• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.900-905
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• 1996

Details are described of reaction of carbonyl compounds with diisobutyldialkylaminoalane (DIBAL-NR2; R=Et, i-Bu, Ph) in order to establish their reduction characteristics. The reagents were extremely mild and reduced only aldehydes and ketones effectively in ethyl ether at 25 ℃. The stereoselectivity in the reduction of representative cyclic ketones appeared not so high but quite different from that obtained by DIBAL-H itself. The reagents reduced α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones to the corresponding allylic alcohols without any detectable 1,4-reduction products. DIBAL-NR2 also achieved the selective reduction of aldehydes or ketones in the presence of keto or other readily reducible functional group, however the chemoselectivity was less satisfactory than that achieved by diisobutylethoxyalane (DI-BAL-OEt).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.932-943
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• 2000

Background : Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis (NSIP) is most likely to be confused with usual interstitial pneumonitis (UIP). Unlike patients witþ UIP, the majority of patients with NSIP have a good prognosis, with most patients improving after treatment with corticosteroids. Therefore it is clinically important to differentiate NSIP from UIP. Up to now, the only means of differentiating these two diseases was by means of surgical lung biopsy. American Thoracic Society (ATS) proposed a clinical diagnostic criteria for UIP to provide assistance to clinicians in its diagnosis without surgical lung biopsy. This study is aimed to investigate whether there were clinical and radiological differences between NSIP and UIP, and the usefulness of ATS clinical diagnostic criteria for UIP in Korea. Methods : We studied 60 patients with UIP and NSIP confirmed by surgical lung biopsy. Clinical manifestations, pulmonary function test, arterial blood gas analysis, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) were evaluated and analyzed by Chi-square test or t-test. The clinical criteria for UIP proposed by ATS were applied to all patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Results : Forty-two patients with UIP and 18 with NSIP were pathologically identified. Among the 18 patients with NSIP (M : F=1 : 17), the mean age was 55.2$\pm$8.4 (44~73) yr. Among the 42 patients with UIP (M : F=33 : 9), the mean age was 59.5$\pm$7.1 (45~74) yr (p=0.046). Fever was more frequent in NSIP (39%) (p=0.034), but clubbing was frequently observed in UIP (33%) (p=0.023). BAL lymphocytosis was more frequent (23%) (p=0.0001) and CD4/CD8 ratio was lower in NSIP (p=0.045). On HRCT, UIP frequently showed honeycomb appearance (36 of 42 patients) though not in NSIP (p=0.0001). Six of 42 UIP patients (14.3%) met the ATS clinical criteria for IPF, and 3 of 16 NSIP patients (18.8%) met the diagnostic criteria. Conclusion : Being a relatively young female and having short duration of illness, fever, BAL lymphocytosis, low CD4/CD8 ratio with the absence of clubbing and honeycomb appearance in HRCT increase the likelihood of the illness being NSIP. The usefulness of ATS clinical diagnostic criteria for UIP may be low in Korea.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2015

In recent years, the use of both nano- and micro-sized lanthanum has been increasing in the production of optical glasses, batteries, alloys, etc. However, a hazard assessment has not been performed to determine the degree of toxicity of lanthanum. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the toxicity of both nano- and micro-sized lanthanum oxide in cultured cells and rats. After identifying the size and the morphology of lanthanum oxides, the toxicity of two different sized lanthanum oxides was compared in cultured RAW264.7 cells and A549 cells. The toxicity of the lanthanum oxides was also analyzed using rats. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations of micro-$La_2O_3$ in the RAW264.7 cells, with and without sonication, were 17.3 and 12.7 times higher than those of nano-$La_2O_3$, respectively. Similar to the RAW264.7 cells, the toxicity of nano-$La_2O_3$ was stronger than that of micro-$La_2O_3$ in the A549 cells. We found that nano-$La_2O_3$ was absorbed in the lungs more and was eliminated more slowly than micro-$La_2O_3$. At a dosage that did not affect the body weight, numbers of leukocytes, and concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase and albumin in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids, the weight of the lungs increased. Inflammatory effects on BAL decreased over time, but lung weight increased and the proteinosis of the lung became severe over time. The effects of particle size on the toxicity of lanthanum oxides in rats were less than in the cultured cells. In conclusion, smaller lanthanum oxides were more toxic in the cultured cells, and sonication decreased their size and increased their toxicity. The smaller-sized lanthanum was absorbed more into the lungs and caused more toxicity in the lungs. The histopathological symptoms caused by lanthanum oxide in the lungs did not go away and continued to worsen until 13 weeks after the initial exposure.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.229-239
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• 2022

The high percentage of Vermamoeba was found in tap water in Korea. This study investigated whether Vermamoeba induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. We selected 2 free-living amoebas (FLAs) isolated from tap water, which included Korean FLA 5 (KFA5; Vermamoeba vermiformis) and 21 (an homolog of Acanthamoeba lugdunensis KA/E2). We axenically cultured KFA5 and KFA21. We applied approximately 1×10⁶ to mice's nasal passages 6 times and investigated their pathogenicity. The airway resistance value was significantly increased after KFA5 and KFA21 treatments. The eosinophil recruitment and goblet cell hyperplasia were concomitantly observed in bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue in mice infected with KFA5 and KFA21. These infections also activated the Th2-related interleukin 25, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and thymus and activation-regulated chemokines gene expression in mouse lung epithelial cells. The CD4⁺ interleukin 4⁺ cell population was increased in the lung, and the secretion of Th2-, Th17-, and Th1-associated cytokines were upregulated during KFA5 and KFA21 infection in the spleen, lung-draining lymph nodes, and BAL fluid. The pathogenicity (allergenicity) of KFA5 and KFA21 might not have drastically changed during the long-term in vitro culture. Our results suggested that Vermamoeba could elicit allergic airway inflammation and may be an airway allergen.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.683-686
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• 2008

$\beta$-Glucans, which were isolated from sangwhang (Phellinus linteus), were subjected to reductive amination and the biological properties of the derivative were investigated. The degree of substitution of the aminated sangwhang $\beta$-glucan was calculated by elemental analysis to be 1.13. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) experiments showed that the aminated derivative increased nitric oxide production. In addition, the amination enhanced in vitro cytotoxic activities against HT1080 and SNU-C2A cell lines. Thus, the aminated derivative is shown to enhance immune systems by the incorporation of amino groups into the polymer structure.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.17
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• pp.169-195
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• 2002

The main issue relating to electronic bill of lading is to develop the system in which can transfer the title to the goods by electronically, and to support effect of electronic transfer of title by law. BBL, electronic bill of lading being operated by bolero, provides technical devices to that purpose, but current law is not recognize the effect of transfer of title by electronic communication because BBL is different from paper bill of lading naturally. For that reason Bolero has resolved the problem by Rulebook which is multilateral agreement contracted between users and BAL. The Rulebook provides solution, so called, 'attornment' and 'novation'. So, The purpose of this study is to help in understanding BBL through comparison and analysis about the legal background of transfer of title by BBL based on 'attornment' and 'novation' with transfer of bill of lading based on a endorsement and delivery.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2004

In 1189's ZhongXiuZhengHuoJingShiZhengLeiBeiYongBenCao(重修政和經史證類備用本草), we took a look at the medicinal herbs that mentioned JoSeon(朝 鮮), GoRyeo(高麗), BaekJe(百濟), SinRa(新羅), DongIn(東人), DongHae(東海), YoDong(遼東), and BalHae(渤海). In the face of Korea's Oriental medicine's reality of having medical texts only after the 2nd half of the GoRyeo(高麗) Dynasty, this study will provide the basis of finding the origin of Indigenous Herbal Medical Science that was founded in the late-GoRyeo(高麗), early-JoSeon(朝鮮) period.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.120-125
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• 2004

Strabismus is a misalignment of eye, and which devided paralytic and non-paralytic strabismus. Paralytic strabismus is generally a neurological problem, especially 3rd, 4th or 6th nerve. The abducent nerve was most common affected. Paralytic strabismus are treated based on the theory of Oriental medicine with herbal medicine bal-san(發散) and gue-pung(祛風) effects and acupuncture around the eyes and etc. Authors experienced one case of the strabismus of abducent nerve palsy, 35-year-old male, showed disorder abduction of Lt. eye, diplopia and dizziness. Disorder abduction of Lt. eye, diplopia and dizziness and cervical pain improved under the treatment of acupuncture and herbal medicine Thus further clinical study and treatment principle should be made to raise the recovery rate for paralytic strabismus and it's effectiveness of Oriental medical treatment should be informed.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.931-942
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• 2019

Radioactive materials are released from the molten core into the containment at the time of a severe accident in a nuclear power plant (NPP). Filtered containment venting system is a popular and effective safety measure installed to obstruct the uncontrolled escape of radioactive materials due to the over pressurization of the containment. Different designs of filtered containment venting system (FCVS) are available today, each being the result of extensive research and development varying in one way or the other. This paper gives an elaborate description of the different types of FCVS currently being used, the current usage status in over 17 countries and the legislations regarding it. The recent researches being carried out in this field has also been discussed in detail. This present paper focuses on the critical review of existing FCVS, reports the challenges faced by it and highlights the potential developments to overcome the difficulties.

• Proceedings of the Korean Biophysical Society Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.39-39
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• 2003

In our previous study, WEHI-231, an immature B cell line, showed intractable increase in [C $a^{2+}$]$_{c}$ after the B-cell receptor (BCR) ligation and treatment with 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate (2-APB), which was never observed in Bal-17, a mature B cell line (Nam et al., 2003, FEBS Lett). In this study, a whole cell voltage clamp study revealed a specific expression of a novel type of $K^{+}$ current, namely voltage-independent background-type $K^{+}$ channels (IK-bg), in WEHI-231 cells. IK-bg was dramatically increase by the application of 2-APB (50 $\square$M), which induced severe hyperpolarization of WEHI-231 from -45 ㎷ to -90 ㎷, When dialyzed with $Mg^{2+}$ and ATP-free pipette solution, a spontaneous development of IK-bg and membrane hyperpolarization were observed. IK-bg was insensitive to classical $K^{+}$ channel blockers (TEA, glibenclamide, $Ba^{2+}$(1 mM)), whereas blocked by quinine and quinidine in a voltage-dependent manner ($IC_{50}$/=6~9 $\square$M at +60㎷). Phorbol myrstate, a PKC activator, decreased the amplitude of IK-bg. Extracellular acidification (pH 6.5) slightly inhibited IK-bg. Arachidonic acid, riluzole, or hyposmotic stress could not affect the IK-bg after the full development by the intracellular dialysis with Mg-ATP-free solution. In a cell-attached mode of single channel recording from WEHI231, we found two types of voltage-independent $K^{+}$ channels with unitary conductance of 300 pS and 120 pS, respectively. Both channels showed very short mean open times and their open probabilities were increase by the application of 2-APB. In Bal-17 cells, no such $K^{+}$ current was observed in 50 cells tested. In summary, WEHI-231 immature B cells express background $K^{+}$ channels. The pharmacological properties and the large unitary conductance suggest that novel types of two-pore domain $K^{+}$ channels (2-P-K channels) might be expressed in WEHI-231, which may provide an intriguing targets of signal transduction in the immature B lymphocytes.e B lymphocytes.