• 공연문화연구
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• 제34호
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• pp.215-240
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• 2017

이글에서는 강신무굿인 서울굿과 황해도굿, 세습무굿인 경기도당굿과 남해안별신굿의 장단 활용 양상을 살핀 후 이를 바탕으로 무당굿 장단 활용의 보편성을 살폈다. 동해안굿이나 호남굿의 장단 활용 양상까지 살펴야 마땅하자 그렇지 못한 것은 이글의 한계이다. 다만 보편성을 살피면서 동해안굿의 사례 몇 가지를 언급은 했으나 동해안굿 장단 활용 양상도 살펴야 이 글의 논지가 더 충실해질 것으로 기대한다. 이를 통해 지역별로 연행 집단, 연행 양상 등이 달라 보이지만, 실상 보편적인 원리는 같을 수도 있다는 것을 제시하려 했다. 각 지역별 굿에 사용하는 장단은 분명한 나름의 체계를 가진다. 연행자와 연행방식에 따라 사용하는 장단이 다르다. 그런데 이렇게 사용하는 장단의 체계는, 장단의 명칭이나 구성 등에서는 독자성이 보이지만, 다른 지역의 굿과 비교하면 공통점이 많다. 여기서는 이를 일러 보편성이라고 했다. 이는 한국의 굿거리 짜임이나 연행방식, 장단의 활용 등에서는 상당한 차이가 있지만, 장단 체계만큼은 동일하다는 의미이다. 다음으로 연행자에 따라 장단의 활용양상이 다른 것도 지역적인 보편성이다. 서울굿에서는 장구재비가 앉은 굿을 하면서 직접 무가를 부르는 경우와, 무당이 선굿을 하는 경우에 따라 장단의 활용이 다르다. 연행자에 따른 장단의 활용이 뚜렷하게 구분되는 것은 경기도당굿이 대표적이다. 미지와 산이가 연행하는가에 따라 장단이 달라진다. 아울러 장단의 활용을 통해 굿거리 연행의 의미를 전달하는 것도 공통된다. 청신과 오신의 의미를 장단을 통해 나타내는 것은 모든 지역굿에서 확인된다. 그리고 이는 몇몇 장단이 신령의 위상과 긴밀한 관련을 가지고 있음을 나타내는 데 보다 분명하게 드러난다. 서울굿에서는 상산장단과 별상장단이라는 이름처럼, 신령의 이름이 곧장 장단명으로 사용되기도 하고 모든 지역의 굿에서 수비를 물리는 의미를 장단의 활용을 통해 드러낸다. 지역별로 굿의 연행 양상은 다르지만, 굿판의 주체인 신령을 인식하고 있다는 의미이다. 비록 세습무들의 굿이 강신무의 굿보다는 신령에 대한 인식이 드러나지 않고, 신력(神力)을 드러내는 다양한 연행 요소는 없지만 신령에 대한 인식이 있음이 장단 활용을 통해 나타내는 것이다.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Treadmill Training with FES(TTF) on walking velocity, gait endurance, and energy expenditure index(EEI) of hemiplegia patients with foot drop. Two subjects with hemiplegia participated in this study. They took walking excercise 5 times per week for 8 weeks. One time excercise spent 30minutes. The theraputic effect was evaluated by how many seconds they needed to walk 10 meters, how far they could walk for 12 minutes, and how much they spent energy in walking for 12 minutes. Two cases were examined before, after 4 week, and after 8 week, walking training. The results of this study are as follows; 1) Walking velocity : Case 1 increased from 0.52m/sec before walking training to 0.83m/sec after 8 weeks. Case 2 increased from 0.58m/sec to 0.92m/sec. 2) Gait endurance : Case 1 increased from 383.23m to 625.53m. Case 2 increased from 410.19m to 693.47m. 3) EEI : For comfortable walking condition, Case 1 decreased from 0.98beats/min to 0.71beats/min, and Case 2 decreased from 0.93beats/min to 0.68beats/min. For maximum walking condition, Case 1 decreased from 0.93beats/min to 0.67beats/min, and Case 2 decreased from 0.91beats/min to 0.61beats/min. The findings suggest that hemiplegia patients can improve their walking velocity, gait endurance and energy expenditure index through TTF.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2018

Player's actions in a game occur in the process of gameplay experiences in a play space designed by the developer according to preset gameplay beats. Focusing on beats that induce a first-person shooter (FPS) game's main gameplay, this paper analyzes the differences in eye gaze information found in different players during the course of gameplay. For this research goal, the study divides the beat areas in which play actions appear in association with gameplay beats at a typical FPS game level, repeatedly conducts tests in accordance with a player's experience level (novice and expert group), and collects and analyzes eye gaze information data in three types of beat areas. The analysis result suggests concrete guidelines for game level design for different beat areas based on an FPS game player's experience level. This empirical experiment method and result can lessen repetitive modification work for game level design and consequently be utilized for optimizing the game level to the developer's intention.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1970

Studies on the analysis of walking were performed on 33 male subjects. A prescription of physical exercise (walking at a speed of greater than 6 km/hr for more than one hour daily) for the promotion of individual health is presented on the basis of walking analysis. Presumptions were made that adequate physical exercise does promote health and is beneficial for the healthy life and increases the life span. These presumptions were derived from the numerous experimental literatures. The literatures support indirectly the presumptions. The following results were obtained and prescription of physical exercise is presented. 1. Oxygen uptake in a walking on a treadmill at a speed of 4 km/hr was only 3 times of the resting oxygen uptake. This kind of moderate exercise did not stimulate the cardiopulmonary system adequately. Heart rate at a 4 km/hr walking was 101 beats/min in boys of less than 20 years old and 83 beats/min in adults. Oxygen uptake at a 6 km/hr walking exceeded 4 times of the resting oxygen uptake. It was interpreted that walking at 6 km/hr stimulated the cardiopulmonary system for the promotion of health. Heart rate at this speed was greater than 110 beats/min in boys and greater than 100 beats/min in adults. 2. Heart rates in a walking of 10 km/hr were 172 beats/min in boys, and 143 beats/min in adults, respectively. Maximal heart rates were 185 beats/min in boys, 180 in office clerks, and 168 beats/min in construction site laboreres. 3. The correlation between heart rate and oxygen uptake was high, namely, r>0.95. Subsequently heart rate could be used as a measure of degree of intensity of physical exercise instead of the cumbersome oxygen uptake measurement. 4. The prescription of physical exercise for the promotion of health is: Daily walking for more than one hour at a speed of greater than 6 km/hr. Bodily functions in this daily walking are in boys (body weight, 50 kg): heart rates of 110 beats/min; breathing frequency, 28/min; oxygen uptake, greater than 4 times of the resting uptake; pulmonary ventilation, 351/min; stride, 124 strides/min; cumulative number of strides for one hour, 7,440 strides, and energy expenditure of more than 300 kcal. In adults (body weight, 60 kg) the bodily functions are: heart rates of 100 beats/min, breathing frequency, 28/min; oxygen uptake, greater than 4 times of the resting uptake; Pulmonary ventilation, 301/min; stride, 127 strides/min; cumulative number of strides for one hour, 7,670 strides, and energy expenditure of more than 300 kcal.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.15-27
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• 1971

Physiological analysis of the physical exercise was made on 9 subjects performing mountain climbing. The course between two points (256 and 516 meters altitude) was 1,300 meters in distance and difference of vertical height was 260 meters making the mean grade of 20%. In the field, the heart rates during uphill or downhill walk were recorded by EKG radio-telemetry. In the laboratory, oxygen consumption was obtained by the recorded heart rates, using individual heart rate vs oxygen consumption diagram obtained by treadmill test. the following results were obtained. 1. Uphill walk time was 36.5 minutes, and during this period the mean heart rate was 149.0 heats/min and peak heart rate was 169.2 beats/min. The total heart beats during the uphill walk was 5.433 beats. 2. The ratio of individual mean heart rate during the uphill walk to the maximal heart rate distributed between 66.6% and 98.3%, and the mean of the total group was 83.1%. The ratio of peak heart rate of uphill walk to the maximal heart rate was 94.5% in the group. Thus uphill walk of a 20% grade mountain course was an exhaustive exercise. 3. Oxygen consumption during uphill walk was 2.22 l/min (ranged between 1.79 and 2.70 l/min) and the ratio of this to the resting oxygen consumption was 8.31. The peak value of oxygen consumption during uphill walk was 2.73 l/min and the ratio of this to the resting oxygen consumption was 10.39. 4. Energy expenditure during uphill walk showed a mean of 11.1 kcal/min and the peak expenditure rate was 13.6 kcal/min. The total energy expenditure during 36.5 minutes of uphill walk was 396 kcal. 5. In downhill walk, the time was 31.7 minutes, mean heart rate was 118.4 (ranged between 100.1 and 142.7) beats/min, and the peak heart rate was only 129.4 beats/min. The ratio of mean heart rate to the maximal heart rate was 66.3%. Total heart beats during downhill walk was 3,710 beats. The ratio of downhill oxygen consumption to the resting consumption was 5.70. The rate of energy expenditure was 7.5 kcal/min, and the total onery expenditure during the 31.7 minutes of downhill walk was 228 kcal. 6. The effect of training was manifest in the uphill walk and not in the downhill walk. After training in mountain course walk, i) the uphill time was shortened, ii) mean heart rate increased, iii) time vs heart rate curve became smooth and showed less frequent zig-zag, i.e., the depth of trough on the curve decreased and the magnitude was less than 10 beats. In non-trained subject the depth of trough on the curve was greater than 50 beats and appeared more frequently. 7. Mountain climbing is a good health promotion exercise. For the promotion of health the reasonable amount of uphill mountain walk exercise in a 20% grade course is a walk for 40 or 50 minutes duration once a week.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.7-15
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• 1999

The present paper is a review of the current studies of quantum beats in recombination of spin-correlated radical pairs in solutions as well as of future applications of quantum beats technique for studying these pairs. Examples are given of the use of this method for determining the hfi constants and relaxation times of short-lived radical ions, for finding the rate constants of the reactions of alkane radical cations and for estimating a fraction of singlet-correlated pairs in the pairs in the tracks of ionizing particles. The potentialities of this method, its advantages and limitations are discussed.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.2304-2320
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• 2021

Intelligently detecting anomalies in health sensor data streams (e.g., Electrocardiogram, ECG) can improve the development of E-health industry. The physiological signals of patients are collected through sensors. Timely diagnosis and treatment save medical resources, promote physical health, and reduce complications. However, it is difficult to automatically classify the ECG data, as the features of ECGs are difficult to extract. And the volume of labeled ECG data is limited, which affects the classification performance. In this paper, we propose a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)-based deep learning framework (called CAB) for heart arrhythmia classification. CAB focuses on improving the detection accuracy based on a small number of labeled samples. It is trained based on the class-imbalance ECG data. Augmenting ECG data by a GAN model eliminates the impact of data scarcity. After data augmentation, CAB classifies the ECG data by using a Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network (Bi-LSTM). Experiment results show a better performance of CAB compared with state-of-the-art methods. The overall classification accuracy of CAB is 99.71%. The F1-scores of classifying Normal beats (N), Supraventricular ectopic beats (S), Ventricular ectopic beats (V), Fusion beats (F) and Unclassifiable beats (Q) heartbeats are 99.86%, 97.66%, 99.05%, 98.57% and 99.88%, respectively. Unclassifiable beats (Q) heartbeats are 99.86%, 97.66%, 99.05%, 98.57% and 99.88%, respectively.

• 융합신호처리학회논문지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.96-101
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• 2011

최근 들어 실시간 원격 ECG모니터링 시스템에 대한 수요가 늘어가고 있으며 가입자의 증가와 더불어 실시간 모니터링 시스템의 자동화에 대한 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 비정상적인 ECG 비트의 자동검출은 이러한 실시간 원격 ECG모니터링 시스템의 성공적인 상업화를 위해서는 반드시 필요한 요소기술이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 점에 착안하여 QRS 폭(width)과 RR interval의 패턴을 이용한 효율적인 비정상적 ECG 비트 자동검출알고리듬을 제안하였다. 기존에는 주로 ECG 비트의 상세한 분류에 대해서 많은 연구가 이루어졌으나 이러한 방법들은 분류 오류가 많고 주변 환경이 변화함에 따라서 분류성능의 변동성이 심하다는 단점이 있었다. 또한 정확한 ECG 비트 분류를 위해서는 충분한 양의 훈련데이터를 필요로 하며 특히 분류시에 많은 계산량을 필요로 한다는 문제점도 있었다. 그러나 자동화된 원격 ECG모니터링 시스템을 위해서는 ECG 비트의 세세한 분류 보다는 비트의 정상여부판단이 더 중요하다. 이러한 점에 착안하여 본 논문에서는 ECG 신호의 비정상적인 비트중에서도 가장 빈번이 발생하는 VEBs(Ventricular ectopic beats) 비트의 검출을 시도하였고 제안된 알고리듬을 MIT-BIH 부정맥 데이터베이스에 적용한 결과 만족스러운 VEBs 바트 검출성능을 얻을 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 1996

This study was aimed to elucidate the changes in heart rate variability during treadmill exercise at various speeds and grades by spectral analysis. Thirty-three untrained male college students aged $20{\sim}26\;yr $were employed to exercise on a treadmill using 4 speeds (4.02, 5.47, 6.76 and 8.05 km/h) and 6 grades (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20%). A fixed speed was selected for each session with the grade increased every 3 min. The electrocardiogram, respiration and the stepping activity were continuously recorded through an A/D converter system on the computer disk. Power spectra of heart rate variability (RRV) were obtained by use of a fast Fourier transform algorithm. The frequency domain was divided into 3 bands: $VLF\;(0{\sim}0.04\;Hz),\;LF\;(0.04 {\sim}0.15\;Hz)\;and\;HF\;(0.15{\sim}1.00\;Hz).$ Heart rate was $74.4{\pm}2.1\;beats/min$ at rest and showed a steady increase during treadmill exercise with increasing speed and grade up to $196.7{\pm}5.0\;beats/min.$ Total power of HRV was $35.0{\pm}6.7\;(beats/min)^{2}$ at rest and progressively decreased during exercise down to $1.9{\pm}0.3\;(beats/min)^{2}.$ The %VLF power of HRV was $34.5{\pm}3.7\; %$ at rest and showed no significant change during exercise except for a decrease observed at the highest intensity of exercise. The %LF power was $44.1{\pm}3.0\;%$ at rest and showed a progressive decrease down to $4.5{\pm}1.0\;%$ during those stages of exercise where heart rate was over 135 beats/min. The %HF power was $21.4{\pm}2.9\;%$ at rest and showed a progressive increase up to $87.1{\pm}6.7\;%$ during higher intensity exercise where heart rate was over 165 beats/min. Peak frequency of HF band was $0.200{\pm}0.018\;Hz$ at rest and was shifted to higher frequencies up to $0.909{\pm}0.048\;Hz$ at heart rates greater than 135 beats/min. Respiratory frequency was $18.0{\pm}1.5$ breaths/min at rest and significantly increased during exercise up to $53.0{\pm}3.7$ breaths/min. Stride frequency during treadmill exercise showed an increasing tendency with increasing speed from $55.6{\pm}0.9$ steps/min at 4.02 km/h to $81.2{\pm}0.6$ at 8.05 km/h. It was concluded that total power of HRV decreased progressively with increasing exercise intensity due to the withdrawal of parasympathetic activity. At higher exercise intensity, % LF power decreased and %HF power increased with its peak frequency shifted to higher values in a progressive mode with increasing speed and grade, reflecting a readjustment in the cardiovascular system and the increased respiration and its rate, respectively.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2017

In the field of reproductive medicine, assessment of sperm motility is a key factor for achieving successful artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, or intracellular sperm injection. In this study, the motility of boar sperms was estimated using real-time imaging via confocal microscopy. To confirm this confocal imaging method, flagellar beats and whiplash-like movement angles were compared between fresh and low-temperature-preserved ($17^{\circ}C$ for 24 h) porcine sperms. Low-temperature preservation reduced the number of flagellar beats from $11.0{\pm}2.3beats/s$ (fresh sperm) to $5.7{\pm}1.8beats/s$ and increased the flagellar bending angle from $19.8^{\circ}{\pm}13.8^{\circ}$ (fresh) to $30.6^{\circ}{\pm}15.6^{\circ}$. These data suggest that sperm activity can be assessed using confocal microscopy. The observed motility patterns could be used to develop a sperm evaluation index and automated confocal microscopic sperm motility analysis techniques.