being rejected) between-subject design. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. The experiment was conducted using a computer. First, the participants was exposed to the advertising image used in the social campaign, and then responded to questions about social behavior. The participants completed the experiment after further responding to the item for manipulation check and demographic measure. The experiment took about 10 minutes in total. Results - In Study 1, a global warming campaign with participation intention variable, other-benefit ads rather than self-benefit ads drive consumers who feel socially rejected to be more willing and likely to participate, but consumers who feel socially ignored are more likely to participate the campaign in self-benefit ad than other-benefit ad. Study 2 replicates the findings, a child poverty relief campaign with an amount-to-donate variable: consumers who feel explicitly rejected allocate more dollars to the charity in response to other-benefit rather than self-benefit ads, but consumers who being ignored are willing to donate more money. Conclusion - This study has theoretical contribution in that it expands existing theories by explaining the existing inconsistent results of the message appeal influence on pro-social behavior through new control variables. In addition, the results have important managerial implications, suggesting marketers should tailor their marketing message to match the consumer situation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.79-89
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• 1999

A quantitative fit test, condensation nuclei counting (Portacount 8025, TSI), was performed concurrently with a banana oil (isoamyl acetate: IAA) qualitative fit test (MSA) to evaluate reliability on IAA QLFT and correlation between two methods. One brands of quarter mask (3M model 7500 medium) was prepared for QLFT with HEPA filter and gas & vapor removing media, i.e., combination cartridge. 110 subjects (65 male, 45 female) were fit tested QNFT and QLFT each three times. For a wearer combination having a FF<10, as determined by CNC QNFT, the point es timate (${\beta}$-error) of the probability of that combination not being rejected by the banana oil QLFT was found to be 0.0 with 95% confidence that this statistic is not expected to exceed 0.15. For a wearer combination having a FF<100, as determined by CNC QNFT, the point estimate of the probability of that combination not being rejected by the banana oil QLFT was found to be 0.07 with 95% confidence that this statistic is not expected to exceed 0.13. The uncertainty associated with each estimate, however, is large due to the small number of study subjects with inadequately fitting respirators.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.107-118
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• 1993

A dimension of well-being economic security was analyzed and compared with economic adequacy. Again it was tested whether two indicators of economic security(short-term vs. long-term) yield same distribution across all household groups. Economic Security was defined as the household ability to sustain a given level of consumption in the case of economic emergency; specifically loss of income. Measure of 8 different kinds of economic security were constructed from household net worth including and excluding home equity. Data were taken from the 1988 U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey and 2148 households were selected to test hypotheses concerning the economic security of American households Empirical results showed a very low level of economic security in general. The first hypothesis that distribution of economic adequacy and economic security are same across all population groups was rejected. On the average security measure rather than adequacy measure was favor to white female-headed households and households who have old and highly educated house-holder. The second hypothesis that the indicators of long-term and short-term economic security yield the same results across all household was not rejected. In general the level of economic security was relatively higher when long-term indicator was used than short-term indicator was however the direction and relative size of effect of income and each control variable was almost same.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.99-112
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• 1997

A quantitative fit test, condensation nuclei counting(Portacount 8025, TSI), was performed concurrently with a qualitative fit test, sodium saccharin(FT-10, 3M) to evaluate FF values and to determine the correlation between two methods. Two brands of full facepieces, T, S and two brands of half masks, T, S, were fit tested, respectively, on 103 wearers one time. The FF values obtained by CNC QNFT were lognormally distributed. The FF values for T brand of respirators were statistically very much higher than those for S brand of respirators. For a full facepiece wearer combination having a $FF{\leq}100$, as determined by CNC QNFT, the point estimate of the probability of that combination not being rejected by the saccharin QLFT was found to be 0.09 with 90% confidence that this statistic is not expected to exceed 0.25. For a half mask wearer combination having a $FF{\leq}10$, as determined by CNC QNFT, the point estimate of the probability of that combination not being rejected by the saccharin QLFT was found to be 0.10 with 90%, confidence that this statistic is not expected to exceed 0.23. The uncertainty associated with each estimate, however, is large due to the small number of study subjects with inadequately fitting respirators. This result indicates that saccharin QLFT may be more suitable for adequately fitting respirators than inadequately fitting respirators.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.16-28
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine and share experiences of male nurses who have been rejected during their nursing practice by their patients. Methods: The participants were 12 male nurses who have worked in several hospitals. Data were collected through personalized in-depth interviews. Collected data were analyzed with the content analysis method. Results: The results can be categorized into three main themes. 1. Rejection based on gender stereotypes of nurses' roles. 2. Nurses' reactions when nursing was rejected 3. Reestablishing the role as a nurse. The results of this study showed that male nurses were struggling to maintain their own positions as professional nurses. They were refused by their patients and they experienced a lack of skill and knowledge in nursing practice. They were harmed physically and psychologically from being turned down, and sometimes they had serious conflicts with female nurses. Meanwhile, the male nurses tried to be faithful to their role as professional nurses. Conclusion: The results of this study show the following findings. 1. The male nurses' experiences where mostly ones of understanding and cooperation with patients' caregivers. 2. The need for public relations advertising and systematic support from the media. 3. The need for improving gender equality for nurses. 4. Strengthening male nursing students' endeavors for sound nursing professionalism.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.51-59
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• 1992

Previous studies indicated that unmarried persons are subject to higher mortality than the married, and that the differentials are more marked for male than for females. There are two major approaches to explaining the marital status differentials in mortality ; selection function and protection function of marriage. Following protection fucntion, this study develops the new "instrumental / expressive sex-role" hypothesis in order to explain why marriage protects males more against death. The hypothesis expects that male's instrumental role and female's expressive role have direct effect as well as indirect effect through social integration on sex differential mortality by marital status. for the hypothesis testing, Korea and US vital statistics and census data are used to compute age-specific , age-adjusted mortality rates and their ratios for persons in different marital status. Major findings are as follows. 1)For both Korea and US being married is more advantageous to males than females, ad being widowed, divorced, and separated is more disadvantageous to males, while being never-married is more disadvantageous to females, 2) For Korea, the never married men and women have the highest mortality rates, 3) For US the never married women have the highest mortality rate, while the divorced, separated, and widowed men have the highest mortality rate. Fro both Korea and US data, selection function is rejected, but instrumental/expressive sex-role hypothesis succeeds in accounting for the sex and marital status differential in mortality.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 2012

This study is the research about the internet marketing strategy and the impact factors of psychological well-being of customers of restaurants. For the purpose of study, firstly, the paper was carried out in order to verify the cause and effect relationships of life satisfaction and psychological well-being of the customers in the food service industry. The customers of restaurants in Busan are the objectives for which the survey for empirical analysis was conducted. The result of the testing of hypothesis showed that life satisfaction will have positive influences on psychological well-being, it reveals that life satisfaction has positive influences on three factors of psychological well-being such as personal growth, self acceptance, independence. However, factor of autonomy is rejected. Secondly, the results of the study suggest the importance of introducing variegated internet marketing programs and deciding the appropriate information contents for the customer to activate the use of hands on restaurants. Internet information contents on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty to have a good understanding of the attitude will improve of life satisfaction and psychological well-being of the customers. Strategic information contents of internet marketing for customers of the restaurants must be consider "CRM(customer relationship management)".

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2000

This study aims to reveal whether attachment relationship with parents can differ from children being accepted and rejected in peer relations, and whether children's rejection sensitivity can differ from children having secure and insecure attachment relationship with parents. Subjects were 218 students in fifth and sixth grade of primary school. Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment(IPPA), Children's Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire(CRSQ), and peer relation sociometrics were used as measurements. The results showed that children in secure attachment with parents had lower scores on the subscales of CRSQ, such as anxiety, anger, belief, and psychological reaction, than children in insure attachment relationship with parents. And IPPA scores were higher in children being accepted in peer relation than children being rejected. These results can be considered that early attachment relationship with parents may influence children's rejection sensitivity and peer relation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.878-892
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• 2020

This study investigates the influence of social exclusion type and presence of others on consumers' on-going purchase intention when purchasing fashion luxury goods. This study also identifies the moderating role of self-efficacy in which the interaction effect of social exclusion type and presence of others on on-going purchase intention. For the experiment, 2(social exclusion type: being ignored vs being rejected)×2(presence of others: presence vs absence)×2(self-efficacy: high vs low) factorial design was used. The findings of this study are summarized as follows. First, the result showed that there was no difference in on-going purchase intention according to social exclusion type. Second, the result showed that there was a significant interaction effect between social exclusion type and presence of others. Third, the three-way interaction effect of social exclusion type, presence of others, and self-efficacy was statistically significant. The results of this study provide useful information on which direction is needed to mitigate negative consumer behavior caused by social exclusion at the service interface.