• 청정기술
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.223-230
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 강원도 5개 지자체에서 발생된 음식물류 폐기물의 특성을 분석하고 메탄가스 발생량을 평가하였다. 시료는 2017년 7월과 9월에 걸쳐 총 2회 채취하였다. 메탄가스 발생가능량을 평가하기 위하여 BMP (biochemical Methane potential) 시험과 원소조성을 이용한 계산방법을 이용하였다. 음식물류 폐기물의 겉보기밀도는 평균 $0.758{\sim}0.850g\;cm^{-3}$, pH는 4.29 ~ 4.75이었다. 물리적 조성 중 주성분은 채소류가 56.43 ~ 72.81%로 가장 높았고, 과일류는 5.31 ~ 8.95%, 곡물류는 1.60 ~ 18.73%, 어육류는 4.47 ~ 12.11%, 여액은 1.76 ~ 3.64%이었다. 평균 수분함량은 69.30 ~ 75.87%, 가연분함량은 22.50 ~ 27.98%, 회분함량은 1.63 ~ 2.48%를 나타내었다. 또한 $BOD_5$는 $17,690.3{\sim}33,154.9mg\;L^{-1}$, $COD_{Cr}$은 $106,212.3{\sim}128,695.5mg\;L^{-1}$, 그리고 $COD_{Mn}$은 $51,266.1{\sim}63,426.3mg\;L^{-1}$의 범위를 보였고 NaCl 함량은 0.81 ~ 1.17%의 범위를 나타내었다. 원소분석 결과 C, H, O, N, S 함량은 각각 44.87 ~ 48.16%, 7.12 ~ 7.57%, 40.13 ~ 43.78%, 3.22 ~ 4.14%, 그리고 0.00 ~ 0.02%를 나타내었다. 음식물류 폐기물의 VS 단위질량당 메탄수율을 살펴보면 BMP 시험에 의한 메탄가스 발생누적량(${0.303{\sim}0.354m_{CH4}}^3\;{kg_{VS}}^{-1}$)은 원소조성과 생분해율을 반영하여 예측한 결과(${0.294{\sim}0.352m_{CH4}}^3\;{kg_{VS}}^{-1}$)와 큰 차이가 없었다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.51-55
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• 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in gene expression after incubation of cells with soluble fraction from different silk mat layers. A silk cocoon from Bombyx mori was separated into 4 layers of equal thickness. The layers were numbered from 1 to 4 (from the inner to outer layer). Each silk mat was placed into normal saline and collected soluble fraction. They were administered to RAW264.7 cells, and changes in the expression of genes were evaluated by cDNA microarray analysis. Layer 1 and 4 groups showed significantly higher expression of BMP-2 at 8 h after administration of soluble fraction (P < 0.05). Runx2 expression was significantly higher in Layer 4 group at 8h (P < 0.05). The silk mat from the innermost and outermost portion of the silkworm cocoon showed a significant change in the expression of genes that are associated with osteoinduction such as BMP-2 and runx2.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.186-193
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• 2017

마이크로웨이브(MW)는 유전가열에 의한 열적, 비열적 그리고 이온성 전도 효과를 가지며 높은 에너지 효율을 보이므로 유기성 폐기물의 가용화에 대해 효과적인 방법이다. 본 연구는 고형물 함량이 높은 우분을 대상으로 MW를 이용하여 가용화 최적 조건을 도출하고 이를 토대로 MW의 유전가열 특성을 향상시키기 위해 화학적 촉매물질인 $H_2SO_4$과 NaCl을 첨가하여 우분의 가용화율과 가용화 방법에 따른 biochemical methane potential (BMP)을 평가하였다. 우분 고형물 농도 12%와 MW 출력 800 W 및 설정온도 $40^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 70.5 mg $SCOD_{increased}/kJ$로 에너지 대비 최대 가용화율을 보여주었으며, 이때의 SCOD 농도는 원시료 대비 53.2% 증가하였다. 가용화 최적 조건에서 화학적 촉매로 $H_2SO_4$를 주입하였을 경우 MW 단독 처리 대비 SCOD 농도는 36% 증가하였으며, NaCl을 주입하였을 경우 22.7% 증가하였다. BMP test에서도 우분 원시료 대비 MW를 이용한 가용화는 메탄 생성량이 6.7%, $H_2SO_4$를 주입한 MW 가용화는 13.3%, NaCl을 주입한 MW 가용화는 11.3% 증가하였다. 따라서 마이크로웨이브는 우분의 가용화 전처리에 효율적인 수단이며, 마이크로웨이브의 가용화 효율을 높이기 위해서는 화학적 촉매를 이용할 필요가 있다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.38-44
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• 2019

The Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) of fresh leachate and domestic wastewaters codigestion was determined by laboratory Bach Tests at $35^{\circ}C$ over a period of 90 d using a wide range of leachates volumetric ratios from 0% to 100%. To simulate wastewaters plant treatment step, all the ratios were first air stripped for 48 h before anaerobic incubation. The kinetic of biogas production was assessed using modified Gompertz model and exponential equation. The results obtained showed that cumulative biogas production was insignificant in the case of wastewaters monodigestion while the codigestion significantly improves the BMP. Air stripping pretreatment had positive effect on both ammonium concentration and volatiles fatty acids with reduction up to 75% and 42%, respectively. According to the Modified Gompertz model, the optimal anaerobic co-digestion conditions both in terms of maximal biogas potential, start-up period and maximum daily biogas production rate, could be achieved within large leachate volumetric ratios from 25% to 75% with a maximum BMP value of 438.42 mL/g volatile solid at 50% leachate ratio. The positive effect of codigestion was attributed to a dilution effect of chemical oxygen demand and volatile fatty acid concentrations to optimal range that was between 11.7 to $32.3gO_2/L$ and 2.1 to 7.4 g/L, respectively. These results suggested that the treatment of fresh leachate by their dilution and co digestion at wastewaters treatment plants could be a promising alternative for both energetic and treatment purposes.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.391-405
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• 2003

두개봉합부의 조기융합으로 일컬어지는 craniosynostosis는 두개봉합부에서의 골아세포의 조기분화 및 석회화의 결과로 나타나는 선천성 발육이상이다. 최근 유전학적 연구에 의하면 homeobox gene인 Msx2의 변이에 의해 Boston-type craniosynostosis가 야기되며, 또한 Dlx5 homozygote mutant mouse의 표현형에서 두개골의 골화지연을 포함한 다양한 두개안면부위의 이상을 발견하였다는 보고가 있었다. 게다가 Msx2와 Dlx5 homeodomain protein의 상호작용에 의해 성숙골아세포의 표지자인 osteocalcin의 전사를 조절할 수 있다는 사실이 알려져 있다. 이러한 일련의 결과들은 Msx2 Dlx5 및 osteocalcin 유전자들이 두개골의 골화과정과 두개봉합부의 형태발생에 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있음을 제시해주고 있다. 두개골의 성장과 두개봉합부의 형태발생시 이러한 유전자들의 기능을 알아보기위해 mouse의 태생기 (E15-E18) 동안 osteocalcin, Msx2, 및 Dlx5 유전자들의 발현양상을 조사하였다. Osteocalcin은 E15부터 두정골의 골막에서 관찰되었으며, 발생시기가 후기일수록 강한 발현양상을 나타내었다. Msx2는 시상봉합부의 미분화간엽조직과 osteogenic front에서 강하게 발현되었으며 경막과 hair follicle에서도 관찰되었다. Dlx5는 osteogenic front를 포함한 두정골의 골막에서 강하게 발현되었으나 시상봉합부의 미분화간엽조직 에서는 발현되지 않아, Msx2와는 발현양상의 차이를 나타내었다. 두개골과 두개봉합부의 발육과정에서의 Msx2와 Dlx5의 기능을 좀더 심도깊게 분석하기위해, 여러 가지 signaling molecule들의 protein을 사용하여 in vitro 실험을 시행하였다. BMP-2, -4 protein의 overexpression은 bead 주위로 Msx2 유전자의 발현을 유도하였으나, 다른 $TGF{\beta}$ superfamily인 $TGF{\beta}1$, GDF-6, -7 bead들 주위로는 Msx2를 관찰할 수 없었다. 또한 FGF, Shh protein 역시 bead주위로 Msx2의 발현을 유도하지않았다. 흥미롭게도 BMP-2, -4 protein의 overexpression은 bead 주위로 Dlx5 유전자의 발현을 유도하였으나, 다른 $TGF{\beta}$ superfamily, FGF, Shh bead주위로는 Dlx5를 관찰할 수 없어, Msx2와 동일한 결과를 나타내었다 이 결과들을 종합해볼 때, Msx2와 Dlx5 유전자는 두개골과 두개봉합부의 성장발육과정에 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있으며, BMP signaling은 이 두 전사조절인자들을 조절하므로써 두개골의 골화과정과 두개봉합부의 형태발생 및 유지에 관여하고 있음을 제시해주고 있다. 특히 BMP signaling에 specific downstream gene인 Msx2 및 Dlx5의 발현양상의 차이는 골아세포의 분화시 이들 유전자가 각각의 독특한 기능을 가지고 있음을 시사해주고 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.466-472
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• 2010

Introduction: This study examined the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)-2 and $\beta$-tricalcium phosphate ($\beta$-TCP) on new bone formation in a rabbit calvarium using a rapid prototype titanium cap (RP Ti cap). Materials and Methods: Eight New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. Hemispherical RP Ti caps (10 mm in diameter) were implanted subperiosteally on the rabbit calvaria. $\beta$-TCP was filled in the RP Ti cap in the control group, and rhBMP-2 soaked $\beta$-TCP was used in experimental group. The rabbits were sacrificed 2 and 4 weeks after the operation. The volume and pattern of newly formed bone was analyzed by micro computed tomography (CT). Results: Macroscopically, there were no abnormal findings in any of the animals. The micro CT images revealed new bone from the calvaria that expanded gradually toward the top of the titanium cap, particularly along the inner surface of the titanium cap in the experimental group at 4 weeks after grafting. There was no significant difference in new bone volume ratio between the control and experimental groups at 2 weeks after grafting. There was a statistically significant difference in the new bone volume ratio between the experimental ($14.1{\pm}1.8\;%$) and control ($7.2{\pm}1.5\;%$) groups at 4 weeks after grafting (P<0.01). Conclusion: The RP Ti cap can effectively guide new bone formation and rhBMP-2 can induce the new bone formation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.617-629
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• 2022

본 연구는 속단으로부터 단일 화합물로 분리한 Hed의 조골세포 활성 효능과 작용 기전 규명을 위해 수행되었다. Hed는 MC3T3-E1 세포의 증식과 ALP 효소 활성을 자극하여 세포외 기질에 인산과 칼슘 이온 침착을 증가시켰다. Hed는 BMP-2/Smad 신호 전달 경로를 활성화하여 Runx2, ALP, OPN 및 ProCOL의 mRNA와 단백질 발현을 유의하게 증가시켜 조골세포의 성숙과 분화를 유도하였다. 따라서 본 연구결과 Hed는 조골세포 활성 효능을 가진 것으로 판단되며 항골다공증 기능성 소재로의 개발 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.1113-1119
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• 2007

Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) must differentiate into osteogenic cells to allow for successful bone regeneration. In this study, we investigated the effects of different combinations of three soluble osteogenic differentiation-inducing factors [L-ascorbic acid (AC), ${\beta}$-glycerophosphate (${\beta}G$), and bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2)] and the presence of a hydroxyapatite (HA) substrate on hBMMSC osteogenic differentiation in vitro. hBMMSCs were cultured in medium containing various combinations of the soluble factors on culture plates with or without HA coating. After 7 days of culture, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteopontin (OPN) expression were measured. The effects of individual and combined factors were evaluated using a factorial analysis method. BMP-2 predominantly affected expression of early markers of osteogenic differentiation (ALP and OPG). HA had the highest positive effect on OPN expression and calcium deposition. The interaction between AC, ${\beta}G$, and HA had the second highest positive effect on ALP activity.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권9호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2020

The purpose of this research study is to examine the stock market's response to terrorist attacks. The study uses data of terrorist attacks in different parts of the country (Pakistan) from June 1, 2014 to May 31, 2017. The event window procedure applies to a 16-day window in which 5 days before and 10 days after the attack. In addition, several event windows have been built to test the response of the Pakistan Stock Exchange. KSE-100 index is taken as proxy of response. The total terrorist attacks are classified into four categories: attacks on law enforcement agencies, attacks on civilians, attacks on special places and attacks on politicians, government employees and bureaucrats. The standard market model is used to estimate the abnormal return of the Pakistan Stock Exchange, which takes 252 business days each year. Furthermore, BMP test is used to check statistical significance of cumulative abnormal rate of return (CAAR). The results of this study reveal that total number of terrorist attacks and attacks on law enforcement agencies show long-term effects on Pakistan stock exchange. However, attacks on civilians, attacks on special places and attacks on politicians, government employees and bureaucrats have little effect on the Pakistan Stock Exchange.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.676-685
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• 2012

As impermeable layer continues to increase with the urbanization process, direct input of nonpoint source pollutants into water bodies via stormwater has caused serious effects on the aquatic ecosystem. Potential applications of rain gardens are increasing not only as best management practices (BMP) for reducing the level of nonpoint source pollutants but also as an ecological engineering alternative for low impact development (LID). In this study, remediation performance of various planting types, such as a mixed planting system with shrubs and herbaceous plants, was assessed quantitatively to effectively manage stormwater and increase landscape applicability. The mixed planting system with Rhododendron lateritium and Zoysia japonica showed the highest removal performance of $76.9{\pm}7.6%$ and $58.4{\pm}5.0%$ for total nitrogen and $89.9{\pm}7.9%$ and $82.4{\pm}5.2%$ for total phosphorus at rainfall intensities of 2.5 mm/h and 5.0 mm/h, respectively. The mixed planting system also showed the highest removal performance for heavy metals. The results suggest that a rain garden with the mixed planting system has high potential applicability as a natural reduction system for nonpoint source pollutants in order to manage stormwater with low concentrations of pollutants and will increase water recycling in urban areas.