• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.760-764
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• 2007

We investigated that the immunomodulating activity of BL18 (Ganshu) acupuncture on the experimental liver metastasis model of mice. NA (non-acupoint)- and BL18-treatment enhanced the mitogenic activity of BALB/c whole splenocytes induced by various mitogenic stimuli. Acupuncture treatment tended to increase splenocytes differentiation even though did not show significance. Acupuncture treatment caused a marked increase of production of Th1 cytokine (IFN-${\gamma}$) and Th2 cytokine (IL-4) by splenocytes and IL-12 and IFN-Y by macrophages. The increase of cytokine production on BL18-treated group was more pronounced compared to NA-treated group. The liver weight of NA- and BL18-treated group decreased compared to tumor group, but did not showed significant differences.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 1992

The autocorrelation function structures of bilinear time series model BL(p, q, r, s), $r \geq s$ are obtained and shown to be analogous to those of ARMA(p, l), l=max(q, s). Simulation studies are performed to investigate the adequacy of Akaike information criteria for identification between ARMA(p, l) and BL(p, q, r, s) models and for determination of orders of BL(p, q, r, s) models. It is suggested that the model of having minimum Akaike information criteria is selected for a suitable model.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.221-230
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• 2017

BL(Blended Learning) has been presented as a promising alternative learning approach. BL is defined as a learning approach that combines e-learning and face-to-face classroom learning. The adoption of BL in computer practice class is necessary due to the characteristics of computer practice class itself. This study proposes a research model that examines the determinants of learner's satisfaction of computer practice classes in BL environment. Considering the characteristics of computer practices classes contents and instructor interaction were identified as the determinants. The research model is tested using a questionnaire survey of 141 participants. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to test the reliability and validity of the measurements. The partial least squares (PLS) method was used to validate the measurement and hypotheses. The empirical findings shows that contents easiness and contents constructs are the primary determinants of instructor interaction in BL. Instructor interaction was also found to be related to the learner's satisfaction resulting in re-using. The findings provide insight into the planning and utilizing BL in computer practice classes to enhance learner's satisfaction.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.162-167
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• 2021

The aim of this paper is to analyze the development of effective online Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Project-Based Learning (PjBL). The collaborative PBL/PjBL become one of the hot issues with the rapid growth of online learning in the era of COVID-19. Educators try to get innovative to continue instruction without sacrificing student engagement, thus adopting an instructional model of PBL/PjBL. The PBL process involves clarifying terms, defining complex problems, brainstorming, structuring and hypothesis while PjBL includes project-planning, implementation, communicating the results of a project in a presentation and evaluations with immediate individually tailored feedback within a predetermined period. Despite the differences between online and offline learning, the benefits of learning online or offline are practically the same if enough bidirectional interactions between instructors and students are possible. We argue that online qualifications are just the same as those of offline ones in PBL/PjBL models, therefore, the standards of online/offline learning are identical since education is a two-way communication.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.487-494
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• 2012

Acoustical backscattering characteristics of Japanese anchovy can be estimated by Kirchhoffray mode model (KRM model) due to estimate exact body and swim-bladder shape of the fish, the samples were rapidly frozen by dry-ice and alcohol. X-ray photos for ventral and lateral direction for 6 samples were taken and the 3D coordinates of the body swim-bladder were estimated by digitizing from the photos. The angles between the axis of body and swim-bladder were about $9^{\circ}$ at 38kHz and $7^{\circ}$ at 120kHz, 200kHz. General formula of TS and BL estimated were < $TS_{38kHz}$ >=20logBL-67.3, < $TS_{120kHz}$ >=20logBL-66.6, < $TS_{200kHz}$ >=20logBL-67.0. As a result, we confirmed KRM model is very useful to estimate TS (Target Strength) for design of experiment and it also can be applied to estimate the abundance of Japanese anchovy distributed by 2 frequency difference method in the survey area.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.240-251
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• 2004

Objective: We have studied to know effects of acupuncture at SI3, BL40, SI3 BL40 on mechnical allodynia, cold allodynia and c-fos protein expression in a model of neuropathic pain of rat. Methods: A model of neuropathic pain was made by injuring tibial nerve and sural nerve while common peroneal nerve was maintained. after 2 weeks, we performed behavioral tests for 7 days to try out mechnical allodynia using von frey filament and cold allodynia using acetone, which are calculated by counting withdrawal response on foot. Rat brains removed and sliced on 8th days. Serial sections were immunohistochemically reacted with polyclonal c-fos antibody. The numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons in the central gray were examined using scion image program. Results: Mechanical allodynia in the SI3, BL40, SI3 BL40 groups were diminished compared with the control group. Cold allodynia in the SI3, BL40, SI3 BL40 groups were diminished compared with the control group. c-Fos protein expression on the central gray in the SI3 group were lower than that of the control group. Conclusions: We have noticed that acupuncture at SI3, BL40, SI3 BL40 diminished mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia in a model of neuropathic pain compared with the control group. c- Fos protein expression in the central gray of that group was also decreased compared with the control group. pain control using acupunture was accumulated as time goes by. This study can be used as a basic resource on a study and a treatment of pain.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.69-78
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine whether Eucommiae Cortex pharmacopuncture may affect to the neuropathic pain in a rat model. Methods : To produce the model of neuropathic pain, under isoflurane 2.5 % anesthesia, underwent tight ligation by 6.0 silk thread and transection of the tibial and sural nerves, leaving the common peroneal nerve intact. After neuropathic surgery, the author examined if the exhibited the behavioral sign of allodynia. The allodynia was assessed by stimulating the plantar with Dynamic Plantar Aesthesiometer. Three days after the neuropathic surgery, Eucommiae Cortex pharmacopuncture was injected at Sinsu($BL_{23}$) once every week for 6 weeks. After that, the author examined the withdrawal response of neuropathic rats' leg by Dynamic Plantar Aesthesiometer. And also the author examined Bax, Bcl-2, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the spinal cord of neuropathic rats and the change of WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT count in the blood of neuropathic rats. Results : 1. The Eucommiae Cortex pharmacopuncture decreased the withdrawal response of mechanical allodynia that assessed with Dynamic Plantar Aesthesiometer in EC2-$BL_{23}$ group as compared with control group. 2. The Eucommiae Cortex pharmacopuncture decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in EC1-$BL_{23}$, EC2-$BL_{23}$ group. But The Eucommiae Cortex pharmacopuncture injected at Sinsu($BL_{23}$) didn't change Bax, Bcl-2 expression level in the all group. 3. The Eucommiae Cortex pharmacopuncture decreased WBC count in EC1-$BL_{23}$, EC2-$BL_{23}$ group. Conclusions : We have noticed that Eucommiae Cortex pharmacopuncture decreased mechanical allodynia in the model of neuropathic pain compared with the control group. Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in spinal cord of that group was also decreased compared with the control group. This study can be used as a basic resource on a study and a treatment of neuropathic pain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.424-431
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• 2015

This study was focused on acoustic scattering characteristics of jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) at frequency 38, 70, and 120 kHz by Kirchhoff-ray mode (KRM) model. The body length (BL) of 16 individuals ranged in 12.2~22.0 cm ($mean{\pm}S.D.$: $17.8{\pm}3.2cm$) and the swimbladder length ranged in 4.2~8.6 cm ($mean{\pm}S.D.$: $6.6{\pm}1.6cm$) and the swimbladder cross section ranged in $1.7{\sim}6.6cm^2$ ($mean{\pm}S.D.$: $3.8{\pm}1.6cm^2$). This result shows that results correlate well between the BL and the length and cross section of swimbladder. The swimbladder angle ranged in $7{\sim}12^{\circ}$ and the maximum TS values ranged in $-16{\sim}-5^{\circ}$ at tilt angle. The averaged TS-to-BL relationship were $TS_{38kHz}=20{\log}_{10}BL-65.33$ ($R^2=0.66$), $TS_{70kHz}=20{\log}_{10}BL-65.90$ ($R^2=0.67$), and $TS_{120kHz}=20{\log}_{10}BL-66.65$ ($R^2=0.65$). These results can be used fundamental data in order to estimate distribution and biomass of jack mackerel by using hydro-acoustic method.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.13-24
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effects of bee venom acupuncture at Shinsu($BL_{23}$) and Daejangsu($BL_{25}$) on neuropathic pain induced by tibial and sural nerve injury in rats. Methods : Neuropathic pain model was made by partial resection of tibial and sural nerve. Three weeks after the neuropathic surgery, bee venom acupuncture was firstly injected at $BL_{23}$ and $BL_{25}$, then we measured withdrawal responses induced by von Frey filament and acetone stimulation. Bee venom acupunctures were injected 6times on every 2days. Measurement of withdrawal responses were conducted on the same days. After bee venom acupuncture injection, expression levels of c-Fos, nocieptin and KOR-3 were observed through using immunohistochemistry. Results : In this experiment, bee venom acupunctures at $BL_{23}$ and $BL_{25}$ decreased levels of withdrawal responses induced by von Frey filament and acetone stimulation respectively. In addtion, expression levels of c-Fos, nociceptin and KOR-3 in central gray part of brain in rats were decreased by bee venom acupuncture. Conclusions : These results imply that bee venom acupuncture was useful to treat patients with neuropathic pain, and related mechanisms were involved in opioid and their receptors such as nociceptin and KOR-3.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.61-72
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• 2018

This study pursued to obtain 3 consecutive purposes. First, a conceptual model for comparing 3 constructivist teaching and learning strategies( problem-based learning[$P_bBL$], case-based learning[CBL] and project-based learning[$P_jBL$]) was developed. Relationships of these constructivist strategies with the development of expertise for learners were discussed. Second, specific differences between $P_bBL$, CBL and $P_jBL$ as applied in architectural design courses were analyzed under each of the teaching and learning category. Some analytical indexes were developed by content analysis, which are applicable effectively to reveal the differences. Based on the previous findings, third, a set of strategic guidelines for use in class were made and suggested in order to develop and improve expertise in architectural design. These guidelines were largely targeted for university design courses as well as education or reeducation of practicing architects. Expecially, combined application of $P_bBL$, CBL and $P_jBL$ was hypothesized and suggested as class management guidelines. In sum, a variety of $P_bBL$ problems, CBL cases and $P_jBL$ projects should be developed for expecting audience based on design subjects and tasks. As working domains of practicing architects, exploring/analyzing, understanding/making applications, and criticizing/self-reflecting should be considered in the development process.