• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.99-103
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• 2016

In perennial ginseng plantations, the effective control of various diseases is one of the most critical factors for increasing yields. Enhancing the resistance to disease through induced systemic resistance (ISR) and anti-microbial activity of beneficial soil bacteria, is currently considered to be a potential promising approach to integrate pathogen management for sustainable agriculture. However, the effective in vitro culture systems for testing ISR in ginseng plants have been rarely reported. In this study, I have successfully developed an in vitro germ-free culture system of Panax ginseng seedling for diverse purposes. With this useful system, we also tested BTH-induced priming effects against Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum panacicola. Compared to the drain method for enhancing ISR effects to ginseng seedlings, the direct method of spraying leaves somewhat increased the defense activity to these major fungal pathogens. Consistently, the expression of pathogen related PgPR10 and PgCAT were greatly and rapidly enhanced in the BTH-treated ginseng seedlings by treatment with C. panacicola. Our results revealed that the in vitro culture system can be used for developing eco-friendly and versatile bio-control agents for harmful diseases in ginseng cultivation.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze the clinical manifestation and natural course of benign transient hyperphosphatasemia (BTH) in children. Methods: A total of 17 children diagnosed with BTH between June 2006 and July 2007, were included in this study. Clinical records and laboratory tests were analyzed retrospectively for all children. Results: The mean age of the patients was $26.9{\pm}13.8$ months (range: 9 to 49 months). Nine of the 17 BTH cases (52.9%) occurred in patients that had previously suffered from infectious diseases. While the patients were suffering from BTH, the mean serum level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was $2,500.2{\pm}1,165.1$ U/L, however, these elevated serum ALP levels normalized within 7 weeks of recovery in all cases. In addition, a seasonal peak in the onset of BTH was observed from September to December. Further, the measurement of ALP isoenzymes in 7 of the patients with BTH, revealed a marked elevation of bone fraction. Conclusion: It is important for pediatricians to understand the clinical manifestation and benign course of BTH to avoid unnecessary diagnostic evaluation in children showing a transient increase in ALP activities.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.290-298
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• 2011

The ability of benzothiadiazole (BTH) and/or humic acid (HA) used as seed soaking to induce systemic resistance against a pathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum was examined in four soybean cultivars under greenhouse conditions. Alone and in combination the inducers were able to protect soybean plants against damping-off and wilt diseases compared with check treatment. These results were confirmed under field conditions in two different locations (Minia and New Valley governorates). The tested treatments significantly reduced damping-off and wilt diseases and increased growth parameters, except the number of branches per plant and also increased seed yield. Application of BTH (0.25 g/L) + HA (4 g/L) was the most potent in this respect. Soybean seed soaking in BTH + HA produced the highest activities of the testes of oxidative enzymes followed by BTH in the four soybean cultivars. HA treatment resulted in the lowest increases of these oxidative enzymes. Similar results were obtained with total phenol but HA increased total phenol more than did BTH in all tested cultivars.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.350-355
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• 2013

Plants protect themselves from diverse potential pathogens by induction of the immune systems such as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Most bacterial plant pathogens thrive in the intercellular space (apoplast) of plant tissues and cause symptoms. The apoplastic leaf exudate (LE) is believed to contain nutrients to provide food resource for phytopathogenic bacteria to survive and to bring harmful phytocompounds to protect plants against bacterial pathogens. In this study, we employed the pepper-Xanthomonas axonopodis system to assess whether apoplastic fluid from LE in pepper affects the fitness of X. axonopodis during the induction of SAR. The LE was extracted from pepper leaves 7 days after soil drench-application of a chemical trigger, benzothiadiazole (BTH). Elicitation of plant immunity was confirmed by significant up-regulation of four genes, CaPR1, CaPR4, CaPR9, and CaCHI2, by BTH treatment. Bacterial fitness was evaluated by measuring growth rate during cultivation with LE from BTH- or water-treated leaves. LE from BTH-treatment significantly inhibited bacterial growth when compared to that from the water-treated control. The antibacterial activity of LE from BTH-treated samples was not affected by heating at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Although the antibacterial molecules were not precisely identified, the data suggest that small (less than 5 kDa), heat-stable compound(s) that are present in BTH-induced LE directly attenuate bacterial growth during the elicitation of plant immunity.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institutes of Information Security and Cryptology Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.62-66
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• 2003

지금까지 여러 암호학자들에 의해 UOWHF에 대한 구성 방법들, 즉 BLH［1］, XLH［1］, BTH［1］, XTH［1］, Shoup 구성 방법［8］, Suku 구성 방법［5］, 다차원 구성 방법［2］등이 제안되었다. 이중에 BLH, XLH, Shoup 구성 방법은 오직 하나의 프로세서를 이용한다. 반면 BTH, XTH, Sarkar의 구성 방법, 다차원 구성 방법은 병렬 처리 구성 방법으로 처리 속도 측면에서 효율적인 구성 방법들이다. 하지만 BTH, XTH, Sarkar의 구성 방법, 다차원 구성 방법은 입력 메시지의 길이에 따라 필요한 프로세서의 수와 메모리 크기의 증가를 필요로 한다. Sarkar는［6］에서 유한개의 프로세서와 한정된 메모리만 갖고서도 병렬처리 할 수 있는 구성 방법(PUA)을 처음으로 제안하였다. 하지만［6］에서 제안된 구성 방법 PUA는 키 확장 길이 측면에서 Shoup의 구성 방법에 비해 비효율적이다. 본 논문에서는 유한개의 프로세서와 한정된 메모리를 갖고서도 병렬처리(parallel processing)할 수 있으며, 동시에 키 확장 길이 측면에서 Shoup 구성 방법과 동일한‘유한개의 프로세서를 사용한 다차원 구성 방법’을 처음으로 제안한다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2005

A novel rice (Oryza sativa L.) gene, homologous to Arabidopsis pathogenesis-related NDR1 gene, was cloned from cDNA library prepared from 30 min Magnaporthe grisea -treated rice seedling leaves, and named as OsNDR1. OsNDR1 encoded a 220-aminoacid polypeptide and was highly similar to the Arabidopsis AtNDR1 protein. OsNDR1 is a plasma membrane (PM)-localized protein, and presumes through sequence analysis and protein localization experiment. Overexpression of OsNDR1 promotes the expression of PBZ1 that is essential for the activation of defense/stressrelated gene. The OsNDR1 promoter did not respond significantly to treatments with either SA, PBZ, or ETP. Exogenously applied BTH induces the same set of SAR genes as biological induction, providing further evidence for BTH as a signal. Presumably, BTH is bound by a receptor and the binding triggers a signal transduction cascade that has an ultimate effect on transcription factors that regulate SAR gene expression. Thus OsNDR1 may act as a transducer of pathogen signals and/or interact with the pathogen and is indeed another important step in clarifying the component participating in the defense response pathways in rice.

• BMB Reports
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.433-441
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• 2003

A cDNA clone for a salicylic acid-induced gene in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) was isolated and characterized. The cabbage gene, designated Br-sil1 (for $\underline{B}$rassica $\underline{r}$apa $\underline{s}$alicylate-$\underline{i}$nduced $\underline{l}$lipase-like 1 gene), encodes a putative lipase that has the family II lipase motif GDSxxDxG around the active site serine. A database search showed that plant genomes have a large number of genes that contain the family II lipase motif. The lipase-like proteins include a myrosinase-associated protein, an anther-specific proline-rich protein APG, a pollen coat protein EXL, and an early nodule-specific protein. The Br-sil1 gene is strongly induced by salicylic acid and a non-host pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, that elicits a hypersensitive response in Chinese cabbage. Treatment of the cabbage leaves with BTH, methyl jasmonate, or ethephon showed that the Br-sil1 gene expression is induced by BTH, but not by methyl jasmonate or ethylene. This indicates that the cabbage gene is activated via a salicylic acid-dependent signaling pathway. An examination of the tissue-specific expression revealed that the induction of the Br-sil1 gene expression by BTH occurs in leaves and stems, but not in roots and flowers. Without the BTH treatment, however, the Br-sil1 gene is not expressed in any of the tissues that were examined.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.73-90
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• 2016

Recently China's economy has been entered a new normal state with mid-speed growth. Along with the new normal state, Chinese government presented new development strategies. Among them, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Integration Strategy(BTH) has become the primary policy on the list of national economic development plan, and the BTH is expected to be the new model of regional development in China. With this background, this article firstly explains the concept and development process of the BTH, secondly presents the state of regional economies, lastly introduces some challenges ahead in the process of the BTH. The challenges, including industry structure adjustment problem, poverty belt in Hebei, environment problem and the distribution of functions of Beijing as a capital, are difficult to solve in a short period. It is needed more cooperative measures between central and local governments to cope with the challenges.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.239-244
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• 2005

A cDNA clone for a wound- and pathogen-induced gene in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) was isolated and characterized. The cabbage gene, designated BrPR4, encodes a pathogenesis-related protein 4 (PR4) of 140 amino acids. The BrPR4 protein shows high similarity with wound-inducible antifungal proteins of tobacco, potato, barley, and wheat. The BrPR4 gene is locally induced by a nonhost pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, that elicits a hypersensitive response in Chinese cabbage. Treatment of the cabbage leaves with benzothiadiazole (BTH), methyl jasmonate or ethephon showed that the BrPR4 gene expression is strongly induced by ethylene, but not by methyl jasmonate or BTH. The BrPR4 gene is also activated by wounding. Interestingly, however, the wound-inducible BrPR4 gene expression is repressed by salicylic acid or BTH, suggesting that there is cross-talk between salicylate-dependent and -independent signaling pathways.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.337-343
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• 2003

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a signal molecule in the activation of defense responses in plants. In this study, we isolated 15 MeJA-inducible genes by subtractive hybridization. These genes encode two myrosinase-binding proteins, five lipase-like proteins, a polygalacturonase inhibitor, a putative chlorophyll-associated protein, a terpene synthase, a dehydroascorbate reductase, an ascorbate oxidase, a cysteine protease, an O-methyltransferase, and an epithiospecifier protein. Northern analysis showed that most of the Chinese cabbage genes are barely expressed in healthy leaves, but are strongly induced by MeJA treatment. We also examined whether these MeJA-inducible genes were activated by ethethon, BTH, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), a nonhost pathogen of Chinese cabbage. The results showed that none of the MeJA-inducible genes was strongly induced by ethephon or by BTH. The genes encoding lipase-like proteins and a myrosinase-binding protein were weakly induced by Pst. Other MeJA-inducible genes were not activated at all by the pathogen.