• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1558-1565
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• 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the number of loci affecting growth traits and the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects on growth traits, and to understand the genetic architecture for growth traits in Hanwoo (Korean cattle) using genome-wide association study (GWAS), genomic partitioning, and hierarchical Bayesian mixture models. Methods: GWAS: A single-marker regression-based mixed model was used to test the association between SNPs and causal variants. A genotype relationship matrix was fitted as a random effect in this linear mixed model to correct the genetic structure of a sire family. Genomic restricted maximum likelihood and BayesR: A priori information included setting the fixed additive genetic variance to a pre-specified value; the first mixture component was set to zero, the second to 0.0001×σ²_g, the third 0.001×σ²_g, and the fourth to 0.01×σ²_g. BayesR fixed a priori information was not more than 1% of the genetic variance for each of the SNPs affecting the mixed distribution. Results: The GWAS revealed common genomic regions of 2 Mb on bovine chromosome 14 (BTA14) and 3 had a moderate effect that may contain causal variants for body weight at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. This genomic region explained approximately 10% of the variance against total additive genetic variance and body weight heritability at 12, 18, and 24 months. BayesR identified the exact genomic region containing causal SNPs on BTA14, 3, and 22. However, the genetic variance explained by each chromosome or SNP was estimated to be very small compared to the total additive genetic variance. Causal SNPs for growth trait on BTA14 explained only 0.04% to 0.5% of the genetic variance Conclusion: Segregating mutations have a moderate effect on BTA14, 3, and 19; many other loci with small effects on growth traits at different ages were also identified.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1197-1205
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of feeding DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (HMTBA) and DL-methionine (DLM) supplemented corn-soybean-cottonseed meal diets on growth performance, carcass composition, and muscle color of broilers. The trial was designed as a $2{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial experiment, including two methionine (Met) sources (HMTBA and DLM), three equimolar graded levels of Met supplementation (i.e., 0.08, 0.16, and 0.24% in the starter diet and 0.07, 0.14, and 0.21% in the grower and finisher diets, respectively), and two sexes (male and female). Additionally, one basal diet for each sex was formulated to be limiting in Met to test the dosage response of increasing supplemental Met levels. Four hundred and twenty 10-d-old broilers were randomly allotted to 14 treatments (seven each for males and females), with five replicate pens per treatment and six chicks per pen. There was no difference (p>0.05) between the two Met sources in growth performance and muscle deposition of broilers throughout the whole experimental period (d 10 to 49). With the increasing Met supplementation levels, average daily gain was increased (quadratic; p<0.01) during the starter, grower, and overall phases, average daily feed intake was increased (quadratic; p<0.01) during the starter phase, and feed:gain ratio was decreased (quadratic; p<0.05) during the grower and overall phases. At the end of finisher phase, Met supplementation increased breast muscle content (quadratic; p<0.01) and thigh muscle content (linear; p<0.05), and decreased abdominal fat content (quadratic; p<0.02). Compared to the broiler fed DLM, broilers fed HMTBA had superior breast and thigh muscle coloration (p<0.01). Male broilers had higher weight gain and feed intake and better feed conversion than female broilers (p<0.01). The fat content of thigh muscle in female broilers was higher than that of male broilers (p<0.03). The best fit comparison of HMTBA vs. DLM was determined by Schwarz Bayesian Criteria index, which indicated that the average relative bioefficacy of HMTBA vs. DLM was 120% with 95% confidence limit 67 to 172%. These results indicated that Met supplementation improved growth performance and carcass quality of broilers fed corn-soybean-cottonseed meal diets irrespective of Met sources. Compared to DLM, HMTBA has the same molar bioefficacy on improving the growth performance and carcass quality of broilers; however, HMTBA fed birds had superior meat color to DLM fed birds.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1684-1688
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• 2017

Objective: From a review of published information on genetic association studies, a meta-analysis was conducted to determine the influence of the genes ${\kappa}-casein$ (CSN3) and ${\beta}-lactoglobulin$ (LGB) on milk yield traits in Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss, and Fleckvieh. Methods: The GLIMMIX procedure was used to analyze milk production and percentage of protein and fat in milk. Models included the main effects and all their possible two-way interactions; not estimable effects and non-significant (p>0.05) two-way interactions were dropped from the models. The three traits analyzed used Poisson distribution and a log link function and were determined with the Interactive Data Analysis of SAS software. Least square means and multiple mean comparisons were obtained and performed for significant main effects and their interactions (p<0.0255). Results: Interaction of breed by gene showed that Holstein and Fleckvieh were the breeds on which CSN3 ($6.01%{\pm}0.19%$ and $5.98%{\pm}0.22%$), and LGB ($6.02%{\pm}0.19%$ and $5.70%{\pm}0.22%$) have the greatest influence. Interaction of breed by genotype nested in the analyzed gene indicated that Holstein and Jersey showed greater influence of the CSN3 AA genotype, $6.04%{\pm}0.22%$ and $5.59%{\pm}0.31%$ than the other genotypes, while LGB AA genotype had the largest influence on the traits analyzed, $6.05%{\pm}0.20%$ and $5.60%{\pm}0.19%$, respectively. Furthermore, interaction of type of statistical model by genotype nested in the analyzed gene indicated that CSN3 and LGB genes had similar behavior, maintaining a difference of more than 7% across analyzed genotypes. These results could indicate that both Holstein and Jersey have had lower substitution allele effect in selection programs that include CSN3 and LGB genes than Brown Swiss and Fleckvieh. Conclusion: Breed determined which genotypes had the greatest association with analyzed traits. The mixed model based in Bayesian or Ridge Regression was the best alternative to analyze CSN3 and LGB gene effects on milk yield and protein and fat percentages.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.287-297
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• 2011

As electronic mails are being widely used for facility and speedness of information communication, as the amount of spam mails which have malice and advertisement increase and cause lots of social and economic problem. A number of approaches have been proposed to alleviate the impact of spam. These approaches can be categorized into pre-acceptance and post-acceptance methods. Post-acceptance methods include bayesian filters, collaborative filtering and e-mail prioritization which are based on words or sentances. But, spammers are changing those characteristics and sending to avoid filtering system. In the case of Korean, the abnormal usages can be much more than other languages because syllable is composed of chosung, jungsung, and jongsung. Existing formal expressions and learning algorithms have the limits to meet with those changes promptly and efficiently. So, we present an methods for recognizing Korean abnormal language(Koral) to improve accuracy and efficiency of filtering system. The method is based on syllabic than word and Smith-waterman algorithm. Through the experiment on filter keyword and e-mail extracted from mail server, we confirmed that Koral is recognized exactly according to similarity level. The required time and space costs are within the permitted limit.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.451-458
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• 2015

Previous multimodal learning methods focus on problem-solving aspects, such as image and video search and tagging, rather than on knowledge acquisition via content modeling. In this paper, we propose the Multimodal Concept Hierarchy (MuCH), which is a content modeling method that uses a cartoon video dataset and a character-based subtitle generation method from the learned model. The MuCH model has a multimodal hypernetwork layer, in which the patterns of the words and image patches are represented, and a concept layer, in which each concept variable is represented by a probability distribution of the words and the image patches. The model can learn the characteristics of the characters as concepts from the video subtitles and scene images by using a Bayesian learning method and can also generate character-based subtitles from the learned model if text queries are provided. As an experiment, the MuCH model learned concepts from 'Pororo' cartoon videos with a total of 268 minutes in length and generated character-based subtitles. Finally, we compare the results with those of other multimodal learning models. The Experimental results indicate that given the same text query, our model generates more accurate and more character-specific subtitles than other models.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.67-85
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 최근 통신 산업에서 중요한 쟁점으로 떠오르고 있는 단말기 무선이동 통신 단말기의 발전 방향을 소비자 선호에 기반하여 살펴보았다. 소비자 선호 정보를 얻기 위하여 컨조인트(conjoint) 분석 방법이 사용되었다. 컨조인트 방법은 가상의 대안들에 대한 응답자의 진술 선호에 기반을 두기 때문에 미래의 무선 이동통신 단말기에 대해 분석하는데 적합한 방법이다. 컨조인트 방법을 위한 설문은 대한민국 서울에서 445 명의 성인남녀를 대상으로 행해졌다. 소비자의 이질적인 선호를 알기 위해 혼합 로짓(mixed legit) 모형을 사용하였다. 추정은 최근 새로운 시뮬레이션 기법으로 떠오르고 있는 베이지안(Bayesian) 방법을 이용하였다. 선호의 분포 가정으로 기존의 일관적인 정규 분포 가정과 달리 가격 계수를 위하여 로그 정규(lognormal) 분포, 하이퀄리티 인터넷 특성과 PC 프로그램 호환 가능 여부의 계수들에 대해서 잘린 정규(censored normal) 분포를 가정 하였다. 추정 결과 무선 이동 통신 단말기의 각 속성들에 대한 응답자들간 선호가 크게 차이 나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 화면 크기의 경우에는 대부분의 소비자들이 현재 일반적인 핸드폰보다는 큰 화면을 선호한다는 것과 휴대성을 상당히 고려한다는 것을 간접적으로 알 수 있었다. 또한, 소비자들이 무선 이동 통신 단말기가 휴대 인터넷과 PC 프로그램 호환이 가능한지 여부에는 대부분 무관심하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 논문의 결과는 차세대 무선 이동 통신 단말기의 속성 조합 시 고려해야 할 점과 휴대 인터넷 서비스의 방향에 대해 시사점을 줄 수 있을 것이다.각 73.44±0.87%, 72.88±0.25%의 함량이였다. 운동사육시간이 길어질수록 운동사육구에서는 수분함량이 운동5일째에는 73.56±0.22%였으며, 운동 20일에는 75.88±0.94%로 초기수분함량보다는 3%정도 증가하였다. 반면, 비운동사육구에서는 큰 변화를 나타내고 있지 않았다(p<0.05). 운동과 비운동시킨 참돔의 지질 함량의 변화는 운동시킨 참돔은 운동으로 인한 에너지 소비로 인하여 함량이 유의적으로 감소했으며(r=-0.35), 비운동사육구에서는 절식으로 인하여 지질함량이 감소하였다(r=-0.38). 파괴강도와 가장 밀접한 영향을 가지는 콜라겐은 운동과 비운동 모두 사육기간동안 큰 변화는 보이지 않았다. 초기의 파괴강도값은 1.45±0.02kg(운동사육구), 1.36±0.18kg(비운동사육구)이였으며 사육기간동안 운동사육구는 파괴강도값이 증가한 반면, 비운동수조에서는 참돔의 파괴강도는 사육기간동안 큰 유의차가 없었다. 각 성분간의 상관도를 살펴보면, 수분함량과 파괴강도는 상관성을 가졌으며, 지질함량과 파괴강도도 같은 경향은 나타내었다. 운동기간동안의 파괴강도와 콜라겐 사이에는 상관성의 거의 없었다. 이는 운동기간에 따른 파괴강도의 증가가 콜라겐의 함량의 증가보다는 지질함량의 감소와 수분함량의 증가와 같은 성분과의 상관성이 크다고 판단된다. 다음으로는, 운동횟수에 의한 영향으로써 운동시간을 1일 6시간으로 설정하여, 운동횟수를 결정하기 위하여 오전, 오후에 각 3시간씩 운동시키는 방법과 오전부터 6시간동안 운동시키는 두 방법을 이용하여 품질을 비교하였다. 각 조건에 따라 운동시킨 참돔의 수분함량을 나타낸 것으로, 2회(오전

• Atmosphere
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to develop the statistical model to predict sea level pressure of typhoon period in south coast of the Korean Peninsula. Seven typhoons, which struck south coast of the Korean Peninsula, are selected for this study, and the data for analysis include the central pressure and location of typhoon, and sea level pressure and location of 19 observing site. Models employed in this study are the first order regression, the second order regression and the neural network. The dependent variable of each model is a 3-hr interval sea level pressure at each station. The cause variables are the central pressure of typhoon, distance between typhoon center and observing site, and sea level pressure of 3 hrs before, whereas the indicative variable reveals whether it is before or after typhoon passing. The data are classified into two groups - one is the full data obtained during typhoon period and the other is the data that sea level pressure is less than 1000 hPa. The stepwise selection method is used in the regression model while the node number is selected in the neural network by the Schwarz's Bayesian Criterion. The performance of each model is compared in terms of the root-mean square error. It turns out that the neural network shows better performance than other models, and the case using the full data produces similar or better results than the case using the other data.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.27-69
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• 2009

This paper studies the logic of fiscal constraints and fiscal autonomy in a political agency model with both moral hazard and adverse selection. The electoral process not only disciplines incumbents who may act against the public interest but also opts in politicians who are most likely to act along voters' interests. We characterize perfect Bayesian equilibria under shared tax system and fiscal autonomy with fiscal constraints for local public good provision. It is shown that the local voters' expected welfare under fiscal autonomy is higher than under shared tax system if the same fiscal constraints are applied. In order to examine the effects of party's candidate selection processes on the behavior of local politician and national politician, we extend the model to an environment where local politician can compete for the candidacy of national assembly with incumbent national politician. If local politician wins majority of votes against incumbent national politician, then he can move on to serve as a national politician. Otherwise, his political career will end as a local politician. It is the gist of this primary system portrayed by this setup that local politician and national politician compete to garner more votes. Therefore, primary system as a candidate selection mechanism enhances local residents' welfare compared to top-down candidate selection processes.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2012

This paper focuses on three-dimensional measurement system of micro balls on micro Ball-Grid-Array(BGA) packages in-line. Most of visual inspection system still suffers from sophisticate reflection characteristics of micro balls. For accurate shape measurement of them, a specially designed visual sensor system is proposed under the sensing principle of phase shifting moire interferometry. The system consists of a pattern projection system with four projection subsystems and an imaging system. In the projection system, four subsystems have spatially different projection directions to make target objects experience the pattern illuminations with different incident directions. For the phase shifting, each grating pattern of subsystem is regularly moved by PZT actuator. To remove specular noise and shadow area of BGA balls efficiently, a compact multiple-pattern projection and imaging system is implemented and tested. Especially, a sensor fusion algorithm to integrate four information sets, acquired from multiple projections, into one is proposed with the basis of Bayesian sensor fusion theory. To see how the proposed system works, a series of experiments is performed and the results are analyzed in detail.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.16B no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 2009

This paper presents a new algorithm to the segmentation of the FISH images. First, for segmentation of the cell nuclei from background, a threshold is estimated by using the gaussian mixture model and maximizing the likelihood function of gray value of cell images. After nuclei segmentation, overlapped nuclei and isolated nuclei need to be classified for exact nuclei analysis. For nuclei classification, this paper extracted the morphological features of the nuclei such as compactness, smoothness and moments from training data. Three probability density functions are generated from these features and they are applied to the proposed Bayesian networks as evidences. After nuclei classification, segmenting of overlapped nuclei into isolated nuclei is necessary. This paper first performs intensity gradient transform and watershed algorithm to segment overlapped nuclei. Then proposed stepwise merging strategy is applied to merge several fragments in major nucleus. The experimental results using FISH images show that our system can indeed improve segmentation performance compared to previous researches, since we performed nuclei classification before separating overlapped nuclei.