• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.441-446
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• 2014

Ursolic acid (UA), a type of pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid purified from natural plants, can promote skeletal muscle development. We measured the effect of resistance training (RT) with/without UA on skeletal muscle development and related factors in men. Sixteen healthy male participants (age, $29.37{\pm}5.14$ years; body mass index=$27.13{\pm}2.16kg/m^2$) were randomly assigned to RT (n=7) or RT with UA (RT+UA, n=9) groups. Both groups completed 8 weeks of intervention consisting of 5 sets of 26 exercises, with 10~15 repetitions at 60~80% of 1 repetition maximum and a 60~90-s rest interval between sets, performed 6 times/week. UA or placebo was orally ingested as 1 capsule 3 times/day for 8 weeks. The following factors were measured pre-and post-intervention: body composition, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), irisin, and skeletal muscle strength. Body fat percentage was significantly decreased (p<0.001) in the RT+UA group, despite body weight, body mass index, lean body mass, glucose, and insulin levels remaining unchanged. IGF-1 and irisin were significantly increased compared with baseline levels in the RT+UA group (p<0.05). Maximal right and left extension (p<0.01), right flexion (p<0.05), and left flexion (p<0.001) were significantly increased compared with baseline levels in the RT+UA group. These findings suggest that UA-induced elevation of serum irisin may be useful as an agent for the enhancement of skeletal muscle strength during RT.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.261-267
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• 2008

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two gabapentin preparations. We used Neurontin tablet 800 mg (Pfizer Korea Inc.) as a reference drug for bioequivalence of Gabalep tablet 800 mg (Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Co., Korea), and performed this whole study according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty five healthy male volunteers were administered with each drug in a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study with one week washout interval. After drug administration, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals ($0{\sim}24$ hours) and the concentrations of gabapentin in serum were determined using an high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) employing electrospray ionization technique and operating in multiple reaction mornitoring (MRM). The analytical method was validated in specificity, accuracy, precision and linearity. The phar-macokinetic parameters such as AUCt and Cmax were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed AUCt and Cmax. $Mean{\pm}SD$. of AUCt and Cmax value for reference drug and test drug were $29.94{\pm}9.23\;({\mu}g/mL{\cdot}hr)$ and $3.12{\pm}1.11\;({\mu}g/mL{\cdot}hr)$, and $31.48{\pm}9.77\;({\mu}g/mL{\cdot}hr)$ and $3.15{\pm}1.03\;({\mu}g/mL)$, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) for AUCt and Cmax, respectively. These results indicate that Gabalep tablet 800 mg is bioequivalent to Neurontin tablet 800 mg.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.159-167
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• 2009

Ultrasonographic examination was performed to observe the ultrasonographic image of Korean native cows' normal uterus in condition of in vitro and in vivo. The experiment was done 28 slaughtered cows' uterus using immersed in water in vitro, and 41 healthy breeding cows taken rectal ultrasonography in vivo. Ultrasonographic examination of uterine was taken on the reference of cross section of intercornual ligaments' cranial. Each uterus on the experiments was compared by estrous cycle and ultrasonographic frequency. The uterine structure using ultrasonography was 5 layers of uterine horn in vivo as well as in vitro. Uterine horn was observed to be distinguished from inside to outside as endometrium to inner echogenic layer, circular muscle layer to slightly echogenic elliptical layer, stratum vasculare to central echogenic layer, longitudinal muscle layer to slightly echogenic arched layer, and perimetrium to outer echogenic layer, respectively. According to the observation of uterus related to estrous cycle and ultrasonographic examination, uterine endometrium in vitro was constantly founded irrespective of estrous cycle and ultrasonographic frequency. On the low frequency, endometrium and circular muscle layer in estrus were prone to distinguished than in diestrus. On the high frequency, endometrium and circular muscle layer were always distinguished regardless of estrous cycle. In vivo, uterine endometrium and circular muscle layer were observed regardless of estrus and ultrasonographic frequency. On the low frequency, stratum vasculare and longitudinal muscle layer were not likely to be distinguished in diestrus, but estrus. On the high frequency, stratum vasculare and longitudinal muscle layer were observed regardless of estrous cycle. Also, every uterine structure was easily distinguished on high frequency than low frequency owing to precision of distinction in layers. The difference of results followed by the experiments conditions between in vitro and in vivo was that uterine endometrium and circular muscle layer in diestrus in vitro were difficult to be distinguished and uterine lumen was observed during whole estrous cycle. In vivo, It was founded that the distinction of stratum vasculare and logitudinal muscle layer in diestrus was complicated and uterine lumen was observed during only estrus. In view of the result so far achieved, normal uterine structure divided in 5 layers on ultrasonography was accorded with microscopic organization, uterine structure was likely to be observed during estrus than diestrus, high frequency checkup than low frequency, and uterine endometrium, circular muscle, stratum vasculare was easily observed regardless of estrous cycle and ultrasonographic frequency.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.151-157
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• 2009

Serial ultrasonography was conducted on Miniature Schnauzer bitches, on purpose to observe the ultrasonographic appearance of normal ovaries and ovarian structures during the estrous cycle. The size of ovaries was increased from $76.8{\pm}7.5mm^2(Mean{\pm}S.D)$ on Day-12 (Day-0=ovulation day) to $114.4{\pm}5.5mm^2$ on Day-8 and there was no significantly different between both ovaries. The ovaries were recognized by its proximity to the caudal renal pole and appeared moderately echogenic oval shape with a smooth contour. The size of follicles was increased from $8.1{\pm}4.5mm^2$ on Day-12 to $114.4{\pm}5.5mm^2$ on Day-0 and there was no significantly different between both ovaries. The number of follicles was increased from $2.8{\pm}0.7$ on Day-12 to $1.1{\pm}0.1$ on Day-0 and there was no significantly different between both ovaries. The follicles were small anechoic fluid-filled structures in early of proestrus, more increased, and indistinguished from each follicles in late of proestrus. The size of corpora lutea was increased from $19.3{\pm}2.1mm^2$ on Day-0 to $26.4{\pm}8.1mm^2$ on Day-8 and there was no significantly different between both ovaries. The number of corpora lutea was increased from $1.4{\pm}0.6$ on Day-0 to $2.9{\pm}0.4$ on Day-38 and there was no significantly different between both ovaries. The corpora lutea were small anechoic cavity and thin hyperechoic wall in early of diestrus, became more hyperechoic, and increased homogenous structures. The results of this study would be useful for differential diagnosis between normal and abnormal structures of ovaries.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2008

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed to establish a prediction table of parturition date in pregnant Maltese, Yorkshire Terrier, Shih-tzu and Miniature Schnauzer bitches. The inner chorionic cavity diameter and fetal head diameter in 45 pregnant bitches were converted retrospectively based on the day of parturition. The data of inner chorionic cavity diameter obtained from Day-44 to Day-25 and fetal head diameter obtained from Day-25 to Day-1 were used to compile a equations of prediction of parturition date. The 70 pregnant bitches with unknown mating time were examined to assess an accuracy of the equations established in this study. And these results were applied to the prediction of parturition date and compared to actual parturition date. The accuracy for parturition date within 0, $\pm$1, and $\pm$2 days interval using the equations of prediction of parturition date were 64.3%, 22.8% and 12.8%, respectively. The overall accuracy of prediction table of parturition day based on the ICCD and HD was 100% accurate within $\pm$2 days. Therefore, the prediction table seems to be a useful tool of the prediction of parturition day in practice.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.63-69
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• 2008

Reconfigurable RF one-chip solutions have been researched with the objective of designing for smaller-sized and more economical RF transceiver and it can be applied to a vehicular wireless terminal. The proposed voltage-controlled oscillator satisfies the targeted frequency range ($4.2{\sim}5.4\;GHz$) and the frequency planning which correspond to the standards such as CDMA(IS-95), PCS, GSM850, EGSM, WCDMA, WLAN, Bluetooth, WiBro, S-DMB, DSRC, GPS, and DVB-H/DMB-H/L(L Band). In order to improve phase noise performance, PMOS is adopted in the cross-coupled pair, the tail current source and MOS varactor in this VCO and differential-typed switching is proposed in capacitor array. Based on the measurement results, a total power dissipation is $5.3{\sim}6.0\;mW$ at 1.8 V power supply voltage. The oscillator is tuned from 4.05 to 5.62 GHz; The tuning range is 33%. The phase noise is -117.16 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency and the FOM (Figure Of Merit) is $-180.84{\sim}-180.5$.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.20-50
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• 2000

This paper was written into condsideration records about the definition of "Ong-Jeo", the difference between "Ong" and "Jeo", the Western medical approach to "Ong-Jeo", and the etiology and pathologic mechanism of "Ong-Jeo". After this study, I report the following results from it. 1. "Ong" is an acute diapyesis disease which is found is in our skin and muscle and flesh. The chrateristics of this disease is that the affacted site is shine, no head, and the size is 3-4 chon. The prossess of the diesease shows that it is very quick, and very easily swell, and becomes pus easily, easily become to ulcer, easily converge. But this don't damage to the muscle and bone. 2. "Jeo" is the disease which damages bone-skeleton, muscle and flesh, and even destroy the stationary tissue. Jeo can be divided into two. One is called "Yudujeo" and it is acute diapydesis disease. The characteriscs of this disease is the miliary abscess, swell, has fever, and has an ache which is feeled spaned. And this is diffused into periphrey tissue and is diffused into deep site. After the ulcer, this becomes to shape the cellula. The size is more than 3-4 chon and this disease goes into chuk if this is serious. The other one is called "Mudujeo" and this disease is the ulcerative one in our joint and skeleton. The characteristic of this disease shows that the color of skin be not changed, and swell diffusely, and is not easily vanished, not easily becomes ulcerative, and not easily becomes converged. 3. "Ong-Jeo" is caused by the bacteriunm named by the "Golden and Yeollw Staphylococcus" in the Western medicine. "Ong" can be applicable to the carbuncle, acute diapyesis lymphadenitis, and some of cellulitis. "Jeo" can belong to cellulitis, and Mudujeo can belong to suppurative arthritis, suppurative osteomyelitis, tuberculous arthritis and osteomyelitis, and tuberculous lymphadenitis. 4. The etiologies of "Ong-Jeo" can be divided three, which are internal, external and other etiology which can not be clasiffied by two etiologies above. The internal etiology is seven emotion, and the external etiology is the six eumsa, unki, chunhang and so on. Other etiology is inadequate absorption of food, and excessive bang-sa. 5. The etiology of "Ong" is suppurative one which is choked between our skin and muscle and flesh, and is congested, become to hot, and finally erodes the muscle and flesh because of the inbalance of cirrculation in the enegy and blood. "Jeo" is the same as the Ong, but this is the suppurative disease which damages the muscle, flesh, and skeleton, and even damages into five Zang, the internal intestine.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a time management program on self-efficacy and drinking-habit of college student with problematic drinking. Methods : Thirty subjects with problematic drinking were randomly assigned to either a experimental group or control group. The intervention applied to the experimental group was a time manage program which was consisted of two times of sessions per week and provided for five weeks. There was no specific intervention applied to the control group. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Korean (AUDIT-K) was used to measure problematic drinking behaviors and Self-Efficacy Test was used to evaluate self-efficacy of the subjects. Results : Experimental group showed a significant improvement in AUDIT-K after intervention between groups. In change scores within group, experimental group showed a significant improvement in both AUDIT-K and Self-Efficacy Test, and control group showed a significant improvement in AUDIT-K only. Conclusion : The result of this study showed that time management program is an effective method for college student with problematic drinking.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 2010

To investigate the change of vaginal epithelial cell in estrus-induced Shih-tzu bitch, estrus was induced by PMSG (50 IU/kg, for 10 days) and hCG (1,000 IU, on Day 10) in 12 anestrus Shih-tzu bitches. Day-changes of vaginal epithelial cells during the whole period of hormone treatment were investigated in each experimental bitches. The first day of vulvar bleeding and the first day of male acceptant was on $6.72{\pm}1.38$ days ($Mean{\pm}S.D.$), and $10.44{\pm}1.63$ days after the first PMSG treatment. The duration of proestrus and estrus was $4.36{\pm}1.20$ days, and $7.58{\pm}1.43$ days. Characteristic features of vaginal cytology during the estrous cycle were the high proportion of large intermediate cell, superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythrocyte in proestrus, superficial cell and anuclear cell in estrus, and parabasal cell, small and large intermediate cell, and leukocyte in diestrus, respectively. When it was timed from the first day of PMSG administration (Day 0), the cornification index (CI) was the high proportion in proestrus and estrus. The CI peak was maintained above 80% between Day 11~14 (4 days) and CI showed a peak at Day 12. These results indicated that the 12 Shih-tzu bitches showed positive estrus induction by vaginal smear test and observation of clinical estrus sign.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2010

This study was carried out the normal serial ultrasonographic appearance of the postpartum uterine involution with small pet bitches. Postpartum changes in uterine shape, architecture, echogenicity and diameter were monitored with ultrasonography in small pet bitches (Miniature Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel and Shih-tzu). In the Miniature Schnauzer bitches, uterine diameter of the placental sites and interplacental sites were decreased from $24.31{\pm}1.65\;mm$ at 1 day to $13.56{\pm}0.76\;mm$at 7 day, and $15.19{\pm}1.28\;mm$ at 1 day to $10.41{\pm}0.76\;mm$ at 7 day postpartum. In the Cocker Spaniel, the placental sites and interplacental sites were decreased from $24.90{\pm}1.62\;mm$ at 1 day to $14.14{\pm}1.21\;mm$at 7 day, and $15.33{\pm}1.47\;mm$ at 1 day to $10.19{\pm}0.83\;mm$ at 7 day postpartum. In the Shih-tzu, the placental sites and interplacental sites were decreased from $23.96{\pm}1.55\;mm$at 1 day to $13.84{\pm}0.94\;mm$ at 7 day, and $14.93{\pm}1.29\;mm$ at 1 day to $9.98{\pm}0.84\;mm$ at 7 day postpartum. And uterine diameter was no statistically significant difference among bitches (p>0.05). At 67 days, the uterine diameter in Miniature Schnauzer bitches were 6~7 mm both placental and interplacental sites, and the uterine horns showed uniform hypoechoic, tubular structures without enlargement. In present study, the involution of the uterus was completed at 67 days after parturition in Miniature Schnauzer, and 65 days in Cocker Spaniel and the Shih-tzu. There were no significant differences of normal postpartum uterine involution between small pet bitches (p>0.05). In conclusion, the postpartum involution of small pet bitches appeared to be completed normally at 65~67 days after parturition and could be identified by gross findings such as vaginal discharges and ultrasonographic findings of uterine shape and echogenicity.