• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제65권2호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2023

The DOR (Drainage outlet raising) in the paddy field has been suggested as one of the most important best management practices for the TMDL (Total maximum daily load) management in the technical guidelines by the NIER (National institute of environmental research). However, this method is underestimated and is not well adopted by local governments for the TMDL. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the unit load reduction equation according to the application of DOR in order to expand this equation. The original equation in the guideline was derived using the HSPF (Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran) model for 1 year in Changnyeong. We analyzed the reduction effect of the original equation application by collecting additional long-term monitoring data from the Buan, Icheon, Iksan, and Jeonju. When comparing the reduction loads between the original equation and monitoring results, the evaluation results of the original equation were 11% of the monitoring analysis results, which was underestimated. This means that the original equation needs to be improved. For assessing the equation, the HSPF Paddy-RCH model was established according to the NI ER guideline and evaluated for applicability. The performance results of the model showed a reasonable range by the statistical criteria. Modified equations 1 and 2 were proposed based on the monitoring and modeling results. Modified equation 1 was the method of modifying the original equation's main factors, and modified equation 2 was the method of applying the non-point pollution reduction efficiency according to the rainfall class using the long-term modeling results. At the level of 58.6~64.6% of monitoring data, the difference between them could be further reduced compared to the original equation. The suggested approach will be more reasonable and practicable for decision-makers and will contribute to the TMDL management plans.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제113권1호
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• pp.73-87
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• 2024

복령(Wolfiporia hoelen (Fr.) Y.C.Dai & V. Papp)은 아시아 및 유럽 등 많은 나라에서 약용 및 식용으로 사용하고 있는 중요한 약재이다. 복령의 주요 성분들의 약리 활성이 많은 연구를 통해 밝혀지고 있으며, 골대사에도 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 본 연구는 복령 균핵 50% 에탄올 추출물이 골질환 예방 및 천연 치료제의 소재로 활용 가능성이 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 복령 균핵의 에탄올 추출물을 계통분획법에 따라 n-헥산, 디클로로메탄, 에틸아세테이트순으로 분획하여 C2C12세포에 처리하였으며, 디클로로메탄 분획물에서 C2C12 세포의 ALP 분화 활성이 대조구보다 약 29%가 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 활성을 보인 디클로로메탄 분획물로부터 총 4개의 화합물을 분리하였으며, 기기분석 결과와 문헌을 참고하여 3α-dehydrotrametenolic acid, ergosterol, pachymic acid와 dehydrotumulosic acid로 동정할 수 있었다. 골대사 효능이 있는 지표물질을 찾기 위하여 4개의 화합물을 C2C12 세포의 ALP 분화 활성과 BMMs의 RANKL 유도 억제 활성을 농도별(1, 3, 10, 30, 100 μM)로 평가하였으며, 세포독성 검정도 동일한 농도에서 수행하였다. 그 결과 분리된 화합물 중 dehydrotumulosic acid의 3 μM 농도에서 ALP 활성이 160%로 나타났으며, BMP-2 대조구보다 약 24% 유의미하게 증가하였다. 또한 BMMs의 RANKL 유도 억제 활성은 dehydrotumulosic acid를 10-100 μM 농도로 처리할 때 대조구보다 약 15-86%로 유의미하게 감소하였으며, 10 μM 농도에서 나타난 RANKL억제 활성은 세포독성과 다른 패턴으로 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 복령의 균핵 에탄올 추출물이 골모세포 분화를 증진시키거나 억제할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였으며, 복령의 디클로로메탄 분획물로부터 분리 정제된 dehydrotumulosic acid가 골다공증 예방 및 치료에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2015

Gaze induction characteristics in space vary depending on characteristics of spatial components and display. This study analyzed dominant eye-fixation characteristics of three zones of department store space. Eye-fixation characteristics depending on spatial components and positional relationship can be defined as follows. First, [**.jpg] was used as an extension in the process of storing the image photographed during image data processing for analysis in pixels and due to compressed storage of image data, the image produced with a clear boundary was stored in neutral colors. To remove this problem, the image used in operation was re-processed in black and white and stored in the [**.bmp] format with large capability, at the same time. As the result, the effort caused by unnecessary colors in the program operation process was corrected. Second, the gaze ratio to space area can be indicated as a strength of each gaze zone and when analyzing the gaze strength of the three zones, the left store was a zone with a "little strong" gaze strength of "102.8", the middle space was a zone with an "extremely weak" gaze strength of "89.6" and the right store was a zone with an "extremely strong" gaze strength of "117.2". Third, the IV section had a strong strength of gaze on the middle space and the right store and the V section showed a markedly strong strength of gaze on the left and right stores. This tendency was the same as the VI section with the strongest gaze strength and the right store had a little strong gaze strength than the left store.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.303-309
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• 2014

The increasing importance of meat quality has implications for animal breeding programs. Research has revealed much about the genetic background of pigs, and many studies have revealed the importance of various genetic factors. Since meat quality is a complex trait which is affected by many factors, consideration of the overall phenotype is very useful to study meat quality. For integrating the phenotypes, we used principle component analysis (PCA). The significant SNPs refer to results of the GRAMMAR method against PC1, PC2 and PC3 of 14 meat quality traits of 181 Duroc pigs. The Genome-wide association study (GWAS) found 26 potential SNPs affecting various meat quality traits. The loci identified are located in or near 23 genes. The SNPs associated with meat quality are in or near five genes (ANK1, BMP6, SHH, PIP4K2A, and FOXN2) and have been reported previously. Twenty-five of the significant SNPs also located in meat quality-related QTL regions, these result supported the QTL effect indirectly. Each single gene typically affects multiple traits. Therefore, it is a useful approach to use integrated traits for the various traits at the same time. This innovative approach using integrated traits could be applied on other GWAS of complex-traits including meat-quality, and the results will contribute to improving meat-quality of pork.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제60권5호
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• pp.55-67
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• 2018

The objectives of this study were to monitor organic farming upland compared with conventional upland field and to evaluate nutrient loads reduction of surface cover effect with long-term historical climate data. APEX(Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender) model was validated with experimental data and used for assessing surface cover scenarios for 30-year simulation periods. The validated values of RMSE(Root Mean Square Error), RMAE(Root Mean Absolute Error), $R^2$ and E(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency) for runoff were 1.17-1.37 mm/day, 0.28-0.45 mm/day, 0.88-0.90 and 0.82-0.94 in two treatments, respectively. Those for water quality (nitrogen) were 0.05-0.16 kg/ha, 0.52-0.75 kg/ha, 0.67-0.72 and 0.32-0.70 in two treatments, respectively, and therefore the validated model showed good agreement with the observed runoff and nitrogen load for the study period. When decreasing the surface cover rate of organic farming field to 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% (conventional field), average annual runoff increased by 7%, 15%, 23% and 31%, respectively. Under same condition of decreasing the surface cover rate, average annual nitrogen loads increased by 1.4 times, 1.7 times, 2.0 times, and 2.3 times compared with organic farming field, respectively. This study showed that it is possible to present an appropriate surface cover ratio to maintain conventional production and minimize nonpoint sources pollution for organic farming system, although long-term monitoring is needed to determine its effects on environmental concerns, crop competition, and other uncertainty.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Animal manures are one of the biggest sources of greenhouse gases and improper manage-ment of animal wastes contributes to the increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Con-verting greenhouse gases generated from animal manures to energy is one way of contributing to the net-zero carbon emissions. METHODS AND RESULTS: The potential for methane production from cow manure (CM) was studied by measuring the methane yield using the biochemical methane potential (BMP) test. In particular, the effect of co-digestion using rice straw (RM) on the methane production was studied. The methane yields from the co-digestion of CM and RS were statistically similar to that from the mono-digestion of CM or RS. But there was a synergy effect at the CM:RS ratio of 1:2 and 1:1. This can be attributed to the increased C/N ratio. The changed microbial community structure with the addition of substrates (CM, RS) probably led to the increase in the methane produc-tion. CONCLUSION(S): The methane production potential of the particular CM used in this study was not improved by the addition of RS as a co-substrate. The addition of substrates to the anaerobic sludge promoted the increase in the microbial species having synergetic relationship with methano-gens, and this can partially explain the increase in the methane production with the addition of substrates. Overall, there are needs for further studies to improve the methane yield from CM.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.355-358
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• 2013

논에서의 비점오염원 관리는 배출수 관리방안이 현실적인 방안으로 판단되어 본 연구에서는 논 배수 저감을 위한 저류지 효과를 구명하고자 2012년 5월부터 9월까지 경기도 수원시 권선구 서둔동 국립농업과학원 기후변화생태과 시험포장($1,715m^2$)에서 배수로 말단에 논 저류지($12m^2$)를 조성하였다. 영농기간 동안 강우사상시 저류지 유입 전인 논 배출수와 저류지를 통과한 배출수의 토사 및 양분물질(질소, 인) 부하량을 평가하여 저류지의 효과를 평가하였다. 영농기간 동안 논 저류지를 이용한 논 배출수 중 수질농도는 SS와 $COD_{Mn}$은 각각 79.3%와 45.6% 저감되었고 T-N과 T-P는 각각 52.2%와 60.5% 저감되었다. 또한 저류지를 이용한 월별 논 배출수의 유출량 및 양분물질 부하는 유출량의 경우 96~100% 저감되었고 T-N과 T-P의 부하량은 각각 16.3~73.0%와 15.4~70.1% 저감되었다. 따라서 경지기반 정리되어 용수의 취 배수가 용이한 논에서는 외부 수계로 배출되기 전 저류지를 설치하면 양분물질의 배출이 저감될 것으로 생각되며 특히 농업보호구역 및 농업진흥지역에는 논 배수 저류시설 등의 자연 정화형 비점오염 저감방안을 마련하도록 정책부서의 제도 개선이 필요하다고 생각된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.431-436
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• 2007

Stem cell-based therapy is being considered as an alternative treatment for cardiomyopathy. Hence understanding the basic molecular mechanisms of cardiomyocyte differentiation is important. Besides BMP or Wnt family proteins, $TGF-{\beta}$ family members are thought to play a role in cardiac development and differentiation. Although $TGF-{\beta}$ has been reported to induce cardiac differentiation in embryonic stem cells, the differential role of $TGF-{\beta}$ isoforms has not been elucidated. In this study, employing the DMSO-induced cardiomyocyte differentiation system using P19CL6 mouse embryonic teratocarcinoma stem cells, we investigated the $TGF-{\beta}$-induced signaling pathway in cardiomyocyte differentiation. $TGF-{\beta}1$, but not the other two isoforms of $TGF-{\beta}$, was induced at the mRNA and protein level at an early stage of differentiation, and Smad2 phosphorylation increased in parallel with $TGF-{\beta}1$ induction. Inhibition of $TGF-{\beta}1$ activity with $TGF-{\beta}1$-specific neutralizing antibody reduced cell cycle arrest as well as expression of the CDK inhibitor $p21^{WAF1}$. The antibody also inhibited induction of the cardiac transcription factor Nkx2.5. Taken together, these results suggest that $TGF-{\beta}1$ is involved in cardiomyocyte differentiation by regulating cell cycle progression and cardiac gene expression in an autocrine or paracrine manner.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.146-155
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• 2017

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Crataegi Fructus water extract(CFWE) on hair growth in an alopecia model of C57BL/6N mice and human dermal papilla cells(hDPCs). Methods : Six-week old mice were depilated and separated in 3 groups ; CON, MXD(2% Minoxidil), and CFWE. The treatments were applied twice a day for 18 days. The hair growth was determined photographically. The hair density, thickness and length were identified by Folliscope and the weights of body were measured. In dorsal skin tissue, the expression of hair growth-related protein was analyzed by Western blot. In hDPCs with/without $IFN-{\gamma}$, cell proliferation and the expression of hair growth-related genes were analyzed. Results : We observed that CFWE promoted hair growth compared to CON. CFWE improved the hair density, thickness and length compared to CON. CFWE increased the $Wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling in dorsal skin. In hDPCs, CFWE accelerated the cell proliferation and inhibited $IFN-{\gamma}$-induced hDPCs degeneration. CFWE increased the mRNA expression of ${\beta}$-catenin, Axin-2, BMP-4, FGF-7, FGF-10, and ALP compared to CON and $IFN-{\gamma}$ treated cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that CFWE has a hair regrowth activity via $Wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling and can be useful for the treatment of alopecia.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.82-95
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• 2015

Background: Interest in medical malpractice claims and accidents is a day-to-day social issue to general public as well as medical personnel. Related laws and regulations already have been established, and institutions based on the laws and regulations also have been founded. However, in our dental community, interest and response to the issue seem insufficient. Methods: We searched four medical literature databases that are mainly cited in the medical community. Keywords including 'dental malpractice claims', 'patient safety' and 'medical accident' were used for the search. Among the selected literatures, we chose specific ones separately whose content is authentic and easily approachable. Results: Medical malpractice claims and accidents tend to increase around the world. As the cost or the difficulty level of surgery increases, the dispute rate also increases, which appears even more apparent in developed countries. Preventive measures to prevent the disputes and accidents are not significantly different. Three critical of them include relationship of doctor with patient, the informed consent and medical record. Conclusion: Tools for accident occurrence or communication improvement have been introduced. All of those cost time and money. However, education or professional request of liability insurance companies, self-education and provision of guidelines can be immediately implemented. To implement those, dentists' promotion at the regional or national level is imperative. rhBMP-2 is widely used at sinus augmentation, alveolar bone defect, and socket preservation.