• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.3-39
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• 2011

People may operate unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) thousands of miles from the drone's location. Drones were first used (like balloons) for surveillance. By 2001, the United States began arming drones with missiles and using them to strike targets during combat in Afghanistan. By mid-2010, over forty states and other entities possessed drones, many with the capability of launching missiles and dropping bombs. Each new development in military weapons technology invites assessment of the relevant international law. This Insight surveys the international law applicable to the recent innovation of weaponizing drones. In determining what international law rules govern drone use, the most salient feature is not the fact that drones are unmanned. The fact drones carry no human operator may be the most important new technological breakthrough, but the key feature for international law purposes is the type of weaponry drones carry. Whether law enforcement rules govern drone use depends on the situation and not necessarily who is operating the drone. Battlefield weapons may also be lawfully used before an armed conflict in the following situations: when initiating self-defense under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter; when authorized by the UN Security Council; when a government seeks to suppress internal armed conflict; and, perhaps, when a state is invited to assist a government in suppressing internal armed conflict. The rules governing resort to force in self-defense are found in Article 51 of the UN Charter and a number of decisions by international courts and tribunals. Commentators continue to debate whether drone technology represents the next revolution in military affairs. Regardless of the answer to that question, drones have not created a revolution in legal affairs. The current rules governing battlefield launch vehicles are adequate for regulating resort to drones. More research must be undertaken, however, to understand the psychological effects of deploying unmanned vehicles and the effects on drone operators of sustained, close visual contact with the aftermath of drone attacks.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.163-170
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• 2016

In the condition of electronic controlled acceleration system, APS Sensor is the only and the most important parts to reflect the will of driver. Especially, the non-reference type APS is the critical part of this system. It can't provide the cross-reference values and it will make the vehicle goes into the 'NMC(Non-moveable condition)' or 'Limp-home mode' on the malfunction situation easier. If the situation is happened, it's very dangerous condition for the drivers, soldiers and war material systems of battlefield. The electronic control is not a necessary system for the tactical vehicles. The tactical vehicles must be prepared the manual control system independently from the electronic control system to escape, save and rescue the soldier's life and war materials. Therefore it was studied the water-penetrated broken APS output. If the output value was changed without driver's will, even the cross-reference type APS, it will effect the uncontrollable engine RPM changing or the performance down on limp-home mode. It means the manual control system of tactical vehicle is needed for any kinds of APS.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.11-19
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• 2013

The Korean naval weapon systems, combat experiments establish the concept of Battle operations, and create the future of the new weapons system. Doctrine development and training as well as ranging from experiments for evaluate the performance of mission operations for combat experiments are used. The battle lab is effectively support tool for the Korean Naval battle experiments. The battle lab is through a dedicated testing facility and to build efficient and effective simulation-based acquisition supporting environment. In this paper, the ship / submarines C2 operations virtual simulator was developed to support the concept of Battle operations of naval combat experiments in training and tactical development. The ship C2 operations virtual simulator makes the anti-ship and anti-aircraft the engagement scenario for performed experiments using the SADM. The submarines C2 operations virtual simulator makes the anti-submarine engagement scenario for performed experiments using EAS. EAS System was created before reuse. EAS system by modifying the additional interfaces HLA-RTI has been reused. Reflected in the tactics and training after analysis of the results through the battle experiment. Also increase training fidelity through operator involvement. The anti-ship and anti-aircraft system architecture (SADM) and anti-submarine system architecture (EAS) requires unique design of system framework since two separate architectures should be integrated into a system. An C2 virtual linked architecture was used to integrate different system architecture. A C2 virtual linked software framework, designed that have integrated protocol for battle experimental linkage and battlefield visualization environment.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2020

This paper presents a real-time autonomous computation of shot numbers and aiming points against multiple soft targets on grounds by applying an unsupervised learning, k-mean clustering and Monte carlo simulation. For this computation, a 100 × 200 square meters size of virtual battlefield is created where an augmented enemy infantry platoon unit attacks, defences, and is scatted, and a virtual weapon with a lethal range of 15m is modeled. In order to determine damage types of the enemy unit: no damage, light wound, heavy wound and death, Monte carlo simulation is performed to apply the Carlton damage function for the damage effect of the soft targets. In addition, in order to achieve the damage effectiveness of the enemy units in line with the commander's intention, the optimal shot numbers and aiming point locations are calculated in less than 0.4 seconds by applying the k-mean clustering and repetitive Monte carlo simulation. It is hoped that this study will help to develop a system that reduces the decision time for 'detection-decision-shoot' process in battalion-scaled combat units operating Dronebot combat system.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.53-81
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• 2017

Targeted killing is a modern euphemism for the assassination of an individual by a state organization or institution outside a judicial procedure or a battlefield. Targeted killing using armed drones has raised profound anxieties in legal, policy, and advocacy communities in the United States and abroad, including among UN officials. The bottom line for targeted killing supporters is that targeted killing works as part of a larger counter-terrorism strategy. Targeted killing does what it is supposed to and removes the leader of a group. And despite growing legal, moral, and ethical issues concerning targeted killing, scholars agree that drone strikes and targeted killing operations will stay. The ACLU has sued top CIA and Pentagon decision-makers to seek accountability for the unlawful killings of three U.S. citizens in Yemen last year. Also, strikes by drones are associated with serious problems such as collateral damage to ordinary citizens and friendly fire. Targeted killings by drones also involves several issues to be resolved, including suspicions that they may run counter to domestic law prohibiting assassination, the opacity concerning their definitions and military actions, and the impact of whiplash transition. Finally, targeted killing program and the need for transparency. The assembly referring to resolution invites the committee of ministers to undertake a thorough study of the lawfulness of the use of combat drones for targeted killings and if need be develop guidelines for member states on targeted killings with a special reference to those carried out by combat drones. These guidelines should reflect the states duties under international humanitarian and human rights law in particular the standards laid down in the EC on human rights as interpreted by the european court of human rights.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.517-524
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• 2020

In line with the recent wave of the 4th Industrial Revolution, the environment for defense R&D is transforming into a center of high-tech military technology. In particular, developed countries are strengthening control of technology exports and technology transfer to protect advanced defense science and technology. For this reason, the budget demand for securing the ability to develop independently high-tech weapons and core technologies suitable for the future battlefield environment is increasing, and increasing efficiency in R&D investment has been highlighted for efficient distribution of limited budgets. This study examined the efficiency of the defense basic R&D project using the non-parametric approach, DEA. The R&D budget, R&D researcher, and R&D period were selected as the input variables, and the number of papers and patents were used as output variables. The efficiency of basic R&D projects was analyzed through CCR, BCC models, and SE. Lastly, based on the efficiency measurements, the cause of the inefficiency of R&D projects was suggested, and ways to improve efficiency were suggested. This study is expected to be used as useful information that can be applied to project performance management through efficiency analysis of basic defense R&D projects and be reflected in the project planning stage through feedback.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.611-616
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• 2018

With the recent increase in awareness of the diversification of patterns of warfare and security, technological evolution is occurring in the field of autonomous defense robots. As defense science and technology develops with the development of the concept of military utilization focusing on human lives and economic operation, the importance of autonomous robots in the effect-oriented future battlefield is increasing. The major developed countries have developed core technologies, investment strategies, priorities, data securing strategies and infrastructure development related to the field of autonomous defense robots, and research activities such as technology planning and policy strategy for autonomous defense robots in Korea have already begun. In addition, the field of autonomous defense robots encompasses technologies that represent the fourth industrial revolution, such as artificial intelligence, big data, and virtual reality, and so the expectations for this future area of technology are very high. It is difficult to predict the path of technological development due to the increase in the demand for new rather than existing technology. Moreover, the selection and concentration of strategic R&D is required due to resource constraints. It is thought that a preemptive response is needed. This study attempts to derive 6 new technologies that will shape the future of autonomous defense robots and to obtain meaningful results through an empirical study.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.159-234
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• 2005

As so clearly have been demonstrated in the Gulf War and Iraq Freedom Fight, along with the civilian space exploration and development, the 'militarization' of aerospace technology and the 'battlefield-worthiness' of space are becoming more and more at issue. Korean peninsula, the last major theatre where the 4 world powers' national interests stand face to face, no doubt is in dire need for understanding and organizing necessary legislations for establishing national security from any space threats, such as satellite imaging, as well as countering against such threats. Compare to United States, Japan and China that have already declared the national security as the purpose of the space development, and equipped themselves with necessary legislations, Korea's legislations fall short of fully appreciating and effectively responding to the significance of military use of outer space and its control. This article will review legislations of leading countries' of space law and space technologies from two different perspectives. After briefly summarizing the problems of Korea's current legislations, particularly with the National Space Development Act (proposal), drafted by Ministry of Science and Technology, in mind, this article reviews and offers certain legislative directions to which Korea should pursuel for national security of outer space.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.21-31
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• 2018

Cyber penetration attacks can not only damage cyber space but can attack entire infrastructure such as electricity, gas, water, and nuclear power, which can cause enormous damage to the lives of the people. Also, cyber space has already been defined as the fifth battlefield, and strategic responses are very important. Most of recent cyber attacks are caused by malicious code, and since the number is more than 1.6 million per day, automated analysis technology to cope with a large amount of malicious code is very important. However, it is difficult to deal with malicious code encryption, obfuscation and packing, and the dynamic analysis technique is not limited to the performance requirements of dynamic analysis but also to the virtual There is a limit in coping with environment avoiding technology. In this paper, we propose a machine learning based malicious code analysis technique which improve the weakness of the detection performance of existing analysis technology while maintaining the light and high-speed analysis performance applicable to commercial endpoints. The results of this study show that 99.13% accuracy, 99.26% precision and 99.09% recall analysis performance of 71,000 normal file and malicious code in commercial environment and analysis time in PC environment can be analyzed more than 5 per second, and it can be operated independently in the endpoint environment and it is considered that it works in complementary form in operation in conjunction with existing antivirus technology and static and dynamic analysis technology. It is also expected to be used as a core element of EDR technology and malware variant analysis.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.237-246
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• 2020

this paper, a data modeling method based on decision-making conditions is proposed for making combat and battlefield management systems to be intelligent, which are also a decision-making support system. A picture of a robot seeing and perceiving like humans and arriving a point it wanted can be understood and be felt in body. However, we can't find an example of implementing a decision-making which is the most important element in human cognitive action. Although the agent arrives at a designated office instead of human, it doesn't support a decision of whether raising the market price is appropriate or doing a counter-attack is smart. After we reviewed a current situation and problem in control & command of military, in order to collect a big data for making a machine staff's advice to be possible, we propose a data modeling prototype based on decision-making conditions as a method to change a current control & command system. In addition, a decision-making tree method is applied as an example of the decision making that the reformed control & command system equipped with the proposed data modeling will do. This paper can contribute in giving us an insight of how a future AI decision-making staff approaches to us.