• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.356-362
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• 2003

Background: Intralobar and extralobar pulmonary sequestrations have been considered as congenital lesions that occur at different stages of embryonic life. However, most cases of intralobar pulmonary sequestration (IPS) seem to have an acquired origin, as they are absent in infants and associated anomalies are relatively, uncommon among them. Material and Method: The cases of 25 patients who were diagnosed as IPS after surgical resection from December, 1985 to July, 2002 were included in this study. The medical records wire retrospectively reviewed and the clinical characteristics were age at operation; gender; symptoms at presentation; presence of congenital anomalies; combined diseases; preoperative studies and diagnosis; location of the lesion; method of surgical resection; origin, size and numbers of aberrant artery; histopathological findings; and postoperative complications. Result: There were 17 (68%) female patients and 8 (32%) male patients, their ages ranged from 1 to 57 and mean value was 23 years old. Though 14 patients (56%) complained of respiratory symptoms such as pneumonia and recurrent respiratory infections, a large number of patients (44%) were asymptomatic or had chest pain only when the lesion was discovered. Only 8 patients (32%) were diagnosed as pulmonary sequestration preoperatively and 8 (32%) were suspected as mediastinal or lung tumor, 5 (20%) were congenital or acquired cystic lung disease, and 4 (16%) were lung abscess or bronchiectasis, respectively. The majority of aberrant arteries (86.4%) confirmed during the operation were originated from thoracic aorta and 2 were thoracic and abdominal aorta, 1 was abdominal aorta, respectively. The younger patients (less than 10 years old) had more other congenital anomalies (30% vs 6.7%) but the proportion of congenital IPS was not significantly different (10% vs 6.7%, p>0.05) compared with elder patients. Histopathologically, almost all lesions showed chronic inflammation, cystic changes and similar pleural adhesions regardless of age. Conclusion: The large portion of the patients with IPS (44%) was clinically asymptomatic or presented non-respiratory symptoms at diagnosis and likely to be diagnosed as mediastinal or lung tumor especially in elder patients. Though the younger patients had more other congenital anomalies, most cases of IPS proved to be acquired lesions in terms of the histopathlogical findings and the proportion of congenital evidences.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.560-569
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• 1996

Background and Purpose : Standardized uptake value(SUV) has been used as a quantitative index for differentiating benign and malignant tumors with F-18-FDG PET In this study, we produced whole body parametric images of SUV(WBPIS) by body weight normalization, and validated the values by comparison with SUV's calculated with regional scans. Subjects and Methods : Whole body scans were followed by regional scans sequentially on 23 patients. In whole body study, transmission and emission scans were acquired for 2 minutes and 6 minutes for each bed position, respectively. In regional study, transmission and emission scans were acquired for 20 minutes. Measured and segmented/ smoothed attenuation correction were applied using these 2 min transmission scans in whole body studies. The effects of attenuation correction on SUVs were evaluated quantitatively using F-18 filled cylindrical phantom. The mean and peak SUVs obtained from WBPIS were compared with SUVs of the regional scans. Results : In phantom studies, with any method of attenuation correction using regional or whole body studies of phantom, SUVs were nearly consistent. In whole body scan, SUV obtained using measured attenuation correction method was a little higher than SUV of regional scan. SUV obtained using segmented/smoothed attenuation correction method was a little lower. In patient studies, WBPIS using segmented/smoothed attenuation correction method was much smoother and more readable. SUVs of WBPIS obtained with both methods of attenuation correction were well correlated with SUVs of regional scans(r=0.9). SUVs of WBPIS with measured attenuation correction method were 5% lower than SUVs of regional scans. SUVs of WBPIS with segmented/smoothed attenuation correction method were 10% lower than SUVs of regional scans. The differences of SUVs of WBPIS by the two attenuation correction methods were relatively small compared with the possible differences derived from biological characteristics of tumors. Conclusion : We concluded that WBPIS could be useful in the quantification of tumor as well as in localization of whole body lesions, which were often outside the field of view in regional scan. WBPIS made using segmented/smoothed attenuation correction method could be used in clinical routines and SUVs from attenuation corrected F-18-FDG PET could be used interchangeably with SUVs of regional studies.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.74-81
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• 2008

Background: Fascin is an actin-bundling protein that induces membrane protrusions and it increases cell motility in various transformed cells. Esophageal cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, and it exhibits extensive local invasion or frequent regional lymph node metastasis even after curative surgery. We investigate the expression of fascin by performing immunohistochemistry to evaluate the clinical characteristics and prognostic significance of its expression in esophageal cancer patients. Material and Method: Immunochemistry for fascin was performed on 76 tumor samples from 76 patients who underwent esophageal cancer operations. The expression levels of fascin in the 76 esophageal cancer tissues were compared with those in the corresponding normal esophageal epithelium. The fascin-positive samples were defined as those showing more than 75% of fascin-positive cells. Result: Overall, a fascin positive expression was detected in 39 (51.3%) out of the total 76 cases. The tumors with positive fascin expression tended to more frequently show a higher stage (p=0.030), and a higher T-factor (p=0.031). The prognosis of the fascin negative group was significantly better than that of the fascin positive group (p=0.004). Multivariate analysis revealed that lymphovascular invasion and the fascin expression were independent prognostic factors. Conclusion: Fascin was expressed in 513% of the esophageal cancer tissues and a positive expression of fascin was associated with more advanced tumor progression and recurrence. Our study suggests that the fascin expression may be an independent prognostic factor for an unfavorable clinical course few those patients suffering with esophageal cancer.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2011

Background: The intramural coronary artery has been known as a risk factor for early death after an arterial switch operation (ASO). We reviewed the morphological characteristics and evaluated the early and mid-term results of ASO for patients with an intramural coronary artery. Materials and Methods: From March 1994 to September 15th 2010, 158 patients underwent ASO at Dong-A and Pusan National University Hospitals for repair of transposition of the great arteries and double outlet right ventricle. Among these patients, 14 patients (8.9%) had an intramural coronary artery. Mean age at operation was $13.4{\pm}10.2$ days (4 to 39 days) and mean body weight was $3.48{\pm}0.33$ kg (2.88 to 3.88 kg). All patients except one were male. Eight patients had TGA/IVS and 4 patients had an aortic arch anomaly. Two patients (14.3%) had side-by-side great artery relation, of whom one had an intramural right coronary artery and the other had an intramural left anterior descending coronary artery. Twelve patients had anterior-posterior relation, all of whom had an intramural left coronary artery (LCA). The aortocoronary flap technique was used in coronary transfer in 8 patients, of whom one patient required a switch to the individual coronary button technique 2 days after operation because of myocardial ischemia. An individual coronary button implantation technique was adopted in 6, of whom 2 patients required left subclavian artery free graft to LCA during the same operation due to LCA injury during coronary button mobilization and LCA torsion. Results: There was 1 operative death (7.1%), which occurred in the first patient in our series. This patient underwent an aortocoronary flap procedure for coronary transfer combining aortic arch repair. Overall operative mortality for 144 patients without an intramural coronary artery was 13.2% (19/144). There was no statistical difference in operative mortality between the patients with and without an intramural coronary artery (p>0.1). There was no late death. The mean follow-up duration was $52.1{\pm}43.0$ months (0.5 to 132 months). One patient who had a subclavian artery free graft required LCA stenting 6.5 years after surgery for LCA anastomotic site stenosis. No other surviving patient needed any intervention for coronary problems. All patients had normal ventricular function at latest echocardiography and were in NYHA class 1. Conclusion: The arterial switch operation in Transposition of Great Arteries or Double Outlet Right Ventricle patients with intramural coronary can be performed with low mortality; however, there is a high incidence of intraoperative or postoperative coronary problems, which can be managed with conversion to the individual coronary button technique and a bypass procedure using a left subclavian free graft. Both aortocoronary flap and individual coronary button implantation techniques for coronary transfer have excellent mid-term results.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.564-568
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• 2007

Background: Pulmonary hamartomas are the most common form of pulmonary benign tumors, and they occur in approximately $2{\sim}5%$ of all pulmonary neoplasm. However, only a few reports have been published on the clinical characteristics of pulmonary hamartoma in Korea. Material and Method: The charts, X-rays and pathological specimens of 37 pulmonary hamartoma patients who were diagnosed by a pathological examination from January of 2000 to May of 2005 at the Catholic Medical Center were retrospectively reviewed. Result: The peak incidence of the tumor occurred in the seventh decade of life (32.4%), There were 23 men (62.6%) and 14 women (37.8%), with mean age of 55.6 years. Twenty-six patients (70.3%) were asymptomatic and 11 patients (29.7%) had symptoms. A total of 29 tumors (78.4%) were parenchymal, and 8 (21.6%) were endobronchial. Twenty cases (54.1%) were in the right lung and 17 cases (45.9%) were in the left lung. The right lower lobe was most commonly involved. Thirty-two (86.5%) hamartomas were diagnosed by surgical resection, 4 cases (10.8%) were diagnosed by bronchoscopic biopsy and 1 case (2.7%) was diagnosed by a fine needle aspiration biopsy. Thirty-four hamartomas (91.9%) were managed by surgical resection without complication. No recurrence or malignant changes were seen during the follow up period. Conclusion: Pulmonary hamartomas are most common in males during their fifth to seventh decade and they more commonly involve the right lung. No recurrence or malignant changes were seen during the follow up period.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.229-238
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• 2008

Background: Protection of the brain is a major concern during thoracic aortic surgery using hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). This study compares the surgical outcomes of two different cerebral protection methods in thoracic aortic surgery using HCA: retrograde cerebral protection (RCP) and antegrade cerebral protection (ACP). Material and Method: We retrospectively reviewed data on 146 patients who underwent thoracic aortic surgery from May 1995 to February 2007 using either RCP (114 patients, Group 1) or ACP (32 patients, Group 2) during HCA. There were 104 dissections (94 acute and 10 chronic) and 42 aneurysms (41 true aneurysms and 1 pseudoaneurysm), and all patients underwent ascending aortic replacement. There were 33 cases of hemiarch replacement, 5 of partial arch replacement, and 21 of total arch replacement. Result: The two groups were similar in preoperative and operative characteristics, but Group 2 had more elderly (over 70 years old) patients (34.4% vs. 10.5%), more coronary artery diseases (18.8% vs. 4.4%), more total arch replacements (46.9% vs. 5.3%) and longer HCA time ($50{\pm}24$ minutes vs. $32{\pm}17$ minutes) than Group 1. The operative mortality was 4.4% (5/114) and 3.1% (1/32), the incidence of permanent neurologic deficits was 5.3% (6/114) and 3.1% (1/32), and the incidence of temporary neurologic deficits was 1.8% (2/114) and 9.4% (3/32) in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. There were no statistical differences between the two groups in operative mortality, postoperative bleeding, or neurologic deficits (permanent and temporary). Conclusion: The early outcomes of aortic surgery using HCA were favorable and showed no statistical difference between RCP and ACP. However, the ACP patients endured longer HCA times and more extended arch surgeries. ACP is the preferred brain protection technique when longer HCA time is expected or extended arch replacement is needed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.100-101
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• 2012

The plasma damage free and room temperature processedthin film deposition technology is essential for realization of various next generation organic microelectronic devices such as flexible AMOLED display, flexible OLED lighting, and organic photovoltaic cells because characteristics of fragile organic materials in the plasma process and low glass transition temperatures (Tg) of polymer substrate. In case of directly deposition of metal oxide thin films (including transparent conductive oxide (TCO) and amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS)) on the organic layers, plasma damages against to the organic materials is fatal. This damage is believed to be originated mainly from high energy energetic particles during the sputtering process such as negative oxygen ions, reflected neutrals by reflection of plasma background gas at the target surface, sputtered atoms, bulk plasma ions, and secondary electrons. To solve this problem, we developed the NBAS (Neutral Beam Assisted Sputtering) process as a plasma damage free and room temperature processed sputtering technology. As a result, electro-optical properties of NBAS processed ITO thin film showed resistivity of $4.0{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}{\cdot}m$ and high transmittance (>90% at 550 nm) with nano- crystalline structure at room temperature process. Furthermore, in the experiment result of directly deposition of TCO top anode on the inverted structure OLED cell, it is verified that NBAS TCO deposition process does not damages to the underlying organic layers. In case of deposition of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin film on the plastic polymer substrate, the room temperature processed sputtering coating of high quality TCO thin film is required. During the sputtering process with higher density plasma, the energetic particles contribute self supplying of activation & crystallization energy without any additional heating and post-annealing and forminga high quality TCO thin film. However, negative oxygen ions which generated from sputteringtarget surface by electron attachment are accelerated to high energy by induced cathode self-bias. Thus the high energy negative oxygen ions can lead to critical physical bombardment damages to forming oxide thin film and this effect does not recover in room temperature process without post thermal annealing. To salve the inherent limitation of plasma sputtering, we have been developed the Magnetic Field Shielded Sputtering (MFSS) process as the high quality oxide thin film deposition process at room temperature. The MFSS process is effectively eliminate or suppress the negative oxygen ions bombardment damage by the plasma limiter which composed permanent magnet array. As a result, electro-optical properties of MFSS processed ITO thin film (resistivity $3.9{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$, transmittance 95% at 550 nm) have approachedthose of a high temperature DC magnetron sputtering (DMS) ITO thin film were. Also, AOS (a-IGZO) TFTs fabricated by MFSS process without higher temperature post annealing showed very comparable electrical performance with those by DMS process with $400^{\circ}C$ post annealing. They are important to note that the bombardment of a negative oxygen ion which is accelerated by dc self-bias during rf sputtering could degrade the electrical performance of ITO electrodes and a-IGZO TFTs. Finally, we found that reduction of damage from the high energy negative oxygen ions bombardment drives improvement of crystalline structure in the ITO thin film and suppression of the sub-gab states in a-IGZO semiconductor thin film. For realization of organic flexible electronic devices based on plastic substrates, gas barrier coatings are required to prevent the permeation of water and oxygen because organic materials are highly susceptible to water and oxygen. In particular, high efficiency flexible AMOLEDs needs an extremely low water vapor transition rate (WVTR) of $1{\times}10^{-6}gm^{-2}day^{-1}$. The key factor in high quality inorganic gas barrier formation for achieving the very low WVTR required (under ${\sim}10^{-6}gm^{-2}day^{-1}$) is the suppression of nano-sized defect sites and gas diffusion pathways among the grain boundaries. For formation of high quality single inorganic gas barrier layer, we developed high density nano-structured Al2O3 single gas barrier layer usinga NBAS process. The NBAS process can continuously change crystalline structures from an amorphous phase to a nano- crystalline phase with various grain sizes in a single inorganic thin film. As a result, the water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) of the NBAS processed $Al_2O_3$ gas barrier film have improved order of magnitude compared with that of conventional $Al_2O_3$ layers made by the RF magnetron sputteringprocess under the same sputtering conditions; the WVTR of the NBAS processed $Al_2O_3$ gas barrier film was about $5{\times}10^{-6}g/m^2/day$ by just single layer.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.369-377
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• 2005

Precise application of topdressing nitrogen (N) fertilizer is indispensible for securing high yield and good quality of rice and minimizing N losses to the environment as well. For precise N management, growth and nitrogen nutrition status (NNS) should be diagnosed rapidly and accurately. The objective of the study was to evaluate the applicability of vegetation index (VI) calculated from hyperspectral canopy reflectance measurement and SPAD reading to nondestructive in situ diagnosis of growth and NNS of rice. Canopy reflectance, SPAD read­ing, growth parameters, and NNS characteristics were measured from various N treatments to evaluate the relationships among them for two cropping seasons from 2001 to 2002. The correlation coefficient of VIs with variables of growth and NNS increased positively as rice canopy became more closed. Regardless of growth stages, VIs had significantly high correlations with LAI, shoot dry weight (DW), shoot N content and nitrogen nutrition index (NNI). Those correlation coefficients increased steadily before heading stage as rice grew up. However, tiller number and leaf N concentration showed significantly high correlations with VIs only at and after panicle initiation stage (PIS). Among the VIs, RVIgreen had significantly higher correlation with the measured parameters than the other VIs: it showed correlation coefficients greater than 0.8 with leaf and shoot N concentration and DW, and much higher coefficients greater than 0.9 with LAI, shoot N content, and NNI. At LAI of below 2.5, VIs had non-significant or low correlations with the growth and NNS indicators due to the background effects. SPAD reading had significantly high correlation with leaf N concentration and NNI at each growth stage. In addition, it had significant correlations with variables of growth and NNS at PIS and booting stage, particularly, at booting stage. Though SPAD reading had a significantly high correlation value at a given growth stage in each year, it showed very weak relationship with variables of growth and NNS when pooled across growth stages and years. In conclusion, RVIgreen was found to be the most reliable VI to estimate the growth and NNS of rice around at PIS, but SPAD reading had much limitations.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.185-191
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• 2012

Background: The removal of phosphate(P) in the wastewater is essential for the prevention of eutrophication in the river and stream. This study was initiated to evaluate the P removal by three strains of bacteria isolated from industrial wastewater. The three strains of bacteria, A1, A2, and A3, isolated were identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain CUPS 3, Rhodococcus erythropolis strain Sco-C01, Bacillus sp. 3434BRRJ, respectively. METHODS AND RESULTS: The experiments evaluating the effects of temperature, P concentration, aeration, and carbon sources on P removal by Bacillus sp. 3434BRRJ were performed in the following conditions: temperature, 15, 25 and $30^{\circ}C$; P concentrations, 20, 30, and 40 mg/L; oxygen condition, aerobic, anaerobic/aerobic conditions; carbon sources, glucose, acetate and mixture of glucose and acetate. As a result, the best optimum conditions for P removal by Bacillus sp. 3434BRRJ were as follows: temperature, $30^{\circ}C$; P concentration, 20 mg/L; carbon sources, mixture of glucose and acetate; oxygen concentration, anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The P removal efficiencies by Bacillus sp. 3434BRRJ, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain CUPS, and Rhodococcus erythropolis strain Sco-C01 were 99%, 50%, 20%, respectively. CONCLUSION: As a result, the best optimum conditions for P removal by Bacillus sp. 3434BRRJ selected and used in this study were as follows: temperature, $30^{\circ}C$; P concentration, 20 mg/L; carbon sources, mixture of glucose and acetate; oxygen concentration, anaerobic and aerobic conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Pesticide residue analysis is essentially required for safety evaluation of agricultural products. Bistrifluron and chlorantraniliprole have been currently considered as potentials to deeply evaluate their residues in agricultural products because they are frequently found in strawberry. This work was performed to investigate the residual patterns of bistrifluron and chlorantraniliprole in strawberry after harvest. METHODS AND RESULTS: Strawberry was treated with bistrifluron and chlorantraniliprole 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days before harvest under greenhouse conditions. The strawberry samples were subjected to solvent and solid phase extractions followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. There covery percentages of bistrifluron and chlorantraniliprole for tified in the control samples ranged from approximately 82 to 103% with the method limit of 0.005 mg/kg. The concentrations of bistrifluron and chlorantraniliprole in strawberry samples decreased significantly in 10 days after treatment, giving the safety levels of 0.04 to 0.06 mg/kg at 10 days after application, as considered maximum residue limit. The half-lives of bistrifluron and chlorantraniliprole based on first order kinetics were determined to 6.3 days and 6.4 days, respectively. CONCLUSION: Bistrifluron and chlorantraniliprole are suggested to use in strawberry 10 days before harvest to reach residual safety levels.