• 한국동물학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.365-373
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• 1989

한국산 박새속 조류 Porus maior(박새), Parus ater(진박새), Parus palustris(쇠박새), Parus varius(곤줄박이)의 핵형을 C-banding 방법으로 분석한 결과 ZZ-ZW 염색체를 동정, 확인할 수 있었으며, 구조적 이질염색질의 부위가 일반염색 방법에 의한 핵형 비교에서 보다 종간에 더 많은 차이를 나타냈다. 그러나 일반염색 방법과 C-banding 방법 만으로는 4종간의 종분화 기작을 추측할 수 없었다. The chromosomal analysis of Paws motor, Paws ater, Pahs palustris and Pows varius of the genus Paws in Korea were performed by C-handing method. The identification of sex chromosones was ascertained and the part of constitutive heterochromatin was more different between interspecies than by conventional Giemsa staining method. However, conventional Giemsa staining and C-banding methods could not explain mechanisms of speciation between four species.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.205-216
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• 1995

This study was examined chromosome structure of kidney, fin, blood cell, sexual organ that were differently examined chromosome of a good cell activity from organ, medium, staining methods, instruments with rainbow trout 100. And so we obtained following conclusion. 1. The difference from each organ and medium is that a good cell activity of fin, kidney, sexual organ were obtained in TC-199 medium and a good cell activity in TC-199 medium+PHA(5%). 2. In the difference by staining methods, G-banding and C-banding were analyzed by electron microscope or cytoscan. Among them, heterochromatin of centromere analyzed by C-banding. 3. The zygotene and the leptotene were analyzed in this study. 4. Karyotype, heterochromatin and each stage of cell division were clearly analyzed by cytoscan.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2006

본 논문은 띠 결점을 줄이기 위해 MJBNM(Modified Jointly Blue Noise Mask)의 임계값 변조를 이용한 멀티토닝 방법을 제안한다. 멀티토닝에서 띠 결점은 출력레벨 근처에서 동일한 도트 분포를 가지기 때문에 부드러운 계조 영역에서의 불연속성과 인간 시각에 거슬리는 패턴을 만든다. 따라서 이러한 띠 결점을 줄이기 위해, 제안한 방법은 결점이 발생하는 출력레벨 근처에서 이웃 도트들을 도입함으로써 도트 분포를 재배열한다. 먼저 수학적인 설명으로 띠 결점의 원인을 분석하고, 분석 결과를 바탕으로 채널간의 상관성과 색차를 고려한 MJBNM의 임계값 변조를 적용한다. 입력값에 따라 MJBNM의 최대, 최소 임계값이 각각 입력을 포함하는 이웃한 두 출력레벨보다 두 화소를 더 포함하도록 초기 임계값 범위를 선형적으로 조정한다. 이 입력이 띠 결점이 발생하는 출력레벨 근방에 위치할 경우, 출력은 도트 분포와 패턴을 결정하는 임계값 변조 인수에 따라 화소 대 화소의 비교로 이웃 출력레벨 중의 하나의 값으로 결정된다. 이 때 조정된 임계값이 두 출력레벨과 최대, 최소 임계값 사이에 존재하면 그 위치에 이웃 도트들을 찍어서 띠 결점을 줄이게 된다. 그렇지 않은 경우, 일반적인 멀티토닝 기법이 적용된다. 그 결과 제안한 방법이 효과적으로 출력레벨 근처에서의 띠 결점을 줄일 수 있었다. 결과 평가는 gray ramp 영상에서 명암도에 따른 HVS-WRMSE 비교와 color ramp 영상에서의 S-CIELAB 색차를 비교하였다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.907-917
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 양분 유실이 많고 이용효율이 낮은 유박 전면시비에서 유박 줄뿌림으로 시비방법을 개선하였을 때 유박의 처리 깊이, 위치, 투입량에 따른 옥수수 생육 변화와 양분이용효율 변화를 2년간 조사하였다. 옥수수 생육조사결과, 유박 전면시비와 비교하여 유박 줄뿌림 처리구가 초장, SPAD값, 줄기와 알곡의 건물중 등에서 전반적으로 좋은 생육을 보였으며, 특히 유박 줄뿌림 처리구중에서도 깊이를 5 cm로 옥수수 근권에 줄뿌림 시비하는 것이 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 양분이용효율 측면에서도 유박 줄뿌림 처리구에서 높은 효율을 보였으며 유박을 옥수수 근권에 줄뿌림 시비로 개선하여 처리한다면 추비시 투입량을 1/2로 줄여도 옥수수 알곡에서 양분이용효율은 감소하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 유박 근권 줄뿌림 시비방법은 유박의 투입량도 기준방법과 비교하여 25% 줄일 수 있고 양분이용 측면에서 효과적인 방법으로 판단된다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.210-222
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• 2017

Purpose: To develop a novel combination of controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration (CAIPIRINHA) with integrated SSFP (CAIPI-iSSFP) for accelerated SSFP imaging without banding artifacts at 3T. Materials and Methods: CAIPI-iSSFP was developed by adding a dephasing gradient to the balanced SSFP (bSSFP) pulse sequence with a gradient area that results in $2{\pi}$ dephasing across a single pixel. Extended phase graph (EPG) simulations were performed to show the signal behaviors of iSSFP, bSSFP, and RF-spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) sequences. In vivo experiments were performed for brain and abdominal imaging at 3T with simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) acceleration factors of 2, 3 and 4 with CAIPI-iSSFP and CAIPI-bSSFP. The image quality was evaluated by measuring the relative contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and by qualitatively assessing banding artifact removal in the brain. Results: Banding artifacts were removed using CAIPI-iSSFP compared to CAIPI-bSSFP up to an SMS factor of 4 and 3 on brain and liver imaging, respectively. The relative CNRs between gray and white matter were on average 18% lower in CAIPI-iSSFP compared to that of CAIPI-bSSFP. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that CAIPI-iSSFP provides up to a factor of four acceleration, while minimizing the banding artifacts with up to a 20% decrease in the relative CNR.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.105-121
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• 2011

Objectives: This paper presents the framework and protocol design for a construction industry risk management toolbox. The construction industry needs a comprehensive, systematic approach to assess and control occupational risks. These risks span several professional health and safety disciplines, emphasized by multiple international occupational research agenda projects including: falls, electrocution, noise, silica, welding fumes, and musculoskeletal disorders. Yet, the International Social Security Association says, "whereas progress has been made in safety and health, the construction industry is still a high risk sector." Methods: Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) employ about 80% of the world's construction workers. In recent years a strategy for qualitative occupational risk management, known as Control Banding (CB) has gained international attention as a simplified approach for reducing work-related risks. CB groups hazards into stratified risk 'bands', identifying commensurate controls to reduce the level of risk and promote worker health and safety. We review these qualitative solutions-based approaches and identify strengths and weaknesses toward designing a simplified CB 'toolbox' approach for use by SMEs in construction trades. Results: This toolbox design proposal includes international input on multidisciplinary approaches for performing a qualitative risk assessment determining a risk 'band' for a given project. Risk bands are used to identify the appropriate level of training to oversee construction work, leading to commensurate and appropriate control methods to perform the work safely. Conclusion: The Construction Toolbox presents a review-generated format to harness multiple solutions-based national programs and publications for controlling construction-related risks with simplified approaches across the occupational safety, health and hygiene professions.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.3907-3909
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• 2014

Background: Cytogenetic abnormalities have important implications in diagnosis and prognosis of acute leukemia and are now considered an important part of the diagnostic workup at presentation. Karyotype, if known at the time of diagnosis, guides physicians to plan appropriate management strategies for their patients. Aim and Objectives: To determine the cytogenetic profile of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Pakistani children in order to have insights regarding behavior of the disease. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of all the cases of ALL (<15years old) diagnosed at Aga Khan University from January 2006 to June 2011 was performed. Cytogenetic analysis was made for all cases using the trypsin-Giemsa banding technique. Karyotypes were interpreted using the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN) criteria. Results: A total of 153 patients were diagnosed as ALL during the study period, of which 127 samples successfully yielded metaphase chromosomes. The male to female ratio was 1.8:1. A normal karyotype was present in 51.2% (n=65) of the cases whereas 48.8% (n=62) had an abnormal karyotype. Most of the abnormal cases showed hyperdiploidy(13.4%) followed by t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) (7.08%). Conclusions: This study revealed a relative lack of good prognostic cytogenetic aberrations in Pakistani children with ALL.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.95-103
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to better understand the conceptual model and Stoffenmanager nano module and apply it to the synthesis and packing processes of nanomaterials. Methods: Site visits were conducted to five nanomaterial production processes. Product and exposure variables were investigated in these workplaces. Hazard banding and exposure classification of the synthesis and packing processes of nanomaterials were conducted using documents and the website of Stoffenmanager Nano. Results: The five sites featured different products, packing tasks, ventilation and local exhaust, and others. The hazards for nano-nickel and copper were classified as E. The hazards for both fumed silica and indium tin oxide were classified as D. The hazard for spherical silica was classified as C. The exposure classes in the synthesis process of nanomaterials ranged from 2 through 4. The exposure classes in the packing process of nanomaterials ranged from 1 through 4. Conclusions: Application of Stoffenmanager nano to the synthesis and packing processes of nanomaterials helped to better understand the control level of the work environment and to suggest appropriate actions. The comparison of each process showed the effect of the production process and handling of solids and ventilation on exposure class.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.185-193
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• 2016

Background: Management and workers in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) often find it hard to comprehend the requirements related to controlling risks due to exposure to substances. An intervention study was set up in order to support 45 SMEs in improving the management of the risks of occupational exposure to chemicals, and in using the control banding tool and exposure model Stoffenmanager in this process. Methods: A 2-year intervention study was carried out, in which a mix of individual and collective training and support was offered, and baseline and effect measurements were carried out by means of structured interviews, in order to measure progress made. A seven-phase implementation evolutionary ladder was used for this purpose. Success and failure factors were identified by means of company visits and structured interviews. Results: Most companies clearly moved upwards on the implementation evolutionary ladder; 76% of the companies by at least one phase, and 62% by at least two phases. Success and failure factors were described. Conclusion: Active training and coaching helped the participating companies to improve their chemical risk management, and to avoid making mistakes when using and applying Stoffenmanager. The use of validated tools embedded in a community platform appears to support companies to organize and structure their chemical risk management in a business-wise manner, but much depends upon motivated occupational health and safety (OHS) professionals, management support, and willingness to invest time and means.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.203-215
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• 2010

This study is an overview of toxicities and measurement techniques of ultrafine particles (UFPs), and their exposure controls. UFPs are ubiquitous in many working situations. Exposure to UFPs is possibly causing adverse health symptoms including cardio-respiratory disease to humans. In order to measure exposure levels of airborne UFPs, there are current available measurement guidelines, instruments and other techniques (i.e. contour mapping, control banding). However, these risk assessment techniques including measurement techniques, controls and guidelines are dependent on background levels, metrics (e.g. size, mass, number, surface area, composition), environmental conditions and controls. There are no standardized measurement methods available and no generic and specific occupational exposure standards for UFPs. It is thought that there needs to be more effort to develop Regulations and Exposure Standards for generic UFPs should be based on more exposure data, health surveys, toxicological data and epidemiological data. A carefully considered hierarchy of controls can also reduce the maximum amount of airborne UFPs being emitted from diverse sources in industries.