• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.62-66
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• 2006

Introduction: Unexpected serious and lethal drug interactions can be occurred by polypharmacy for treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders. We report a case who has suspected upper gastrointestinal bleeding after the combination of clozapine and buspirone. Case : A 69-year-old woman with DSM-IV schizophrenia who was admitted to our hospital had no previous medical problems. Findings on physical exam, laboratory values, EEG, and a magnetic reso-nance imaging scans were no abnormality, except for slightly low level of hemoglobin at admission. Because of aggravating anxiety symptom, a trial of buspirone was begun from 15mg, in addition to olanzapine 30mg. And then olanzapine was switched to clozapine due to her treatment-refractory his-tory and poor response on this admission. Moreover, At the admission 11 weeks later, after 4 weeks of starting buspirone and clozapine, she was placed on a regimen of clozapine 300mg and buspirone 60mg. At this point, she started to complaint nonspecific abdominal pain for 4 days and then hematemesis, melena and hypotension were developed suddenly with negative findings in gastroduodenoscopy. After stopping all medication, the suspected upper gastrointestinal bleeding was subsided. After the regimen was switched back to clozapine only, psychotic symptoms were improved without the recurrence of the adverse events. Conclusion : We concluded that the upper gastrointestinal bleeding in this case was attributed to the drug interaction with clozapine and buspirone, although the definite mechanism is not clear. The clini-cians should be very cautious to prescribe the combination of clozapine and buspirone due to a possible lethal adverse effect.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2005

Purpose : We should use a computed tomography-simulator for the body measure and compensator manufacture process was practiced with TBI's positioning in process and to estimate the availability.,Materials and Methods : Patient took position that lied down. and got picture through computed tomography-simulator. This picture transmitted to Somavision and measured about body measure point on the picture. Measurement was done with skin, and used the image to use measure the image about lungs. We decided thickness of compensator through value that was measured by the image. Also, We decided and confirmed position of compensator through image. Finally, We measured dosage with TLD in the treatment department.,Results : About thickness at body measure point. we could find difference of $1{\sim}2$ cm relationship general measure and image measure. General measure and image measure of body length was seen difference of $3{\sim}4$ cm. Also, we could paint first drawing of compensator through the image. The value of dose measurement used TLD on head, neck, axilla, chest(lungs inclusion), knee region were measured by $92{\sim}98%$ and abdomen, pelvis, inquinal region, feet region were measured by $102{\sim}109%$.,Conclusion : It was useful for TBI's positioning to use an image of computed tomography-simulator in the process. There was not that is difference of body thickness measure point, but measure about length was achieved definitely. Like this, manufacture of various compensator that consider body density if use image is available. Positioning of compensator could be done exactly. and produce easily without shape of compensator is courted Positioning in the treatment department could shortened overall $15\{sim}20$ minute time. and reduce compensator manufacture time about 15 minutes.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.591-596
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• 2004

Recently, thoracic sympathicotomy for craniofacial hyperhidrosis (FH) is increasingly avoided contrast to palmar hyperhidrosis. We recently demonstrated that selective T2 sympathicotomy for FH in woman might be recommended because of differences of the postoperative satisfaction between man and woman. Therefore, this study was designed to analyze the postoperative long term results, evaluate the effectiveness of T2 sympathicotomy and establish the new strategy in treatment of FH in woman. Material and Method: From May 1998 to July 2001, 27 cases of FH in woman that were performed T2 sympathicotomy and minimum 2 years have passed since then at the follow up period. Among them, 20 cases were evaluated by telephone review and medical record. Bilateral sympathetic trunks were severed on the 2nd rib with 2mm thoracoscopic instruments. 7 patients combined with gustatory sweating (GS). Ages ranged from 25 to 62 (mean age, 46.4 years). Result: All patients were relieved of symptom immediately after operation. At postoperative 1 week, all patients were satisfied: 15 patients, “very satisfaction” and 5 patients, “relatively satisfaction”. However, during long term follow up period (from 25 to 63 months postoperatively), 9 patients (45%) were relatively satisfied, 8 patients (40%) complained that there was no difference of postoperative satisfaction and 3 patients (15%) complained of non satisfactory results (regret for surgery). 16 patients (80%) had complaint of uncomfortable feeling because of postoperative GS. Some degree of compensatory sweating (CS) had occurred in all patients: severe 10 patients (50%), severe but acceptable 6 patients (30%), and just conventional 4 patients (20%). The sites of CS were trunk, back, axilla and extremities. Conclusion: Thoracoscopic T2 sympathicotomy is relatively considerable method for FH in woman and the postoperative satisfaction depends on GS and the degree of individual adaptation for CS. Therefore, it is required that the prediction of preoperative risk factors for GS and CS and then careful selection of patients to increase the postoperative satisfaction, and the development of acceptable new treatment modalities.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.3-21
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• 1997

The remediation of contamiated sites using currently available remediation technologies requires long term treatment and huge costs, and it is uncertain to achieve the remediation goal to drop contamination level to either back-ground or health-based standards by using such technologies. Intrinsic remediation technology is the remediation technology that relies on the mechanisms of natural attenuation for the containment and elimination of contaminants in subsurface environments. Initial costs for the intrinsic remediation may be higher than conventional treatment technologies because the most comprehensive site assessment for intrinsic remediation is required. Total remediation cost, however may be the lowest among the presently employed technologies. The applicability of intrinsic remediation in the contaminated sites should be theroughly investigated to achieve the remedial goal of the technology. This paper provides the frame of the extended site assessment procedure based on knowledge of biodegradability to evaluate the applicability of intrinsic remediation. This site assessment procedure is composed of 5 steps such as preliminary site screening, assessment of the current knowledge of biodegradability, selecting the appropriate approach, analyzing the contaminant fate and transport and planning the monitoring schedule. In the step 1, followings are to be decided 1) whether to go on the the detailed assessment or not based on the rules of thumb concerning the biodegradability of organic compounds, 2) which protocol document is selected to follow for detailed site assessment according to the site characteristics, contaminants and the relative distance between the contamination and potential receptors. In the step 2, the database for biodegradability are searched and evaluated. In the step 3, the appropriate biodegradability pathways for the contaminated site is selected. In the step 4, the fate and transport of the contaminants at the site are analyzed through modeling. In the step 5, the monitoring schedule is planned according to the result of the modeling. Through this procedure, users may able to have the rational and systematic informations for the application of intrinsic remediation. Also the collected data and informations can be used as the basic to re-select the other remediation technology if it reaches a conclusion not to applicate intrinsic remediation technology at the site from the site assessment procedure.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.669-683
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• 2017

The objective of this study is to propose a modification of the previously proposed drainage system for catching the partial leakage of underground concrete structures. Two techniques were proposed for applying the drainage system only to the leaking parts. One was for conveying leaking groundwater to the collection point in the drainage system and the other was for conveying the collected groundwater to the primary drainage system of the underground concrete structure. Four waterproofing materials for conveying leaking groundwater to the catchment point of the drainage system, Durkflex made of porous rubber material, KE-45 silicone adhesive with super strong adhesion, Hotty-gel made of polymeric materials and general silicone adhesive were evaluated for waterproofing performance. Hotty-gel only showed perfect waterproof performance and the other three waterproof materials leaked. The modified drainage system with Hotty-gel and drainage pipe with fixed saddle to convey the leaking groundwater from the catchment point to the primary drainage system were tested on the concrete retaining wall. The waterproof performance and the drainage performance were evaluated by injecting 1,000 ml of water in the back of the modified drainage system at the 7-day, 14-day, 21-day, 28-day, 2-month and 3-month. There was no problem in waterproof performance and drainage performance of the modified drainage system during 3 months. In order to evaluate the construction period and construction cost of the modified drainage system, it was compared with the existing leaching repair method in surface cleaning stage, leakage treatment stage, and protective barrier stage. Total construction period and construction cost were compared in considering the contents of work, repair material, construction equipment, working time, and total number of workers. As a result of comparing and analyzing in each construction stage, it was concluded that the modified drainage system could save construction period and construction cost compared to the existing leaching repair method.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.286-293
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: 18% of difenoconazole+iminoctadin triacetate microemulsion (3%+15%) formulation were mixed and sprayed as closely as possible to normal practice on the ten of farms located in the Youngju of South Korea. Patches, cotton gloves, socks, masks and XAD-2 resin were used to measure the potential exposure for applicators wearing standardized whole-body outer and inner dosimeter (WBD). This study has been carried out to determine the dermal and inhalation exposure to difenoconazole during preparation of spray suspension and application with a power sprayer on a grape orchard. METHODS AND RESULTS: A personal air monitor equipped with an air pump IOM sampler and cassette and glass fiber filter were used for inhalation exposure. The field studies were carried out in a grape orchard. The temperature and relative humidity were monitored with a thermometer and a hygrometer. Wind speed was measured using a pocket weather meter. All mean field fortification recoveries were between 97.3% and 119.6% in the level of 100 LOQ (limit of quantification) while the LOQ for difenoconazole was $0.025{\mu}g/mL$ using HPLC-UVD. The arms exposure to difenoconazole for the mixer/loader (0.0794 mg) was higher than other body parts (head, hands, upper body, legs). The exposure to difenoconazole in the legs for applicator (3.78 mg) was highest in the parts of body. The dermal exposure for mixer/loader and applicator were 0.02 and 2.28 mg on a grape orchard, respectively. The inhalation exposure during application was estimated as 0.02 mg. The ratio of inhalation exposure to dermal exposure was equivalent to 0.9% of the dermal exposure. CONCLUSION: The inhalation exposure for applicator indicated $18.8{\times}10^{-3}mg$, which was level of 0.9% of the dermal exposure (2.28 mg). Operator exposure (0.004 mg/kg bw/day) to difenoconazole during treatment for grape is calculated as 2.5% of the established AOEL (0.16 mg/kg bw/day).

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 2010

Purpose: To accurately define internal target volume (ITV) for treatment of moving target considering tumor size and respiratory motion, we quantitatively investigated volume of target volume delineated on CT images from helical CT and 4D CT scans. Materials and Methods: CT images for a 1D moving phantom with diameters of 1.5, 3, and 6 cm, acryl spheres were acquired using a LightSpeed $RT^{16}CT$ simulator. To analyze effect of tumor motion on target delineation, the CT image of the phantoms with various moving distances of 1~4 cm, and respiratory periods of 3~6 seconds, were acquired. For investigating the accuracy of the target trajectory, volume ratio of the target volumes delineated on CT images to expected volumes calculated with diameters of spherical phantom and moving distance were compared. Results: Ratio$_{helical}$ for the diameter of 1, 5, 3, and 6 cm targets were $32{\pm}14%$, $45{\pm}14%$, and $58{\pm}13%$, respectively, in the all cases. As to 4DCT, RatioMIP were $98{\pm}8%$, $97{\pm}5%$, and $95{\pm}1%$, respectively. Conclusion: The target volumes delineated on MIP images well represented the target trajectory, in comparison to those from helical CT. Target volume delineation on MIP images might be reasonable especially for treatment of early stage lung cancer, with meticulous attention to small size target, large respiratory motion, and fast breathing.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 2008

Purpose: To enlarge the efficiency of operation and establish a constituency for development of new radiotherapy treatment through database which is established by arranging and indexing radiotherapy related affairs in well organized manner to have easy access by the user. Materials and Methods: In this study, Access program provided by Microsoft (MS Office Access) was used to operate the data base. The data of radiation oncology was distinguished by a business logs and maintenance expenditure in addition to stock management of accessories with respect to affairs and machinery management. Data for education and research was distinguished by education material for department duties, user manual and related thesis depending upon its property. Registration of data was designed to have input form according to its subject and the information of data was designed to be inspected by making a report. Number of machine failure in addition to its respective repairing hours from machine maintenance expenditure in a period of January 2008 to April 2009 was analyzed with the result of initial system usage and one year after the usage. Results: Radiation oncology database system was accomplished by distinguishing work related and research related criteria. The data are arranged and collected according to its subjects and classes, and can be accessed by searching the required data through referring the descriptions from each criteria. 32.3% of total average time was reduced on analyzing repairing hours by acquiring number of machine failure in addition to its type in a period of January 2008 to April 2009 through machine maintenance expenditure. Conclusion: On distinguishing and indexing present and past data upon its subjective criteria through the database system for radiation oncology, the use of information can be easily accessed to enlarge the efficiency of operation, and in further, can be a constituency for improvement of work process by acquiring various information required for new radiotherapy treatment in real time.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2003

Effects of supplemental levels of Bomboo vinegar(BV) on growth performance, serum profile and meat quality in 15 Korean native Hanwoo cows was investigated. Concentrate diet was supplemented with Bamboo vinegar with 3% and 6% of the diet. Daily weight gain was increased slightly at 3% BV, but it was decreased in 6% BV. Feed intake was decreased(P<0.05) at 6% BV. Glucose concentration of serum profile was decreased(P<0.05) at 3% and 6% BV. Total protein and cholesterol concentrations were increased(P<0.05) at 3% and 6% BV. BUN concentration was increased(P<0.05) at 3% BV. In carcass characteristics the longissimus muscles of all BV treatments showed no significant(P<0.05) effects, but back fat thickness was decreased significantly(P<0.05) in 6% BV. Marbling score was increased significantly(P<0.05) at 3% BV, thus improving the meat quality. Cut meat production was not difference by treatment. Crude fat content of proximate chemical composition in longissimus muscle was increased(P<0.05) in 3% BV. Shear force and cholesterol contents were decreased(P<0.05) in 3% and 6% BV. The 16:0 of fatty acid composition in longissimus was decreased(P<0.05) whereas 18:1 was increased(P<0.05) at 3% and 6% BV. The composition of saturated fatty acids(SFA) was decreased(P< 0.05), whereas unsaturated fatty acids(USFA) was increased(P<0.05) in 3% BV. Odor and appearance of sensory evaluation were not difference by treatment. Taste was improved significantly (P<0.05) in 3% and 6% BV with the peculiar and savory taste of Hanwoo being more emphasized. The results of this experiment indicated that 3% BV improved the marbling score and crude fat content, decreased the shear force and cholesterol contents, increased the USFA composition, and improved the taste of sensory evaluation in Korean native Hanwoo cows.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.73-83
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• 2013

Purpose: The goal of this study is to evaluate the minimum three-year follow-up results of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) for glenohumeral (GH) arthritic and pseudoparalytic patients with severe rotator cuff deficiency. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 13 patients (three males and 10 females) who underwent RTSA from July 2007 to July 2010. The average follow-up duration was 54.2 months (range, 37~74 months). Clinical results were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, active Range of Motion (ROM): active forward flexion (aFF); active external rotation at the side (aERs); active internal rotation to the back (aIRb), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Korean Shoulder Score (KSS), and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Results: VAS score improved from 7.5(6~10) points to 1.5(0~4), and ROM of active forward elevation improved from $42.7(10{\sim}100)^{\circ}$ to $129.1(110{\sim}180)^{\circ}$. In addition, ASES score improved from preoperative 32.9 (11.7~46.7) points to 80.2(58.3~95.0) postoperatively, and KSS score improved from 36.8(24~47) points to 78.4 (61~92). Twelve out of 13 cases showed various degrees of scapular notching at the last follow-up. There was one case of intraoperative anterior glenoid fracture and two cases of temporary nerve injury. Revision surgery was performed in two cases for treatment of delayed postoperative deep infection. Conclusion: According to minimum three-year follow-up results, RTSA may be an effective treatment option for glenohumeral (GH) arthritic and pseudoparalytic patients. However, considering the possibility of complications related to delayed deep infection or surgeon's technique, RTSA should be judiciously and carefully indicated by expert surgeons.